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慢性淋巴細(xì)胞白血病的造血干細(xì)胞移植治療

2013-01-21 16:57楊申淼許蘭平
中華老年多器官疾病雜志 2013年8期
關(guān)鍵詞:阿倫移植物單抗

楊申淼, 江 倩, 許蘭平

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慢性淋巴細(xì)胞白血病的造血干細(xì)胞移植治療

楊申淼, 江 倩, 許蘭平*

(北京大學(xué)人民醫(yī)院血液病研究所, 北京 100044)

慢性淋巴細(xì)胞白血?。–LL)存在很大的臨床異質(zhì)性。盡管免疫化療方案的進(jìn)步帶來了顯著的療效,部分患者仍可在短期內(nèi)發(fā)生疾病進(jìn)展,或處于疾病難治耐藥的狀態(tài)。由于移植物抗CLL效應(yīng)的存在,異基因造血干細(xì)胞移植的根治性意義獲得肯定。年輕CLL患者如具有高危因素,包括:嘌呤類似物耐藥或治療后早期復(fù)發(fā),以及具有17p(TP53位點(diǎn))缺失和TP53突變,異基因造血干細(xì)胞移植是合理的治療選擇。減低強(qiáng)度的預(yù)處理方案有效降低了患者的治療相關(guān)死亡率。

慢性淋巴細(xì)胞白血病; 造血干細(xì)胞移植

慢性淋巴細(xì)胞白血?。╟hronic lymphocytic leukemia,CLL)是一種在臨床特點(diǎn)上存在巨大異質(zhì)性的惰性淋巴增殖性疾病。盡管有三分之一的患者可以很多年不需要治療[1],但是也有部分患者短期內(nèi)疾病進(jìn)展,進(jìn)而死亡。盡管以利妥昔單抗(Rituximab,R)聯(lián)合氟達(dá)拉濱(Fludarabine,F(xiàn))、環(huán)磷酰胺(Cyclophosphamide,C)為代表的免疫化療策略不論做為一線誘導(dǎo)還是二線挽救方案,都帶來了顯著的療效[2?6]。但是仍有患者處于難治耐藥的狀態(tài)。并且隨著隨訪時(shí)間的延長,不論患者的無病生存還是總體生存都始終處于下降的過程中[3,4],說明傳統(tǒng)的藥物治療并不能達(dá)到疾病根治的目的。而造血干細(xì)胞移植作為可能達(dá)到根治目標(biāo)的治療方法,近十幾年來受到關(guān)注并得到了深入研究。

1 異基因造血干細(xì)胞移植

1.1 適應(yīng)證

CLL是一個(gè)老年人群高發(fā)的疾病。中位診斷年齡為70~72歲。但是,35%~40%的患者小于65歲,約三分之一的患者在60歲以下[7?9]。CLL在年輕患者往往具有更高的侵襲性,縮短年輕患者預(yù)期壽命的情況比老年患者更為嚴(yán)重[10?13]。

20世紀(jì)70年代,Rai和Binet首先應(yīng)用CLL的臨床特點(diǎn)建立了預(yù)后分層系統(tǒng)[14,15]。以后深入的實(shí)驗(yàn)室研究發(fā)現(xiàn)了一系列具有重大預(yù)后價(jià)值的生物學(xué)標(biāo)志,與臨床特點(diǎn)相結(jié)合,使得高危、超高危CLL的識(shí)別成為可能。當(dāng)前,超高危CLL的定義是從治療開始總體生存時(shí)間小于24到36個(gè)月的患者人群。在此定義基礎(chǔ)上,超高危CLL包括具有17p(TP53位點(diǎn))缺失、TP53突變、氟達(dá)拉濱耐藥和FCR、FC等強(qiáng)方案治療后24個(gè)月內(nèi)復(fù)發(fā)的患者[16]。

2007年歐洲骨髓移植組(EBMT)發(fā)表了有關(guān)異基因造血干細(xì)胞移植(alloegeneic stem cell transplantation,allo-SCT)適應(yīng)證的共識(shí):循證醫(yī)學(xué)證明allo-SCT對(duì)高危CLL有效;Allo-SCT對(duì)具有如下特點(diǎn)的年輕患者是合理的治療選擇:(1)嘌呤類似物治療無效或12個(gè)月之內(nèi)復(fù)發(fā);(2)嘌呤類似物為基礎(chǔ)的聯(lián)合方案或自體移植治療后獲得療效,但24個(gè)月內(nèi)復(fù)發(fā);(3)伴TP53異常需要治療的患者[17]。

2 移植物抗CLL效應(yīng)

早期的探索性研究[18,19]驗(yàn)證了allo-SCT治療CLL的可行性。同時(shí)還顯示了allo-SCT與auto-SCT都可以帶給患者完全緩解(complete response,CR)的療效,兩組分別為7/11和6/11[19]。德國的研究對(duì)9例免疫球蛋白重鏈可變區(qū)(IgVH)未突變的高危CLL患者進(jìn)行allo-SCT,中位隨訪25個(gè)月,出現(xiàn)慢性移植物抗宿主?。╣raft--host disease,GVHD)或進(jìn)行了供者淋巴細(xì)胞輸注(Donor lymphocyte infusion,DLI)的7例患者持續(xù)保持臨床和分子學(xué)緩解[20]。Dana-Farber腫瘤中心的研究者進(jìn)行的去除T細(xì)胞的allo-SCT與同期auto-SCT的結(jié)果相似,6年的無疾病生存(progression free survival,PFS)率分別為(24%±9%)和(30%±4%)。但是對(duì)7例移植后復(fù)發(fā)的患者進(jìn)行DLI,6例獲得了明確的治療反應(yīng)[21]。M.D.Anderson腫瘤中心在前瞻性研究中對(duì)allo-SCT時(shí)疾病處于耐藥狀態(tài)和移植后+90天供者T細(xì)胞比例≤95%的患者進(jìn)行常規(guī)DLI干預(yù),獲得了47%(20/43)的CR率,中位生存時(shí)間超過47個(gè)月以上[22]。德國CLL研究組報(bào)告的CLL3X試驗(yàn)的結(jié)果顯示allo-SCT后所有微小殘留?。╩inimal residual disease,MRD)獲得清除的患者,都通過減停免疫抑制劑或DLI發(fā)生了慢性GVHD[23]。CLL3X的終期結(jié)果報(bào)告15例患者,包括8例因臨床復(fù)發(fā)、6例因MRD、1例因不完全嵌合狀態(tài),接受了DLI,其中3例MRD和2例復(fù)發(fā)的患者獲得了完全分子學(xué)緩解[24]。綜上所述,臨床數(shù)據(jù)強(qiáng)烈提示移植物抗CLL效應(yīng)具有根治意義。

西雅圖Fred Hutchison腫瘤中心報(bào)告了移植物抗CLL效應(yīng)的直接證據(jù):在allo-SCT后只有獲得完全緩解的患者體內(nèi)發(fā)育出了CLL特異性的T細(xì)胞,而沒有獲得緩解的患者,即使發(fā)生了GVHD,也不能在體內(nèi)找到這群細(xì)胞。這些CLL反應(yīng)性T細(xì)胞特異性地作用于CLL細(xì)胞上表達(dá)的微小組織相容性抗原以及腫瘤特異性抗原。提示移植物抗白血?。╣raft versus leukemia,GVL)效應(yīng)與GVHD在本質(zhì)上存在差別。而另一方面所有獲得CR的患者都發(fā)生了急、慢性GVHD[25]。說明在當(dāng)前的allo-SCT模式下GVL并沒有與GVHD完全分離。

對(duì)移植物抗CLL效應(yīng)中微小組織相容性抗原的限制性M.D.Anderson腫瘤中心進(jìn)行了深入研究,發(fā)現(xiàn)HLA-A1+/A2-/B44-的患者5年的PFS可達(dá)68%,而不具備這三種分子特點(diǎn)的患者只有15%(=0.02)[22]。

因此,allo-SCT平臺(tái)提供的GVL效應(yīng)可以有效清除CLL細(xì)胞,是CLL根治的基礎(chǔ)。

3 預(yù)處理方案

3.1 清髓性的預(yù)處理方案

EBMT對(duì)清髓性方案的定義:白消安劑量大于10mg/kg,或馬法蘭劑量大于150mg/m2,或者全身照射(total body irradiation,TBI)劑量大于8Gy[26]。傳統(tǒng)的清髓性的預(yù)處理方案包括TBI(10-16Gy)-環(huán)磷酰胺(CY)和白消安(BU)-CY為基礎(chǔ)的方案[27?31]。也有增加了依托泊苷(VP16)、卡莫司?。˙CNU)的嘗試[32,33]。IBMTR/EBMT登記的長期隨訪數(shù)據(jù)顯示,清髓性allo-SCT后10年的無病生存(disease free survival,DFS)率為37%,總體生存(overall survival,OS)率為41.2%[27,28]。Mayo Clinic隨訪的12例患者10年的PFS率為42%,OS率為50%[31]??梢?,allo-SCT是CLL根治性的治療手段。但是,盡管各研究組將患者的中位年齡嚴(yán)格控制在41~51歲,遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)低于總體CLL患者的中位年齡,但是移植相關(guān)的死亡率卻高達(dá)27%~48%[27?34]。

M.D.Anderson腫瘤中心發(fā)現(xiàn)移植時(shí)是否存在疾病耐藥是影響清髓性allo-SCT后長期生存的重要因素:耐藥患者的5年OS率為37%,明顯低于化療敏感者78%的結(jié)果(=0.05)[35]。

3.2 減低預(yù)處理強(qiáng)度方案

3.2.1 安全性與療效 近10年來,減低預(yù)處理強(qiáng)度(reduced intensive conditioning,RIC)的移植方式已經(jīng)成為CLL移植的主流。由于減低了預(yù)處理毒性,接受RIC移植患者的年齡比清髓性方案提高了10歲左右,上升到50~57歲,但是移植相關(guān)死亡率卻降至14%~34%[24,26,33,38?44]。

出于對(duì)預(yù)處理毒性的擔(dān)憂,RIC方案開始受到關(guān)注。EBMT對(duì)清髓性方案與RIC方案進(jìn)行了危險(xiǎn)度配對(duì)的回顧性比較。RIC方案組治療相關(guān)死亡率明顯降低(HR=0.4,=0.03),但是存在復(fù)發(fā)率升高的趨勢(shì),RIC組為28%,而清髓組為11%(=0.008)。然而最終這些作用并未轉(zhuǎn)化為生存獲益,不論是RIC方案還是清髓方案2年OS率均為70%;RIC方案2年無事件生存(event free survival,EFS)率為58%,清髓方案為62%(=0.88)[36]。但Fred Hutchinson腫瘤中心對(duì)26例CLL患者和194例其他類型淋巴瘤進(jìn)行了回顧性研究,結(jié)果顯示伴有基礎(chǔ)疾病的CLL患者在RIC移植后3年OS率為44%,優(yōu)于傳統(tǒng)預(yù)處理方案35%的結(jié)果(=0.04),而這一差別在無基礎(chǔ)疾病的患者并不明顯(=0.75)。同時(shí)研究還發(fā)現(xiàn)清髓方案與RIC方案具有相似的復(fù)發(fā)率:在惰性淋巴瘤組相對(duì)危險(xiǎn)度(hazard ratio,HR)為0.56(=0.33),說明預(yù)處理方案的強(qiáng)弱并未影響到包含CLL在內(nèi)的惰性淋巴瘤的腫瘤控制[37]。

預(yù)處理劑量的減低沒有影響患者植入,中性粒細(xì)胞>500/μl的時(shí)間在移植后10~17.5d[39?41]。骨髓毒性下降使得40%~61%的患者不需要輸注血小板[24,42,43]。移植后+28~+30d完全供者型的比例達(dá)到67%~68%[40,42];+80~+90d達(dá)到83%~100%[24,42]。DLI成為普遍采用的移植后預(yù)防、治療復(fù)發(fā)的干預(yù)模式。RIC移植聯(lián)合DLI干預(yù)下,Ⅱ-Ⅳ度急性GVHD的發(fā)生率為34%~55%。慢性GVHD的發(fā)生率可以高達(dá)57%~76%,并且以廣泛型為主,占到21%~53%?;颊?年的PFS為22%~39%,而OS可以達(dá)到39%~70%[24,39,42,43]。

3.2.2 方案 EBMT對(duì)各種預(yù)處理方案進(jìn)行了比較評(píng)價(jià),認(rèn)為骨髓抑制的強(qiáng)弱順序:氟達(dá)拉濱(Flu)+馬法蘭(Mel)±阿倫單抗(Alem)>Flu+Bu±抗胸腺球蛋白(ATG)>Flu+Cy>Flu+TBI(2Gy);免疫抑制的強(qiáng)弱順序:Flu+Mel+Alem>Flu+Bu+ATG>Flu+Cy>Flu+Mel和Flu+Bu>Flu+TBI(2Gy)[45]。

單抗的加入增加了預(yù)處理方案的免疫抑制強(qiáng)度。利妥昔單抗是抗人CD20的單克隆抗體。增高劑量的利妥昔單抗(375mg/m2,-13d;1000mg/m2,-6d,+1d,+8d)加入到惰性淋巴瘤的RIC方案中以后,早期報(bào)道急性GVHD的發(fā)生率降低到20%[46]。由于50%(43/86)的高危患者在移植后進(jìn)行了增高劑量的利妥昔單抗聯(lián)合DLI的免疫干預(yù),Ⅱ-Ⅳ度aGVHD的發(fā)生率有所升高,達(dá)到37%[22]。在這些數(shù)據(jù)的鼓舞下,法國一項(xiàng)多中心的前瞻性研究也把利妥昔單抗(375mg/m2,-5d;500mg/m2,+1d,+8d)聯(lián)合到Flu+TBI的RIC方案中,確證了利妥昔單抗減少了急性GVHD的發(fā)生率,并最終使OS(HR=0.1,=0.02)和EFS(HR=0.1,=0.035)得到改善[47]。

ATG(10mg/kg,-4d~-1d)增強(qiáng)了T細(xì)胞的功能抑制,主要用于無關(guān)供者移植[24,39]。

阿倫單抗是人CD52的單克隆抗體,作為體內(nèi)去T的方法得到了充分的研究。英國外周血和骨髓移植研究學(xué)會(huì)制定的RIC的預(yù)處理方案將Flu+Mel聯(lián)合阿倫單抗(40~60mg,-2d~-1d)。研究對(duì)象中包含了32%無關(guān)HLA全合供者和10%無關(guān)HLA不合供者。急、慢性GVHD的發(fā)生率分別為41%和33%[48]。英國和西班牙雙中心的回顧性研究中將阿倫單抗20~100mg作為RIC移植后的免疫抑制治療,有效地將GVHD的發(fā)生率降低到19%的低水平[44]。但是阿倫單抗在預(yù)處理中的應(yīng)用也帶來了相應(yīng)的問題。首先是感染:機(jī)會(huì)性感染成為非復(fù)發(fā)死亡(non-relapse mortality,NRM)的主要原因,因感染死亡的患者占到22%[47]。西班牙的結(jié)果顯示移植后阿倫單抗+環(huán)胞素A的GVHD預(yù)防方案下病毒感染的發(fā)生率為68%,而環(huán)胞素A+甲氨喋呤+驍悉預(yù)防治療后為43%,有升高的趨勢(shì)(=0.062)[49]。其次是植入不良:British Columbia大學(xué)發(fā)現(xiàn)阿倫單抗的應(yīng)用阻礙了患者達(dá)到完全供者型,+100d內(nèi)達(dá)到90%以上供者核型的病例只有51.62%(16/31)[50]。CLL3X研究的初期階段探索了Flu+TBI聯(lián)合阿倫單抗體內(nèi)去T的方案,由于植入不良的問題而更改了預(yù)處理方案,廢棄了阿倫單抗的應(yīng)用[24]。感染和植入不良帶來了生存影響:EBMT登記的RIC allo-SCT治療伴17p-的CLL患者,多因素分析顯示阿倫單抗用于體內(nèi)去T是PFS的不良預(yù)后因素[26]。British Columbia大學(xué)發(fā)現(xiàn)預(yù)處理方案中應(yīng)用阿倫單抗造成OS明顯下降[50]。CLL3X研究中阿倫單抗體內(nèi)去T對(duì)EFS、OS和NRM具有顯著的不良影響[24]。根據(jù)這些數(shù)據(jù),一些中心已經(jīng)放棄阿倫單抗在RIC方案中的應(yīng)用[50]。

3.2.3 移植的危險(xiǎn)因素 M.D.Anderson腫瘤中心發(fā)現(xiàn):移植時(shí)淋巴結(jié)≥5cm是移植后復(fù)發(fā)的不良預(yù)后因素;移植時(shí)患者是CR還是部分緩解(partial response,PR)狀態(tài)并不影響最終的結(jié)果[43]。而類似于清髓性移植,移植時(shí)疾病耐藥也是RIC移植后PFS、OS的不良預(yù)后因素[24,41,42]。大包塊、耐藥與PR同樣是患者體內(nèi)存在腫瘤負(fù)荷的狀態(tài),但是最終移植的結(jié)果卻不同,說明預(yù)處理方案進(jìn)一步滲透、殺滅CLL細(xì)胞的作用在allo-SCT提供的免疫治療為主的平臺(tái)上仍有一定的意義[43]。Dana-Farber腫瘤中心的研究還顯示:既往化療次數(shù)和骨髓的受累程度也是PFS和OS的不良預(yù)后因素[41]。由此也提示了需要把握時(shí)機(jī),高?;颊卟荒艿却^久,避免發(fā)生全面耐藥,一旦經(jīng)免疫化療獲得合理的療效,就應(yīng)該盡早移植[45]。最近建立的RIC移植治療CLL的預(yù)后模型包含了:移植時(shí)處于緩解狀態(tài)、乳酸脫氫酶、并發(fā)癥以及淋巴細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù)4個(gè)危險(xiǎn)因素,具有0、1、2或≥3個(gè)危險(xiǎn)因素的患者的5年P(guān)FS率分別是83%,63%,24%和6%(<0.0001)[51]。

絕大多數(shù)研究顯示:作為CLL的高危因素ZAP-70、CD38、17p-等不良分子和遺傳學(xué)特點(diǎn)在allo-SCT后已不再影響患者的復(fù)發(fā)和生存[20,24,40,42]。但是,British Columbia大學(xué)回顧性研究的結(jié)果卻發(fā)現(xiàn)17p-是影響移植療效的不良預(yù)后因素,進(jìn)一步分析顯示研究包含的17p-患者大多是反復(fù)治療耐藥、具有包塊的晚期患者。于是他們將allo-SCT列入到17p-患者的初始治療方案中,經(jīng)過早期移植,結(jié)果得到明顯改善[49]??梢姡琣llo-SCT模式是克服高危CLL的有力手段,而合適的移植時(shí)機(jī)是高危CLL獲益于移植的關(guān)鍵問題。

當(dāng)前各家CLL的臨床指南都把a(bǔ)llo-SCT作為一線治療納入到具有17p-或TP53突變的極高?;颊叩耐扑]中[52?54]。NCCN強(qiáng)調(diào):17p-患者的移植時(shí)機(jī)是在一線化療后獲得治療反應(yīng)(CR或PR)時(shí)。11q-的患者,如果一線免疫化療后療效是PR,也需要考慮allo-SCT。對(duì)于不具有高危細(xì)胞遺傳學(xué)異常的患者在一線單藥治療后1~2年、免疫化療后3年內(nèi)短期復(fù)發(fā),則需要在挽救性治療后進(jìn)行allo-SCT[52,54]。

4 自體造血干細(xì)胞移植

20世紀(jì)90年代初期開始,Dana Farber,M.D.Anderson腫瘤中心以及德國、法國的研究中心對(duì)CLL患者大劑量化療后造血干細(xì)胞移植治療在可行性方面進(jìn)行了初步探索。早期結(jié)果顯示:高危CLL患者在自體造血干細(xì)胞移植(autologous stem cell transplantation,auto-SCT)后2年內(nèi)可以保持持續(xù)的臨床緩解[18,19,55,56]。但是當(dāng)隨訪時(shí)間延長到3年以上,復(fù)發(fā)率也隨之上升,可高達(dá)50%以上[57,58]。MRD的檢測(cè)發(fā)現(xiàn)絕大多數(shù)患者在auto-SCT后,白血病克隆并未得到完全清除[58]。

Auto-SCT是否可以優(yōu)于常規(guī)化療,至今仍無前瞻性的對(duì)比研究來做回答。2004年德國基爾和海德堡大學(xué)將auto-SCT和一線烷化劑為主、二線氟達(dá)拉濱為主的常規(guī)化療進(jìn)行了危險(xiǎn)度配對(duì)的比較。結(jié)果顯示:auto-SCT組顯示出明顯的生存優(yōu)勢(shì)(HR 0.38,=0.04),在IgVH無突變的高?;颊咭彩侨绱薣59]。

但是,法國協(xié)作組和EBMT完成了CLL經(jīng)過一線或二線化療后分別給予auto-SCT或是停藥觀察的前瞻性隨機(jī)對(duì)照研究,得出了相同的結(jié)果:auto-SCT組具有更高的EFS和PFS,卻并未在OS上獲益。作為一線療效欠佳患者的挽救性治療,auto-SCT并未優(yōu)于FC方案化療[60,61]。盡管還沒有研究把a(bǔ)uto-SCT與當(dāng)前CLL治療的金標(biāo)準(zhǔn)RFC方案進(jìn)行直接比較,但是auto-SCT一線應(yīng)用后5年EFS率42%,5年OS率86%的數(shù)據(jù)與RFC作為一線方案6年EFS率51%,6年OS率77%的結(jié)果相似[3,60]。由此2011年Blood雜志上導(dǎo)向性的專家評(píng)論指出auto-SCT不適用于CLL的治療[62]。還需警惕的是CLL患者在auto-SCT治療后二次腫瘤發(fā)生率可以升高[21,63,64]。因此,auto-SCT在CLL指南中已不再作為治療推薦。

5 結(jié) 論

近10年來,針對(duì)CLL新方法及新治療不斷涌現(xiàn):利妥昔單抗、阿倫單抗、ofatumumab、obinutuzumab等新的單抗,氟達(dá)拉濱、克拉屈濱等嘌呤類似物,以及綻放新生命的老烷化劑苯達(dá)莫司汀,還有近年來倍受關(guān)注的PI3K激酶抑制劑idelalisib和Bruton激酶抑制劑ibrutinib等,已經(jīng)改變、并還將改變更多高危、難治、復(fù)發(fā)CLL患者的預(yù)后。明確的移植物抗CLL效應(yīng)是推動(dòng)對(duì)CLL患者體內(nèi)的免疫環(huán)境進(jìn)行深入研究、推動(dòng)allo-SCT及其他免疫治療方案不斷優(yōu)化的原動(dòng)力。而當(dāng)前對(duì)于相對(duì)年輕,沒有伴發(fā)基礎(chǔ)疾病的高危、難治、復(fù)發(fā)CLL患者,allo-SCT仍是重要的根治手段。

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(編輯: 王雪萍)

Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for chronic lymphocytic leukemia

YANG Shen-Miao, JIANG Qian, XU Lan-Ping*

(Institute of Hematology, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing 100044, China)

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia(CLL) is an indolent lymphoproliferative disorder with great clinical heterogeneity. The immunochemotherapeutic regimens have improved the outcome of majority of the patients. Nonetheless, in some patients, the disease progresses shortly after the immunochemotherapy, while in others, it becomes refractory and drug resistant. Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation(allo-SCT) potentially cures CLL due to the graftCLL effect. It has been wildly accepted that allo-SCT is a good option for young CLL patients with high risk factors, including purine analogue resistance, early relapse after purine analogue-based treatment, and 17p deletion and TP53 mutation. Reduced-intensity conditioning regimens effectively decrease the treatment-related mortality.

chronic lymphocytic leukemia; hematopoietic stem cell transplantation

(81200359).

R733.72

A

10.3724/SP.J.1264.2013.00147

2013?07?04;

2013?08?05

國家自然科學(xué)基金青年項(xiàng)目(81200359)

許蘭平, Tel: 010-88326000, E-mail: lpxu_0415@sina.com

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