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肩袖損傷治療進(jìn)展

2013-01-21 15:27閔楠薛慶云
中華肩肘外科電子雜志 2013年1期
關(guān)鍵詞:全層肩袖關(guān)節(jié)鏡

閔楠 薛慶云

通訊作者:薛慶云,Email:xueqingyun163@163.com

肩袖損傷是導(dǎo)致肩關(guān)節(jié)功能障礙的最主要原因[1]。肩袖是由肩胛下肌、岡上肌、岡下肌、小圓肌的肌腱在肱骨頭前、上、后方形成的袖套樣肌腱結(jié)構(gòu)。肩袖的功能是在任何運(yùn)動(dòng)或靜止?fàn)顟B(tài)使肱骨頭與肩盂保持穩(wěn)定,維持上臂各種姿勢(shì),完成各種運(yùn)動(dòng)功能。岡上肌、岡下肌肌腱在止點(diǎn)近側(cè)1~1.5 cm范圍內(nèi)是乏血管區(qū),是肌腱近側(cè)端滋養(yǎng)血管的終末端與肌腱大結(jié)節(jié)止點(diǎn)部來自骨膜滋養(yǎng)血管的交界區(qū)域,此處是血供薄弱部位,也是肌腱退化變性和斷裂的好發(fā)部位。在美國(guó)每年大約有450萬人因?yàn)榧缧鋼p傷而就醫(yī),其中超過7萬5千人選擇了手術(shù)治療[2]。許多國(guó)內(nèi)、外專家對(duì)肩袖損傷的治療進(jìn)行了大量研究,但目前對(duì)于其手術(shù)適應(yīng)證等問題仍存在爭(zhēng)議。因此,肩袖損傷仍是目前骨科運(yùn)動(dòng)醫(yī)學(xué)領(lǐng)域研究的難點(diǎn)和熱點(diǎn)問題。本文結(jié)合近年來國(guó)內(nèi)外相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)研究,對(duì)肩袖損傷的研究進(jìn)展綜述如下。

一、肩袖損傷的流行病學(xué)研究

肩袖損傷是中老年人群的常見肩關(guān)節(jié)疾病,隨著社會(huì)老齡人口的增加,肩袖損傷的發(fā)病率有明顯的上升趨勢(shì)。

肩袖損傷臨床表現(xiàn)差別較大,Atsushi等[3]發(fā)現(xiàn)無癥狀的肩袖損傷患者約占總數(shù)的2/3,而有癥狀的患者可表現(xiàn)為肩關(guān)節(jié)疼痛、活動(dòng)無力等癥狀。因此,在統(tǒng)計(jì)肩袖損傷的發(fā)病率時(shí),不能忽略無癥狀的肩袖損傷患者。大多數(shù)尸檢研究[4-6]發(fā)現(xiàn),肩袖損傷的比例為5%~40%,肩袖損傷的發(fā)病率與年齡存在明顯的相關(guān)性。在60歲的人群中全層肩袖損傷的比例約為25%,而在80歲的人群中這一數(shù)據(jù)則上升到50%[7]。除了年齡這一重要因素外,創(chuàng)傷、吸煙、高膽固醇血癥和家族基因也是肩袖損傷的危險(xiǎn)因素。

年齡增長(zhǎng)除了對(duì)發(fā)病率有明顯影響外,對(duì)于疾病的發(fā)展也有一定的影響。肩袖損傷的原因是多方面的,但國(guó)內(nèi)、外許多學(xué)者認(rèn)為,隨著年齡增長(zhǎng)而產(chǎn)生的微損傷是大多數(shù)人造成肩袖損傷的最主要原因,并且隨著年齡的增長(zhǎng)肩袖損傷類型及損傷程度都會(huì)隨之發(fā)展[7]。Yamaguchi等[8]通過研究發(fā)現(xiàn),大約50%的無癥狀全層肩袖撕裂患者平均2.8年后會(huì)出現(xiàn)癥狀,其中50%的人是由于肩袖撕裂增大造成的。疼痛等癥狀的發(fā)生與肩袖撕裂程度密切相關(guān),疼痛惡化通常提示肩袖撕裂程度的變化。約50%有癥狀的全層肩袖撕裂平均經(jīng)過2年時(shí)間撕裂程度會(huì)進(jìn)一步惡化。但小的(<1~1.5 cm)全層撕裂及部分撕裂惡化程度相對(duì)較慢。

二、肩袖損傷的分類

對(duì)肩袖撕裂分類目前尚無統(tǒng)一的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。國(guó)內(nèi)、外文獻(xiàn)通常用以下幾種標(biāo)準(zhǔn)進(jìn)行分類。Cofield等[9]根據(jù)肩袖破損大小分為4種類型:撕裂直徑<10 mm為小撕裂,10~30 mm為中度撕裂,30~50 mm為大撕裂,>50 mm為巨大撕裂。Burkhart等[10]根據(jù)撕裂形狀將肩袖損傷分為新月形、U形和L形等。Neer等[11]根據(jù)肩袖損傷程度分為Ⅲ期:Ⅰ期為肩袖水腫出血期;Ⅱ期肩袖肌腱炎;Ⅲ期肩袖則出現(xiàn)撕裂情況。

三、肩袖損傷的手術(shù)適應(yīng)證

肩袖修補(bǔ)手術(shù)是治療肩袖損傷的有效方式,長(zhǎng)期隨訪結(jié)果顯示無論是關(guān)節(jié)鏡修復(fù)手術(shù)還是開放手術(shù),手術(shù)治療均使90%以上的患者得到滿意的療效[12-13],而非手術(shù)治療的滿意度則僅為50%~60%[14-16],但目前對(duì)于肩袖損傷的手術(shù)適應(yīng)證及手術(shù)療效評(píng)估等問題仍存在一些爭(zhēng)議。并不是所有的肩袖損傷患者都必須進(jìn)行手術(shù)治療,目前對(duì)肩袖損傷行手術(shù)治療的適應(yīng)證仍沒有一個(gè)具體的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。醫(yī)生對(duì)肩袖損傷患者進(jìn)行治療時(shí),不僅要考慮手術(shù)治療的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和收益,還應(yīng)該注意到非手術(shù)治療是否會(huì)導(dǎo)致疾病惡化。所以在選擇治療前,醫(yī)生應(yīng)充分考慮患者的年齡、肩袖撕裂的大小以及嚴(yán)重程度[8]。通常臨床上對(duì)于以下三種情況可先進(jìn)行非手術(shù)治療:(1)肩袖全層撕裂小于1cm或是肩袖損傷類型為非全層撕裂;(2)患者的肩袖損傷手術(shù)無法完全修復(fù),如存在明顯的肌肉萎縮、脂肪侵潤(rùn)以及嚴(yán)重的肩關(guān)節(jié)炎;(3)損傷為慢性且年齡大于70歲的老年患者。對(duì)于以上3種類型患者可先采用康復(fù)訓(xùn)練、藥物治療、物理治療等非手術(shù)治療方法也可獲得較好效果。

而直接選擇手術(shù)治療的患者情況一般為以下3種:(1)肩袖撕裂超過1cm的急性損傷;(2)肩袖全層撕裂的年輕患者,這類患者如果早期不行手術(shù)修復(fù),撕裂損傷會(huì)越來越嚴(yán)重,并導(dǎo)致肌肉萎縮或脂肪侵潤(rùn)影響手術(shù)治療及術(shù)后療效;(3)非手術(shù)治療無效或效果不理想時(shí),可通過手術(shù)修復(fù)肩袖及清除病變組織。除此之外,在選擇治療方式時(shí)還應(yīng)考慮患者的癥狀持續(xù)時(shí)間、夜間痛、外傷史、肌肉萎縮、脂肪侵潤(rùn)和日常活動(dòng)限制情況等因素[17-18],具體問題具體分析,對(duì)患者應(yīng)進(jìn)行個(gè)體化的治療。

四、肩袖損傷的手術(shù)選擇

肩袖修補(bǔ)手術(shù)的主要目的是恢復(fù)肩袖止點(diǎn)結(jié)構(gòu),保持關(guān)節(jié)運(yùn)動(dòng)時(shí)的機(jī)械穩(wěn)定,從而減輕疼痛等癥狀,改善關(guān)節(jié)活動(dòng)度。

目前肩袖修補(bǔ)的手術(shù)方法主要為三種:開放手術(shù)(Open)、關(guān)節(jié)鏡輔助的開放手術(shù)(mini-open)以及全關(guān)節(jié)鏡下手術(shù)。開放手術(shù):自1911年第一臺(tái)開放肩袖修補(bǔ)手術(shù)至今已有100余年歷史[19],在這悠久的歷史中,Neer提出了開放手術(shù)的5大基本原則:(1)修復(fù)三角肌起點(diǎn);(2)清除喙肩韌帶肩峰下減壓;(3)松解肩袖;(4)腱骨固定;(5)嚴(yán)格的康復(fù)鍛煉。目前這種手術(shù)對(duì)于疼痛癥狀的緩解(85%-100%)和肩關(guān)節(jié)活動(dòng)度的改善(75%~95% )方面仍有很好的臨床療效[9,18,20-25]。

關(guān)節(jié)鏡輔助的開放手術(shù)是由Levy等[26]在1990年提出的。Mohtadi 等[32]通過隨機(jī)試驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn)相對(duì)于開放手術(shù),關(guān)節(jié)鏡輔助的開放手術(shù)在短期(3個(gè)月)生活質(zhì)量方面改善的幅度更大,但在超過1年的隨訪中,該手術(shù)在功能改善方面與開放手術(shù)均有良好的療效。除此之外,多項(xiàng)隨訪也發(fā)現(xiàn)這種手術(shù)短期和長(zhǎng)期均可減輕患者的疼痛并改善關(guān)節(jié)的功能[20-30],與開放手術(shù)有同樣良好的臨床效果[31]。這種手術(shù)相對(duì)于開放手術(shù)的優(yōu)點(diǎn):(1)減少了三角肌的損傷;(2)減少了患者住院天數(shù);(3)手術(shù)后早期(術(shù)后3個(gè)月)生活質(zhì)量評(píng)分高于開放手術(shù)[32];(4)可以經(jīng)骨隧道固定肩袖,更好的重建足印區(qū)。但這種手術(shù)相對(duì)于全關(guān)節(jié)鏡手術(shù)也存在術(shù)后疼痛、關(guān)節(jié)黏連,術(shù)后感染率高等缺點(diǎn)。

相對(duì)于以上2種手術(shù),目前越來越多的人選擇全關(guān)節(jié)鏡技術(shù)。在2005年美國(guó)關(guān)節(jié)外科會(huì)議上,167名關(guān)節(jié)外科醫(yī)生中的62%傾向于用全關(guān)節(jié)鏡技術(shù)治療大于3 cm的肩袖撕裂。Colvin等[33]發(fā)現(xiàn)1996~2006年期間,關(guān)節(jié)鏡治療肩袖撕裂損傷的人數(shù)增長(zhǎng)了600%。關(guān)節(jié)鏡治療應(yīng)用的增多主要是因?yàn)檫@種手術(shù)具有皮膚切口小美觀、手術(shù)區(qū)域直觀清楚以及周圍軟組織損傷小等優(yōu)點(diǎn)[34-36]。Gartsman等[34-35]發(fā)現(xiàn)與開放手術(shù)和關(guān)節(jié)鏡輔助的開放手術(shù)相比,全關(guān)節(jié)鏡手術(shù)也可以達(dá)到使85%到95%患者的疼痛得到緩解,肩關(guān)節(jié)功能得到改善。很多不同的研究也支持全關(guān)節(jié)鏡技術(shù)與另外2種技術(shù)有著同樣良好的臨床效果[34-35,37-41]。

目前鏡下固定方式主要有單排固定、雙排固定、Suture-Bridge技術(shù)等。雙排固定比單排固定在足印區(qū)更接近原有解剖結(jié)構(gòu),并且擁有更好的生物力學(xué)優(yōu)勢(shì),但還沒有研究顯示雙排固定的臨床效果優(yōu)于單排固定。DeHaan等[42]通過比較關(guān)節(jié)鏡下單、雙排固定發(fā)現(xiàn),兩者在功能結(jié)果評(píng)分和再撕裂率方面無明顯差異,但雙排固定技術(shù)再撕裂率有減少趨勢(shì)。Suture-Bridge技術(shù)與錨釘固定技術(shù)相比理論上可增加接觸面積,增強(qiáng)對(duì)剪切力和旋轉(zhuǎn)力的抵抗。Kim等[43]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)Suture-Bridge縫合技術(shù)與雙排固定技術(shù)在患者滿意度、功能評(píng)分與再撕裂率方面無明顯差異,但Suture-Bridge縫合技術(shù)的再撕裂率有減少趨勢(shì)。因此國(guó)外很多文獻(xiàn)都推薦使用Suture-Bridge縫合技術(shù)。

五、肩袖損傷的二次手術(shù)

越來越多的患者接受手術(shù)治療以減輕疼痛,改善肩關(guān)節(jié)功能[33]。盡管各種報(bào)道顯示手術(shù)治療的臨床效果讓人滿意,但有部分患者術(shù)后通過影像學(xué)檢查發(fā)現(xiàn)損傷并沒有愈合。事實(shí)上,大約有35%的小損傷和高達(dá)94%的巨大肩袖損傷手術(shù)后并沒有愈合或是再次出現(xiàn)損傷[44-50]。其中有些患者雖然影像學(xué)檢查顯示損傷未愈合,但疼痛減輕、功能得到改善。其中還有一些患者的關(guān)節(jié)依然疼痛、功能依然受限,對(duì)于這部分患者就需要繼續(xù)治療。

肩袖損傷修補(bǔ)手術(shù)失敗的原因是多方面的,主要包括生物因素、手術(shù)技術(shù)及手術(shù)部位再次創(chuàng)傷等原因。生物因素主要與患者高齡、韌帶強(qiáng)度減弱、撕裂嚴(yán)重(>3 cm)以及肌肉脂肪退變等因素有關(guān)[51-57]。判斷手術(shù)失敗原因有時(shí)是十分困難的,對(duì)于術(shù)后肩關(guān)節(jié)疼痛癥狀沒有減輕、功能未得到改善的患者,我們可以通過病史、體格檢查以及影像學(xué)檢查來判斷,甚至對(duì)于高度懷疑手術(shù)失敗和再損傷的患者可以直接行關(guān)節(jié)鏡檢查并再次手術(shù)。國(guó)外很多研究顯示,無論是開放手術(shù)[58]還是關(guān)節(jié)鏡下二次手術(shù)[59-61],對(duì)初次手術(shù)失敗的患者在疼痛癥狀減輕和功能改善上都有著較好的臨床療效。但是二次手術(shù)的手術(shù)適應(yīng)證則十分苛刻,使得符合條件的理想患者數(shù)量較少。理想的手術(shù)適應(yīng)證有以下幾點(diǎn):(1)肌肉萎縮和韌帶回縮較輕,手術(shù)可修復(fù);(2)術(shù)前關(guān)節(jié)向前活動(dòng)度超過90°;(3)三角肌功能良好;(4)關(guān)節(jié)只有一次手術(shù)史。理想的手術(shù)適應(yīng)證條件過于苛刻,但對(duì)于保守治療無法緩解疼痛以及全層撕裂可修復(fù)的患者,我們也應(yīng)考慮二次手術(shù)治療,但手術(shù)效果可能不理想。

六、總結(jié)

肩袖修復(fù)手術(shù)是目前治療肩袖損傷有效的治療方式,它可以緩解患者關(guān)節(jié)疼痛的癥狀,并改善關(guān)節(jié)功能及活動(dòng)度。肩袖損傷主要與年齡增長(zhǎng)、關(guān)節(jié)創(chuàng)傷、吸煙、高膽固醇血癥和家族基因等因素有關(guān),并且這些因素還可導(dǎo)致?lián)p傷的進(jìn)一步惡化。目前肩袖損傷主要通過康復(fù)訓(xùn)練、藥物治療、物理治療等保守方法和手術(shù)修復(fù)方法進(jìn)行治療,其中手術(shù)治療方法主要包括開放手術(shù)、關(guān)節(jié)鏡輔助的開放手術(shù)以及全關(guān)節(jié)鏡下手術(shù)。國(guó)內(nèi)外的研究對(duì)手術(shù)方法的選擇仍沒有統(tǒng)一認(rèn)識(shí)[62],但由于全關(guān)節(jié)鏡下手術(shù)具有軟組織損傷小、傷口美觀等優(yōu)勢(shì),而且療效好,越來越受到大家的青睞。盡管手術(shù)治療技術(shù)越來越成熟,但仍有一部分手術(shù)由于韌帶強(qiáng)度減弱、撕裂嚴(yán)重(>3 cm)、肌肉脂肪退變以及創(chuàng)傷等因素導(dǎo)致手術(shù)失敗。對(duì)于可修復(fù)的失敗手術(shù),我們還應(yīng)進(jìn)行二次手術(shù)治療,但應(yīng)注意手術(shù)方法的選擇和適當(dāng)調(diào)整術(shù)后康復(fù)鍛煉強(qiáng)度。

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