常利華,蔣 莉,郭 韻,張曉莉,李忠義,王曉非
(1.中國(guó)醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬盛京醫(yī)院風(fēng)濕免疫科,遼寧沈陽(yáng)110022;2.沈陽(yáng)醫(yī)學(xué)院奉天醫(yī)院手外二科,遼寧 沈陽(yáng)110024)
強(qiáng)直性脊柱炎并發(fā)干燥綜合征患者的臨床特點(diǎn)及其實(shí)驗(yàn)室檢查結(jié)果分析
常利華1,蔣 莉1,郭 韻1,張曉莉1,李忠義2,王曉非1
(1.中國(guó)醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬盛京醫(yī)院風(fēng)濕免疫科,遼寧沈陽(yáng)110022;2.沈陽(yáng)醫(yī)學(xué)院奉天醫(yī)院手外二科,遼寧 沈陽(yáng)110024)
目的:闡明強(qiáng)直性脊柱炎 (AS)并發(fā)干燥綜合征 (SS)患者的特點(diǎn),為該病的治療及并發(fā)癥的防治提供依據(jù)。方法:選擇確診的AS并發(fā)SS患者11例,總結(jié)臨床特點(diǎn)和實(shí)驗(yàn)室檢查結(jié)果,分別比較AS并發(fā)SS與單純AS和單純SS患者外周關(guān)節(jié)受累率、人類白細(xì)胞抗原-B27(HLA-B27)陽(yáng)性率、抗核抗體 (ANA)陽(yáng)性率和C反應(yīng)蛋白 (CRP)、血沉 (ESR)及免疫球蛋白水平。結(jié)果:11例患者均符合AS和SS的診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn),均有腰背痛與口干和 (或)眼干癥狀;外周關(guān)節(jié)受累9例,葡萄膜炎1例;影像學(xué)示骶髂關(guān)節(jié)炎雙側(cè)≥2級(jí)9例,單側(cè)3級(jí)1例,單側(cè)4級(jí)1例;HLA-B27陽(yáng)性7例,HLA-B27陽(yáng)性率 (63.6%)明顯低于單純AS患者 (92.9%)(P<0.05);唾液腺放射性核素檢查陽(yáng)性9例;淚液分泌試驗(yàn)陽(yáng)性11例;ANA陽(yáng)性9例,ANA陽(yáng)性率(81.8%)與單純SS患者 (84.8%)比較差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義;抗SSA抗體陽(yáng)性8例;抗SSB抗體陽(yáng)性6例;唇腺病理檢查陽(yáng)性11例。AS并發(fā)SS患者CRP、ESR和免疫球蛋白水平高于單純AS和SS患者,但差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義 (P>0.05);與AS患者比較,AS并發(fā)SS患者高球蛋白血癥發(fā)生率升高 (P<0.05)。結(jié)論:AS和SS可以同時(shí)發(fā)生,兩病同時(shí)并發(fā)患者更易出現(xiàn)外周關(guān)節(jié)受累。
強(qiáng)直性脊柱炎;干燥綜合征;抗核抗體;免疫球蛋白
強(qiáng)直性脊柱炎 (ankylosing spondylitis,AS)是以骶髂關(guān)節(jié)和脊柱慢性炎癥、進(jìn)行性炎癥為主的全身性疾病;干燥綜合征 (Sjogren’s syndrome,SS)是一種主要累及全身外分泌腺的慢性炎癥性自身免疫疾病。二者可單獨(dú)發(fā)病,也可同時(shí)出現(xiàn),但患者同時(shí)出現(xiàn)上述2種疾病的報(bào)道并不多見(jiàn)。本研究總結(jié)11例確診AS并發(fā)SS患者的臨床特點(diǎn)和實(shí)驗(yàn)室檢查結(jié)果,旨在提高對(duì)AS和SS共存的認(rèn)識(shí)。
1.1 一般資料 選擇2008年—2011年在中國(guó)醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬盛京醫(yī)院風(fēng)濕免疫科住院治療的AS患者488例和SS患者336例,其中同時(shí)患有AS和SS患者 (AS+SS組)11例,男性4例,女性7例,年齡18~49歲,平均年齡35歲,病程1~22年,平均病程9.6年。從上述患者中隨機(jī)選取單純AS患者 (AS組)42例,男性35例,女性7例,年齡14~52歲,平均年齡29.2歲,病程0.5~36.0年,平均病程12.3年;單純SS患者(SS組)33例,男性3例,女性30例,年齡17~55歲,平均年齡42.6歲,病程0.5~15.0年,平均病程8.9年。所有患者均符合AS和SS國(guó)際分類標(biāo)準(zhǔn) (修訂的紐約標(biāo)準(zhǔn))的診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。
1.2 實(shí)驗(yàn)室檢查指標(biāo) 采用免疫比濁法檢測(cè)C反應(yīng)蛋白 (CRP)水平;魏氏法檢測(cè)血沉 (ESR)水平;免疫比濁法檢測(cè)免疫球蛋白 (IgA、IgM和IgG)水平;ELISA法檢測(cè)抗核抗體 (antinuclear antibody,ANA)、抗SSA抗體、抗SSB抗體水平;流式細(xì)胞術(shù)檢測(cè)人類白細(xì)胞抗原-B27>(HLA-B27)陽(yáng)性率。
1.3 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析 采用SAS 9.2統(tǒng)計(jì)軟件進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)分析。外周關(guān)節(jié)受累率、HLA-B27陽(yáng)性率、ANA陽(yáng)性率和CRP、ESR及高球蛋白血癥發(fā)生率組間比較采用χ2檢驗(yàn)。
2.1 AS并發(fā)SS患者臨床表現(xiàn) 11例患者均有腰背痛、口干和 (或)眼干癥狀。其中有炎性腰背痛11例,口干9例,眼干11例,中軸骶髂關(guān)節(jié)炎11例,外周關(guān)節(jié)受累9例,單關(guān)節(jié)炎6例,多關(guān)節(jié)炎3例 (其中髖關(guān)節(jié)6例,膝關(guān)節(jié)4例,踝關(guān)節(jié)3例,肩關(guān)節(jié)2例,肘關(guān)節(jié)1例,腕關(guān)節(jié)1例,手足小關(guān)節(jié)3例),葡萄膜炎1例。外周關(guān)節(jié)受累情況:AS+SS組關(guān)節(jié)受累率 (9/11,81.8%)高于單純AS組 (28/42,66.7%)和單純SS組 (14/33,42.4%),差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義 (P<0.05)。見(jiàn)表1。
2.2 實(shí)驗(yàn)室檢查 單純AS組患者影像學(xué)檢查示骶髂關(guān)節(jié)炎雙側(cè)≥2級(jí)9例,單側(cè)3級(jí)1例,單側(cè)4級(jí)1例;HLA-B27陽(yáng)性7例,陽(yáng)性率為63.6%,HLA-B27陽(yáng)性率明顯低于單純AS組 (92.9%),差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義 (P<0.05)。單純SS組患者唾液腺放射性核素檢查陽(yáng)性9例,淚液分泌試驗(yàn)陽(yáng)性11例,ANA陽(yáng)性9例,抗SSA抗體陽(yáng)性8例,抗SSB抗體陽(yáng)性6例,抗雙鏈DNA抗體、抗Sm抗體、抗U1RNP抗體和抗Scl-70抗體均為陰性,唇腺病理檢查陽(yáng)性11例。ANA陽(yáng)性率為81.8%,略低于單純SS組 (84.8%),但差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義 (P>0.05)。AS+SS組CRP、ESR和免疫球蛋白水平均高于單純AS組和SS組,AS+SS組高球蛋白血癥發(fā)生率明顯高于AS組 (P<0.05),其他指標(biāo)比較差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。見(jiàn)表2。
表1 11例AS并發(fā)SS患者臨床表現(xiàn)Tab.1 Clinical manifestations of 11patients with AS complicated with SS
表2 AS+SS組與單純AS、單純SS組患者實(shí)驗(yàn)室檢測(cè)結(jié)果比較Tab.2 Comparisons of laboratory findings of patients between AS+SS group and AS group,SS group
AS以累及中軸關(guān)節(jié)和肌腱、韌帶附著點(diǎn)為主,與HLA-B27密切相關(guān)。SS是以侵犯外分泌腺為主,以口干、眼干為常見(jiàn)表現(xiàn)的自身免疫性疾病,屬于彌漫結(jié)締組織病。本研究中11例患者均符合AS和SS診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn),表明二者可以同時(shí)發(fā)生。
1971年Whaley等[1]首先發(fā)現(xiàn)在AS患者中,部分患者并發(fā)SS癥狀,并行唇腺活檢發(fā)現(xiàn)淋巴細(xì)胞 灶, 此 后 陸 續(xù) 有 AS 并 發(fā) SS 的 報(bào) 道[2-4]。2006年Kobak等[5]報(bào)道:在70例確診的AS患者中篩查SS患者,7例患者 (男性6例,女性1例,平均年齡46.7歲)符合SS的診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn),占AS患者的10%,再次證實(shí)二者可同時(shí)發(fā)病,且AS患者中SS發(fā)病幾率明顯高于正常人群,其發(fā)病機(jī)制尚不清楚,可能與以下遺傳、感染、細(xì)胞因子及基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶 (matrix metalloproteinase,MMP)等有關(guān)。
3.1 遺傳因素 從1973年第1次發(fā)現(xiàn)HLA-B27與AS之間的強(qiáng)相關(guān)性至今,HLA-B27一直是AS病因中最重要因素[6]。HLA-B27基因位于第6號(hào)染色體短區(qū),至少包含31個(gè)密切相關(guān)的等位基因。SS與免疫遺傳因素有關(guān),研究[7]發(fā)現(xiàn):SS與HLA-B8、HLA-DR3有關(guān)聯(lián),另外,大部分原發(fā)性SS患者均有 HLA-DQA1*0501頻率增高,提示HLA-DQA1*0501是一個(gè)重要的SS相關(guān)基因。此外,還有定位于6號(hào)染色體主要組織相容性復(fù)合物區(qū)域中心位置的腫瘤壞死因子 (TNFα)等位基因與SS發(fā)病有關(guān)。AS與HLA的Ⅰ型B27有密切關(guān)聯(lián),SS與HLA的Ⅱ型DR3有相關(guān)性,1998年Golstein等[2]報(bào)道2例AS并發(fā)SS患者 HLA的Ⅰ和Ⅱ型表現(xiàn)極其相似而增加了二者共存的機(jī)會(huì)。
3.2 感染因素 細(xì)菌感染與HLA-B27之間的作用可能是AS發(fā)病機(jī)制的關(guān)鍵因素之一,細(xì)菌主要有彎曲桿菌屬、衣原體屬和志賀菌屬等。感染可引起一些無(wú)效的多肽結(jié)合到HLA-B27上并誘發(fā)變態(tài)免疫反應(yīng),導(dǎo)致胞內(nèi)細(xì)菌的過(guò)度增殖和對(duì)抗原肽的延遲處理[8]。最早發(fā)現(xiàn)的與SS有關(guān)的病毒是EB病毒,EB病毒常寄生于人的唾液腺,可在B淋巴細(xì)胞和上皮細(xì)胞內(nèi)進(jìn)行周期性復(fù)制,導(dǎo)致淋巴細(xì)胞增生。有學(xué)者[9]在SS患者唇腺組織、腎臟組織和外周血中均檢測(cè)到EB病毒的DNA。SS患者的腮腺內(nèi)存在EB病毒相關(guān)的抗原且EB病毒的DNA也已被證實(shí)。
3.3 細(xì)胞因子因素 AS的免疫病理發(fā)病機(jī)制與促炎細(xì)胞因子表達(dá)的上調(diào)有關(guān),TNF-α在AS患者體內(nèi)的表達(dá)水平明顯高于健康個(gè)體的表達(dá)水平,并且有證據(jù)[10]表明:抗TNF-α治療能有效地提高AS患者的療效。血清中IL-6和可溶性IL-2受體水平在AS患者中明顯升高。TNF-α在SS患者的腮腺組織內(nèi)有豐富表達(dá),用寡核苷酸探針與原位雜交的技術(shù)檢測(cè)到SS患者下頜下腺中含有促炎細(xì)胞因子IL-6和IL-1,而且這些細(xì)胞因子mRNA在浸潤(rùn)淋巴細(xì)胞和上皮細(xì)胞中均有表達(dá)。由此可見(jiàn),細(xì)胞因子參與了AS和SS的發(fā)病。
3.4 MMP因素 MMP與其抑制因素的病態(tài)失衡會(huì)引發(fā)炎癥,并且在AS患者中已經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn)了血清MMP-3的高表達(dá)[11],而這與AS的疾病活動(dòng)度和功能指數(shù)有確定的相關(guān)關(guān)系。Perez等[12]證實(shí)SS患者唇腺中的MMP-3mRNA和蛋白水平較對(duì)照組增加,且其蛋白增高的程度與腺體組織結(jié)構(gòu)破壞程度相關(guān)。因此,AS和SS病程發(fā)生發(fā)展中MMP-3均發(fā)揮了重要作用。
綜上所述,AS和SS在發(fā)病機(jī)制上具有相似之處,但具體機(jī)制尚不明確,仍需進(jìn)一步研究。2種疾病在臨床上可以同時(shí)出現(xiàn),因此醫(yī)生應(yīng)高度警惕二者并發(fā)的可能。對(duì)于已確診的AS病程較長(zhǎng)者,特別是中青年女性患者,如出現(xiàn)多個(gè)外周關(guān)節(jié)受累,應(yīng)注意詢問(wèn)有無(wú)口干和 (或)眼干癥狀并行抗核抗體譜檢查,注意并發(fā)SS的可能;而確診為SS患者,同時(shí)出現(xiàn)腰背痛、下肢不對(duì)稱關(guān)節(jié)炎和色素膜炎時(shí),應(yīng)行骶髂關(guān)節(jié)影像學(xué)和HLA-B27檢查,注意SS并發(fā)AS的可能。患者如果同時(shí)患AS和SS,更易出現(xiàn)外周關(guān)節(jié)受累,炎性指標(biāo)往往升高。AS并發(fā)SS治療上應(yīng)注意二者兼顧,可給予非甾體抗炎藥改善關(guān)節(jié)癥狀,如病情需要應(yīng)用糖皮質(zhì)激素,應(yīng)選擇合理的劑量及療程。
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Analysis of clinical features and laboratory fingdings in patients with ankylosing spondylitis complicated with Sjogren’s syndrome
CHANG Li-h(huán)ua1,JIANG Li1,GUO Yun1,ZHANG Xiao-li1,LI Zhong-yi2,WANG Xiao-fei1
(1.Department of Rheumatology,Affiliated Shengjing Hospital,China Medical University,Shenyang 110022,China;2.Department of Hand Surgery,F(xiàn)engtian Hospital,Shenyang Medical College,Shenyang 110024,China)
ObjectiveTo clarify the characteristics of the patients with ankylosing spondylitis(AS)complicated with Sjogren’s syndrome (SS),and to provide basis for its treatment and prevention of complications.Methods11cases diagnosed as AS complicated with SS were selected,and the clinical features and laboratory fingdings were summarized retrospectively;the rate of involved joints,HLA-B27positive rate,antinuclear antibody (ANA)positive rate,and the levels of C-reaction protein (CRP),erythrocyte sedimentation rate(ESR)and immunoglobulin were compared between the patients with AS complicated with SS and the simple AS or SS patients.ResultsAll the 11patients were in line with the diagnostic criteria for AS and SS with low back pain and sicca symptoms;peripheral joints were involved in 9cases.1case had uveitis;the imaging studies showed that there were 9cases of grade 2bilateral sacroiliitis and above,and 1case of grade 3unilateral sacroiliitis,1case of grade 4unilateral sacroiliitis.The HLA-B27was positive in 7cases,and the positive rate (63.6%)was significantly lower than that of simple AS patients (92.9%) (P<0.05).The salivary radionuclide examination was positive in 9cases;the Schirmer test was positive in 11cases.Among 11patients with AS complicated with SS,9cases were ANA positive,the ANA positive rates had no significant difference between patients with AS complicated with SS (81.8%)and simple SS patients (84.89%).The anti-SSA antibodies were positive in 8cases;the anti-SSB antibodies were positive in 6cases;the minor salivary gland biopsy was positive in 11cases.The levels of CRP,ESR,and immunoglobulin of the patients with AS complicated with SS were higher than those of AS patients or SS patients,but the differences were not significant(P>0.05).Compared with AS patients,the incidence of hyperglobulinemia in patients with AS complicated with SS was increased (P<0.05).ConclusionAS and SS can occur at the same time,and the patients with AS complicated with SS are prefer to peripheral joint involvement.
ankylosing spondylitis;Sjogren’s syndrome;antinuclear antibody;immunoglobulin
R593.23
A
1671-587Ⅹ(2012)06-1183-04
2012-05-24
遼寧省科技廳科學(xué)計(jì)劃項(xiàng)目資助課題 (2011225015);遼寧省醫(yī)學(xué)高峰建設(shè)工程重點(diǎn)科研項(xiàng)目資助課題(200931)
常利華 (1982-),男,遼寧省阜新市人,醫(yī)師,醫(yī)學(xué)碩士,主要從事風(fēng)濕病的臨床研究。
王曉非 (Tel:024-96615-1-27111,E-mail:vincentclh@126.com)
吉林大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào)(醫(yī)學(xué)版)2012年6期