劉月穎 劉海吉
發(fā)散性思維,即創(chuàng)造性思維或多向性思維,是指對(duì)同一問(wèn)題進(jìn)行多角度、多層次思考,通過(guò)一系列的聯(lián)想、對(duì)比、歸納、推理,是在定向思維、逆向思維的基礎(chǔ)上發(fā)展而來(lái)的,是一種嶄新的、超前的、科學(xué)的、能最大限度開(kāi)發(fā)人腦智力的思維方式。努力培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的發(fā)散思維能力能充分發(fā)揮學(xué)生在英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)中地主體作用,提高他們多方面、多角度、多層次地觀察問(wèn)題、分析問(wèn)題和解決問(wèn)題的能力。從而能開(kāi)闊學(xué)生的視野,對(duì)問(wèn)題可以舉一反三、觸類旁通,從而大大提高英語(yǔ)課堂教學(xué)的質(zhì)量。
一、通過(guò)詞匯教學(xué)培養(yǎng)發(fā)散思維能力
以詞匯作為發(fā)散點(diǎn),起點(diǎn)低、難度小、伸縮大,適合訓(xùn)練各種程度的學(xué)生,因而所有學(xué)生都能夠參加,這樣就極大地提高了學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)的興趣。在詞匯教學(xué)中,要充分利用構(gòu)詞法、同義詞、反義詞、詞組搭配、詞性變化等的方法。
例一:學(xué)習(xí)單詞success,可引導(dǎo)學(xué)生歸納它的詞性和它在句中的用法:success(n.)Your success made me happy. successful(adj.) It was a successful party. successfully(adv.)We successfully crossed the river. succeed (v.) I am sure he will succeed.
學(xué)習(xí)單詞see時(shí),引導(dǎo)學(xué)生聯(lián)想see的同音異形詞sea。學(xué)生可自己總結(jié)已學(xué)過(guò)的類似的單詞,如one-won、son-sun等。
例二:學(xué)習(xí)單詞sunny時(shí),可讓學(xué)生知道它是由名詞sun+ny構(gòu)成的,類似結(jié)構(gòu)還有wind-windy; rain-rainy; snow-snowy; cloud-cloudy等。
二、通過(guò)課文中難句和常用句型培養(yǎng)發(fā)散思維能力
在初中英語(yǔ)課文中,有一些難句、常用句和句型可采用一句多說(shuō)、一句多譯等方式來(lái)開(kāi)發(fā)學(xué)生的創(chuàng)造性思維。
例一:How have you been?可引導(dǎo)學(xué)生說(shuō):How are you? How is everything with you? How are you doing?
例二:They are both fine.可以積極鼓勵(lì)學(xué)生用多種句型轉(zhuǎn)換:Both of them are fine. Both are fine. They both have a good health. They both look very well. They both look fine.
三、通過(guò)句型教學(xué)培養(yǎng)發(fā)散思維能力
發(fā)散思維要求學(xué)生根據(jù)一個(gè)“信號(hào)”能夠輸出與之相近的多個(gè)信號(hào),而初中英語(yǔ)課文中的句型是豐富多彩的,通過(guò)句型轉(zhuǎn)換培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的發(fā)散思維是很實(shí)用的。
例一:I'll return it as soon as I can.. 以此句為出發(fā)點(diǎn),讓學(xué)生自己去聯(lián)系,改寫成若干相同或相近的句子,如:Please give it back as soon as possible. I'll return it very/quite soon. I'll give it back as quickly as I can.
例二:He arrived in Beijing on Friday. He got to Beijing on Friday. He reached Beijing on Friday. We arrived here last night. We got here last night. We reached here last night.
四、通過(guò)語(yǔ)法教學(xué)培養(yǎng)發(fā)散思維能力。
初中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法教學(xué)的主要任務(wù)是幫助學(xué)生針對(duì)某一語(yǔ)法現(xiàn)象進(jìn)行較系統(tǒng)的學(xué)習(xí)和歸納,因此在語(yǔ)法教學(xué)中要運(yùn)用適當(dāng)?shù)恼Z(yǔ)法項(xiàng)目對(duì)學(xué)生進(jìn)行發(fā)散思維能力的培養(yǎng)。
例一:He is much taller than the others. 此句雖為比較級(jí)句子,但有最高級(jí)的含義,引導(dǎo)學(xué)生以此句為發(fā)散點(diǎn),運(yùn)用聯(lián)想的方法,可以改寫成:He is much taller than any of the others. He is much taller than any other student in the class. No one in the class is taller than he. He is much taller than anyone else in the class. He is the tallest student in the class.
例二:His temperature seems to be all right. 此句的結(jié)構(gòu)為seem+ (to be) +形容詞,通過(guò)此句可引導(dǎo)學(xué)生拓寬知識(shí)面:
1. seem +(to be)+名詞。如:He seems (to be ) a good teacher.
2. seem + 不定式。如:He seems to know the answer.
3. seem + 從句(要用it作形式主語(yǔ)),如:It seems that you are telling a lie.
通過(guò)連詞成句、連句成篇等方法培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的發(fā)散思維能力
在英語(yǔ)教學(xué)過(guò)程中,鼓勵(lì)學(xué)生運(yùn)用課文中所學(xué)的詞語(yǔ)、句型,將一些詞連成句,再將句連成短篇來(lái)表達(dá)自己的意思。這也是創(chuàng)造性地運(yùn)用所學(xué)語(yǔ)言知識(shí)的過(guò)程,既可以復(fù)習(xí)鞏固已學(xué)過(guò)的語(yǔ)言知識(shí),又可以體會(huì)到用英語(yǔ)表達(dá)自我創(chuàng)造性的樂(lè)趣。在這一過(guò)程中,應(yīng)指導(dǎo)學(xué)生多用一些簡(jiǎn)單句來(lái)表達(dá)自己。
例一:在初三THE LOST BOOK一課中學(xué)了borrow...from, return....to, anywhere, pay for等詞語(yǔ),表面上看這些詞組互不相干,但可以要求學(xué)生結(jié)合已學(xué)過(guò)的詞、詞組,運(yùn)用自己的創(chuàng)造思維能力,將這些詞和詞組連成句和篇。如:There is a big library in our school.I often go to read newspapers and books in the reading room. Two weeks ago, I borrowed a book from the library. It's time to return it to the library. But I can't find it antwhere.I think I've lost it. I'm afraid that if I've lost it, I must pay for it.上面這個(gè)練習(xí)過(guò)程可重復(fù)進(jìn)行,可在紙上反復(fù)修改,便成了寫作練習(xí)。
我認(rèn)為,用上述方法開(kāi)拓學(xué)生思維,培養(yǎng)學(xué)生發(fā)散思維能力,在初中英語(yǔ)教學(xué)中收效是相當(dāng)明顯的,尤其是在初三升學(xué)復(fù)習(xí)中效果更佳。因?yàn)檫@充分發(fā)揮了學(xué)生的主體作用和教師的主導(dǎo)作用,它既符合啟發(fā)性教學(xué)原則,又充分調(diào)動(dòng)了學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)的積極性,不但活躍了課堂教學(xué)氣氛,而且有利于知識(shí)的歸納、比較,為學(xué)生今后的英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)打下良好的基礎(chǔ)。