張朝暉,方字文
足部軟組織腫物多為良性,惡行者很少見;有研究顯示足部軟組織腫瘤中良性者占87%[1]。MRI對軟組織病變的顯示能力強(qiáng),但有關(guān)足部軟組織腫物MRI表現(xiàn)的報(bào)道尚少見,筆者對足部常見軟組織腫物的MRI特征及有關(guān)臨床和病理特點(diǎn)進(jìn)行總結(jié)分析。
足部海綿狀血管瘤較常見,可累及皮膚、皮下和深部組織。組織學(xué)上,海綿狀血管瘤除了血管成分外,還有脂肪、纖維、平滑肌、含鐵血黃素、血栓等非血管成分;其內(nèi)還常有鈣化,50%在平片上可見靜脈石[2]。位置表淺者查體可觸及質(zhì)軟腫物,并可見局部皮膚發(fā)紫。海綿狀血管瘤在T2WI多表現(xiàn)為分葉狀高信號病灶,且信號強(qiáng)度隨T2權(quán)重的增加而增高,這主要由病變內(nèi)的緩慢流動的血液引起;另外脂肪成分在T2WI也呈較高信號;含鐵血黃素、流空的血管、鈣化及纖維組織在T2WI呈低信號;病變內(nèi)亞急性出血和脂肪成分在T1WI呈高信號表現(xiàn);注射對比劑后病變多呈較明顯強(qiáng)化[2-3](圖1)。
跖腱膜纖維瘤病是足底腱膜的非腫瘤性纖維結(jié)節(jié)樣增生,早期病變內(nèi)的梭形纖維母細(xì)胞成分較多伴有一定數(shù)量的膠原成分;后期膠原成分增多,細(xì)胞成分減少[4]。它可與掌腱膜纖維瘤病和陰莖纖維瘤病等其他淺表纖維瘤病同時(shí)存在,可呈單發(fā)或多發(fā)結(jié)節(jié),多位于足底腱膜的內(nèi)側(cè)淺表部分[2,4]。
本病多見于30歲以上患者,男性發(fā)病多于女性,臨床上可見質(zhì)硬皮下結(jié)節(jié),長期站立或行走后疼痛,是足跟部疼痛最常見的原因之一,在長期跑步者和肥胖者尤其多見[2,5]。病變在T1WI和T2WI的信號強(qiáng)度等于或低于鄰近的肌肉[4](圖2),增強(qiáng)掃描呈輕度或明顯強(qiáng)化[5],并可伴有跟骨骨刺和皮下組織水腫[2]。
侵襲性纖維瘤病起源于肌肉的結(jié)締組織及其表面的筋膜和腱膜,可包裹肌肉和肌腱,又稱為肌腱膜纖維瘤,韌帶狀纖維瘤[4-6]。它由分化較好的纖維母細(xì)胞和肌纖維母細(xì)胞增生形成,膠原纖維穿插于細(xì)胞之中,多少不等[6]。
本病常發(fā)生于10~50歲年齡段,尤其多見于25~35歲,常表現(xiàn)為深在、邊界不清的腫塊,疼痛多不明顯[5]。其生物學(xué)行為介于纖維瘤和纖維肉瘤之間,一般累及范圍較廣泛,但少見多中心發(fā)病,切除后易復(fù)發(fā),但無轉(zhuǎn)移,惡變?yōu)槿饬鲆埠币奫4-5,7]。足部是其好發(fā)部位之一[4]。
在MRI上侵襲性纖維瘤病表現(xiàn)為形態(tài)不規(guī)則的腫塊,常累及多塊肌肉,并可沿著筋膜呈線帶狀蔓延,無包膜或包膜不完整,邊界可不清,瘤內(nèi)一般無壞死,瘤周一般無水腫,鄰近骨可受壓,但髓腔一般不受侵犯;在T1WI以等、低信號為主,在T2WI以高信號為主,瘤內(nèi)可見帶狀或條片狀與肌肉相比呈等或低信號的區(qū)域;注射對比劑后,腫瘤呈中等程度或明顯強(qiáng)化,其內(nèi)與肌肉相比呈等或低信號的區(qū)域不強(qiáng)化或輕度強(qiáng)化[5-6](圖3)。
圖1 足背海綿狀血管瘤。A:矢狀面T1WI示足背腫物,與肌肉相比呈等信號,混雜斑片狀高信號成分。B:矢狀面T2WI示腫物以高信號為主,混雜少量條點(diǎn)狀低信號。C:矢狀脂肪抑制增強(qiáng)T1WI示腫物不均勻明顯強(qiáng)化 圖2 足底跖腱膜纖維瘤病。冠狀T1WI (A)、T2WI (B)示足底腱膜結(jié)節(jié)樣增厚(箭),病灶與肌肉相比病變在T1WI和T2WI呈等信號,鄰近皮下脂肪受壓 圖3 足部侵襲性纖維瘤病。A:矢狀面T1WI示足內(nèi)側(cè)部分葉狀腫物,與肌肉相比呈等信號。B:矢狀面T2WI示腫物主要呈高信號,混雜條片狀低信號成分。C:矢狀面增強(qiáng)T1WI示腫物明顯強(qiáng)化,其內(nèi)T2WI等低信號成分無或輕度強(qiáng)化。D:冠狀面增強(qiáng)T1WI示第一跖骨被腫物包繞,但未見明顯骨質(zhì)破壞Fig. 1 Cavernous hemangioma in the dorsal aspect of foot. A: Sagittal T1-weighted MR image shows a soft tissue mass in the dorsal aspect of foot, which is predominantly isointense relative to skeletal muscle and contains patchy hyperintensity areas. B:Sagittal T2-weighted MR image demonstrates a hyperintensity mass containing a few linear and dot-like areas of hypointensity.C: Sagittal contrast-enhanced MR image with fat suppression shows heterogenous and marked enhancement of the lesion.Fig. 2 Plantar fibromatosis. Coronal T1-weighted (A) and T2-weighted (B) MR images demonstrate nodular thickening of the plantar aponeurosis (arrows) with compression of adjacent subcutaneous tissue. The lesion reveals isointensity relative to skeletal muscle on T1- as well as on T2- weighted MR images. Fig. 3 Aggressive fibromatosis of the foot. A: Coronal T1-weighted MR image shows a lobulated mass of isointensity relative to skeletal mass in the medial aspect of the foot. B: On coronal T2-weighted MR image, the mass is mostly hyperintense with patchy and band-like areas of hypo- to isointensity. C: On sagittal contrastenhanced MR image, the areas of hypo- to isointensity on T2 weighted MR image show mild or no enhancement, while the other areas of the mass show marked enhancement. D: Coronal contrast-enhanced MR image demonstrates the first metatarsal surrounded by the mass without obvious bone erosion.
彌漫型腱鞘巨細(xì)胞瘤為滑膜樣單核細(xì)胞的破壞性增生,富含血管,其內(nèi)還可見多核巨細(xì)胞,泡沫細(xì)胞、吞噬含鐵血黃素的細(xì)胞以及炎癥細(xì)胞;其間質(zhì)內(nèi)含有膠原纖維,并常有不同程度的玻璃樣變性;在肉眼或鏡下它至少局灶性地呈浸潤性表現(xiàn),沒有明顯邊界,具有相當(dāng)?shù)那忠u性,鄰近骨可受侵犯,需廣泛切除;可被認(rèn)為是色素沉著絨毛結(jié)節(jié)性滑膜炎在關(guān)節(jié)外軟組織內(nèi)的副本[8-9]。彌漫型腱鞘巨細(xì)胞瘤多見于20~50歲之間的年齡段,臨床多表現(xiàn)為生長緩慢的質(zhì)硬、無痛腫塊[8]。它是足部最常見的腫物之一,尤其好發(fā)于足趾部[4]。在MRI上它多表現(xiàn)為分葉狀軟組織腫塊,部分邊界可不清,在T2WI上很大部分的信號不高于肌肉,并可見在T1WI和T2WI上與肌肉相比均呈低信號的區(qū)域,增強(qiáng)掃描病灶顯著強(qiáng)化[4,9](圖4)。局限型腱鞘巨細(xì)胞瘤又被稱為局限結(jié)節(jié)性腱鞘滑膜炎,一般可見纖維包膜;發(fā)生在關(guān)節(jié)外,多見于手或足部,尤其是前者;在MRI上其病灶較小,信號較均勻,且邊界清楚,鄰近骨的髓內(nèi)侵犯比較少見[10-11](圖5)。
圖4 足部彌漫型腱鞘巨細(xì)胞瘤。矢狀面T1WI (A)、T2WI (B) 、增強(qiáng)后T1WI (C)及冠狀T2WI (D)示足前部腫物;與肌肉相比病變在T1WI和T2WI呈等、低信號,增強(qiáng)后病變明顯強(qiáng)化,鄰近第2跖骨被侵蝕破壞 圖5 足部局限型腱鞘巨細(xì)胞瘤。矢狀T1WI (A)、脂肪抑制T2WI (B)、增強(qiáng)后脂肪抑制T1WI (C)及冠狀面T1WI (D)示足前部小腫物;與肌肉相比病變在T1WI呈等信號,在T2WI呈低信號,增強(qiáng)后病變明顯強(qiáng)化,鄰近跖骨未見骨質(zhì)破壞Fig. 4 Diffuse-type giant cell tumor of tendon sheath in the foot. Sagittal T1-weighted (A),sagital T2-weighted (B), sagittal contrast-enhanced (C), and coronal T2-weighted (D) MR images show a mass in the forefoot with hypo- to isointensity relative to skeletal muscle on both T1- and T2-weighted MR images, marked enhancement and erosion of adjacent second metatarsal bone.Fig. 5 Localized-type giant cell tumor of tendon sheath in the foot. Sagittal T1-wighted (A), sagital fat suppressed T2-weighted(B), sagittal contrast-enhanced (C), and coronal T1-weighted (D) MR images show a small mass in the forefoot with isointensity relative to skeletal muscle on T1-weighted MR image, hypointensity on T2-weighted MR image and marked enhancement.Adjacent metatarsal bone is not.eroded.
滑膜肉瘤是未分化間葉細(xì)胞發(fā)生的具有滑膜分化特點(diǎn)的惡性腫瘤;一般發(fā)生在關(guān)節(jié)旁,很少發(fā)生于關(guān)節(jié)腔內(nèi);多見于青壯年,男多于女[12]。病灶多貼近或侵犯鄰近骨組織,其內(nèi)常有出血、壞死、鈣化,故在T1WI上與肌肉相比以及在T2WI上與脂肪相比常可見高、等、低信號, 注射對比劑后多呈不均勻、顯著強(qiáng)化[12](圖6)?;と饬霾⒎强偸切盘柮黠@不均,較小的病變(直徑不超過5 cm的病變)相對較大病變的信號多較均勻,這在T1WI上表現(xiàn)得尤其明顯,而且邊界清楚,周圍無明顯水腫,類似良性病變(圖7),易被誤診[12]。
Morton神經(jīng)瘤為足底趾神經(jīng)的退變及其周圍纖維化形成的腫物,可伴有局部血管增生;常發(fā)生在3、4跖骨頭之間,其次是2、3跖骨間[13-14]。本病好發(fā)于女性,表現(xiàn)為前足燒灼樣疼痛,放射到第一趾,行走時(shí)加重,休息后可緩解[4,14]。其病因可能為跖骨頭和跖骨間橫韌帶對趾神經(jīng)的壓迫引起繼發(fā)的神經(jīng)周圍纖維化,缺血也可能與其發(fā)生有關(guān)[14]。MRI上可見病變位于跖骨之間,在跖骨間橫韌帶的跖側(cè),以神經(jīng)血管束為中心;邊界清楚;其信號強(qiáng)度在T1WI與肌肉相仿,在T2WI低于皮下脂肪(圖8),增強(qiáng)掃描??梢娸^明顯強(qiáng)化;病灶近側(cè)或背側(cè)的跖骨間滑囊可能有積液[13-14]。
腱鞘囊腫是內(nèi)含黏液的囊性病變,囊壁為纖維結(jié)締組織,沒有滑膜內(nèi)襯,可能為肌腱、韌帶、腱鞘、關(guān)節(jié)囊等纖維組織的黏液樣退變所致[4,15]。腱鞘囊腫最好發(fā)于手和腕部,足部是其第三好發(fā)部位,且尤以足背部多見;它多以可觸及的腫塊為惟一癥狀,少數(shù)出現(xiàn)疼痛不適、活動受限以及神經(jīng)卡壓等表現(xiàn)[4,15]。在MRI上腱鞘囊腫表現(xiàn)為邊界清楚的囊性病變,與肌肉相比在T1WI上均呈稍低信號,在T2WI上呈明顯高信號,信號均勻;其內(nèi)多有分隔,邊緣多呈分葉狀;增強(qiáng)掃描表現(xiàn)為薄壁強(qiáng)化,囊壁光滑[15](圖9)。
圖6 足部較大滑膜肉瘤。A:冠狀面T1WI示足內(nèi)側(cè)部腫物,與肌肉相比含高等低三重信號。第一跖骨被破壞。B:冠狀面T2WI示腫物與皮下脂肪相比也含高等低三重信號。C:冠狀面增強(qiáng)T1WI示增強(qiáng)后腫物呈不均勻、明顯強(qiáng)化圖7 足部較小滑膜肉瘤。冠狀面T1WI (A)、T2WI (B)及增強(qiáng)后T1WI (C)示足底部腫物,邊界清楚,與肌肉相比在T1WI呈稍低信號,在T2WI呈高信號,增強(qiáng)后明顯強(qiáng)化,其信號較均勻 圖8 Morton神經(jīng)瘤。A:冠狀面T1WI示足底第二、三跖骨間小腫物(箭),與肌肉相比呈等信號。B:冠狀面T2WI示病變信號稍高于肌肉,低于皮下脂肪。C:冠狀面增強(qiáng)T1WI示病灶明顯強(qiáng)化 圖9 足部腱鞘囊腫。A:矢狀面T1WI示足背內(nèi)側(cè)部腫物,邊緣分葉,與肌肉相比呈低信號。B:矢狀脂肪抑制T2WI示病變呈明顯高信號,內(nèi)有低信號分隔。C:矢狀面脂肪抑制增強(qiáng)T1WI示病變邊緣及分隔強(qiáng)化圖10 足部表皮樣囊腫。A:冠狀面T1WI示足底部皮下腫物,無明顯分葉,與肌肉相比呈等信號。B:冠狀面T2WI示病變主要呈高信號,并含有少量斑片狀與肌肉信號相仿的區(qū)域。C:冠狀增強(qiáng)T1WI顯示病變邊緣明顯強(qiáng)化Fig. 6 Synovial sarcoma with large size in the foot. A: Coronal T1-weighted MR image show a mass in the medial aspect of the foot with hypo, iso and hyperintensity relative to skeletal muscle. The first metatarsal bone is invaded. B: On coronal T2-weighted MR image, the mass show hypo, iso and hyperintensity relative to subcutaneous fat. C: On coronal contrast-enhanced MR image, the mass show heterogeneous and marked enhancement. Fig. 7 Synovial sarcoma with small size in the foot. Coronal T1-weighted (A), T2-weighted (B), and contrast-enhanced (C) MR images show a well de fined mass at the plantar aspect of the foot with relatively homogeneous signal intensity. The mass shows isointensity relative to skeletal muscle on T1-weighted MR image,hyperintensity on T2-weighted MR image and marked enhancement. Fig. 8 Morton neuroma. A: Coronal T1-weighted MR image shows a small mass (arrows) in the plantar aspect of second intermetatarsal space with isointensity relative to skeletal muscle.B: On coronal T2-weighted MR image, the signal intensity of the lesion is slightly higher than that of muscle and lower than that of subcutaneous fat. C: On coronal contrast-enhanced MR image, the lesion shows marked enhancement. Fig. 9 Ganghion cyst in the foot. A: Sagittal T1-weighted MR image shows a lobulated mass in the medial and dorsal aspect of the foot, which demonstrates hypointensity relative to skeletal muscle. B: Sagittal T2-weighted MR image with fat supression shows hyperintense mass with hypointense septa. C: On sagittal contrast-enhanced MR image with fat suppression, the rim and septa of the mass show enhancement. Fig. 10 Epidermoid cyst in the foot. A: Coronal T1- weighted MR image shows a mass in the plantar subcutaneous fat without prominent lobulation. The lesion demonstrates isointensity relative to skeletal muscle. B: On sagittal T2-weighted MR image with fat supression, the mass is mostly hyperintense with a few patchy areas approximately isointense to skeletal muscle. C:On coronal contrast-enhanced MR image with fat suppression, the rim of the mass shows marked enhancement.
表皮樣囊腫是由皮膚中的表皮細(xì)胞在局限的真皮空間內(nèi)增生所致;組織學(xué)上表現(xiàn)為內(nèi)襯多層鱗狀上皮的囊性病變[16-17]。足部的表皮樣囊腫通常位于第一跖骨頭的足底面或內(nèi)側(cè)面[2]。MRI檢查顯示病變位于皮下,多為單房病變,呈圓形或橢圓形,少分葉;與肌肉相比其在T1WI呈等或稍高信號,在T2WI呈高信號;但病變信號可不均勻,其內(nèi)還常見T2WI信號相對較低的成分,T1WI高信號成分有時(shí)也可見,這可能與病變組織學(xué)成分不均一,含有角蛋白和膽固醇等成分有關(guān);增強(qiáng)掃描病灶囊壁可強(qiáng)化或不強(qiáng)化[16-17](圖10)。
根據(jù)MRI信號表現(xiàn)可將足部常見軟組織腫物分為三類:(1) T2WI信號低于皮下脂肪或含有明顯等或低于肌肉信號的腫物,包括纖維性病變、腱鞘巨細(xì)胞瘤和Morton神經(jīng)瘤;前者中的跖腱膜纖維瘤病較小,多位于足底腱膜內(nèi)側(cè)淺表部位;侵襲性纖維瘤病常累及多塊肌肉,一般不侵犯鄰近骨的髓腔,在T2WI多以高信號成分為主,混雜帶狀或條片狀較低信號區(qū);彌漫型腱鞘巨細(xì)胞瘤侵犯鄰近骨的髓腔相對較常見,在T2WI上很大部分的信號不高于肌肉;局限型腱鞘巨細(xì)胞瘤較小而局限,邊界清楚,少見鄰近骨侵犯;Morton神經(jīng)瘤發(fā)病部位較有特點(diǎn),位于第三、四或二、三跖骨頭間、跖骨間橫韌帶的跖側(cè),而且好發(fā)于女性。(2) T2WI主要呈高信號而低信號成分相對不著的腫物包括血管瘤和滑膜肉瘤;前者在T2WI主要呈明顯高信號,其內(nèi)還??梢娧堋⒅拘盘?,平片中可見靜脈石;滑膜肉瘤出血、壞死、囊變較多,在T1WI與肌肉相比以及在T2WI和皮下脂肪相比都可見多重信號,并常貼近或侵犯鄰近骨質(zhì)結(jié)構(gòu)。(3)囊性病變包括腱鞘囊腫和表皮樣囊腫;前者常為多房、分葉狀,多位于足背內(nèi)側(cè);后者多為單房,呈類圓形或橢圓形,少分葉,位于皮下脂肪層,T1WI信號與肌肉相仿或稍高,T2WI雖主要呈高信號,但??梢娤鄬^低信號的成分。
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