胡國(guó)輝, 趙太平, 周艷艷, 楊 陽(yáng)

(1. 中國(guó)科學(xué)院 廣州地球化學(xué)研究所, 廣東 廣州 510640; 2. 中國(guó)科學(xué)院 研究生院, 北京 100049; 3. 西北大學(xué) 大陸動(dòng)力學(xué)國(guó)家重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室, 陜西 西安 710069)

0 引 言

鋯石具有較強(qiáng)的抗風(fēng)化性和抗干擾性, 在風(fēng)化、剝蝕、搬運(yùn)、沉積和成巖過(guò)程中保持穩(wěn)定。由于鋯石U-Th-Pb同位素體系具有較高的封閉溫度[1–2],在成巖過(guò)程和低級(jí)變質(zhì)作用下受擾動(dòng)較小, 可以保持其形成時(shí)的特征。因此, 在缺乏火山巖夾層和生物記錄的前寒武紀(jì)沉積地層中, 通常利用碎屑鋯石最年輕的U-Pb同位素年齡來(lái)制約地層的最大沉積時(shí)代[3–7]; 同時(shí), 根據(jù)大量的碎屑鋯石年齡統(tǒng)計(jì)結(jié)果可以確定碎屑沉積巖的物質(zhì)來(lái)源[8]、恢復(fù)區(qū)域古地理格局[9]和揭示陸殼演化歷史[10]等。

華北克拉通太古宙-古元古代結(jié)晶基底之上不整合覆蓋著大面積的中-新元古代沉積蓋層, 主要包括北部的狼山-渣爾泰山群和白云鄂博群[11–12], 中部和東部的長(zhǎng)城系、薊縣系和青白口系[13–17], 南部的熊耳群火山-沉積巖系及其上的中-新元古代沉積地層[18–22]。嵩山地區(qū)是華北克拉通南緣前寒武系典型地層出露區(qū)之一, 其早前寒武紀(jì)結(jié)晶基底主要由新太古界登封群TTG質(zhì)片麻巖(2.60～2.50 Ga)[23–25]和古元古界早期嵩山群石英巖(2.45～2.00 Ga)[23,26]組成, 之后開(kāi)始發(fā)育穩(wěn)定的沉積蓋層。由于僅在局部地區(qū)發(fā)現(xiàn)有少量的古元古代晚期熊耳群火山-沉積地層, 而五佛山群直接角度不整合覆蓋于登封群和嵩山群之上。因此, 五佛山群為嵩山地區(qū)太古宙-古元古代褶皺變質(zhì)基底之上分布面積最大的第一沉積蓋層, 對(duì)它的研究對(duì)揭示華北克拉通結(jié)晶基底的性質(zhì)及其構(gòu)造-熱事件具有重要意義。

前人的研究認(rèn)為五佛山群從1400 Ma左右開(kāi)始沉積[27], 微古植物組合特征也表明其形成于中-新元古代[18], 但缺乏精確的年齡資料。本文擬選擇五佛山群底部的石英砂巖樣品進(jìn)行碎屑鋯石LA-ICPMS U-Pb年齡和Hf同位素分析, 探討其沉積時(shí)代和物質(zhì)來(lái)源, 為該地區(qū)中-新元古代沉積地層的劃分和厘定提供依據(jù), 并與其他區(qū)域同時(shí)代的沉積地層進(jìn)行對(duì)比, 進(jìn)而為分析討論華北克拉通南緣早前寒武紀(jì)地殼演化歷史提供制約。

1 區(qū)域地質(zhì)背景

嵩山地區(qū)前寒武紀(jì)巖石序列發(fā)育較為完整(圖 1),主要有新太古界登封群表殼巖[19,23,24,28]、TTG片麻巖(2.60～2.50 Ga)[19,23,24,28,29]、古元古界嵩山群(2.00～2.45 Ga)[23,26]、中-新元古界五佛山群[27]等。其中新太古界登封群、TTG片麻巖、古元古界嵩山群和侵入其中的基性巖墻群以及花崗巖系列[30–31]共同構(gòu)成嵩山地區(qū)前寒武紀(jì)結(jié)晶基底, 沉積蓋層主要由中-新元古界及之后的地層組成?？臻g上, 新太古界登封群近南北向分布, 產(chǎn)狀近于直立, 被古元古界嵩山群不整合覆蓋; 古元古界嵩山群主要由石英巖組成, 也呈近南北向分布, 被元古宇五佛山群不整合覆蓋。新太古界TTG質(zhì)片麻巖侵入登封群, 并普遍被嵩山群、五佛山群和第四系覆蓋。古元古代早期的路家溝鉀長(zhǎng)花崗巖侵入新太古界登封群和TTG片麻巖中, 并被中-新元古界五佛山群不整合覆蓋。古元古代晚期的石秤和白家寨鉀長(zhǎng)花崗巖均侵入TTG片麻巖中, 前者侵入新太古界登封群和古元古界嵩山群中, 后者被五佛山群不整合覆蓋[31]。

圖1 華北克拉通南緣嵩山地區(qū)地質(zhì)簡(jiǎn)圖Fig.1 Simplified geological map of Songshan region at the south margin of the North China Craton

嵩山地區(qū)五佛山群自下而上分為馬鞍山組、葡峪組、駱駝畔組和何家寨組[32], 主要分布于玉寨山-五佛山北坡, 以登封市少林寺-偃師市何家寨一帶層序發(fā)育最為齊全,其他地區(qū)僅有下部層位馬鞍山組 露。在嵩山西段兵馬溝地區(qū), 五佛山群假整合于兵馬溝組之上, 局部地區(qū)則直接不整合覆蓋于白家寨鉀長(zhǎng)花崗巖之上[31]。在登封城西北的馬鞍山附近, 直接角度不整合覆蓋于新太古界登封群之上, 在許多地方都存在底礫巖。在玉寨山北坡則直接角度不整合覆蓋于古元古界嵩山群之上。五佛山群的上覆地層在不同地區(qū)也不盡相同。嵩山西段馬鞍山組被震旦系羅圈組冰磧雜巖假整合覆蓋; 在少林寺-何家寨以及嵩山以東地區(qū),五佛山群則被寒武系關(guān)口砂巖不整合覆蓋。

2 樣品采集與分析方法

本文用于碎屑鋯石分析的樣品WFS-1和WFS11均采自嵩山地區(qū)玉寨山-五佛山北坡馬鞍山組。WFS11位于馬鞍山組底部, 接近馬鞍山組與太古宙登封群角度不整合界線, WFS-1采自于馬鞍山組上部。鋯石的U-Pb同位素年代學(xué)和Hf同位素分析在中國(guó)科學(xué)院地質(zhì)與地球物理研究所進(jìn)行。

U-Pb同位素分析使用Agilent公司7500a型ICP-MS進(jìn)行測(cè)試, Lu-Hf同位素測(cè)試使用德國(guó)Finnigan公司制造的Neptune型多接收電感耦合等離子體質(zhì)譜(MC-ICP-MS), 加載德國(guó)Lamda Physik公司制造的Geolas193nm準(zhǔn)分子激光取樣系統(tǒng)。鋯石Lu-Hf同位素分析和U-Pb定年的ICP-MS使用同一臺(tái)激光剝蝕系統(tǒng), 對(duì)樣品進(jìn)行一次性剝蝕測(cè)試。所測(cè)鋯石的粒徑在100～250 μm之間, 采用激光束直徑為70 μm, 剝蝕頻率為10 Hz, 能量密度為15 J/cm2, 剝蝕時(shí)間為27 s, 剝蝕深度20～30 μm。詳細(xì)的分析流程見(jiàn)文獻(xiàn)[33]。

鋯石的U-Pb同位素及U、Th數(shù)據(jù)處理使用Glitter 4.0軟件[34], U-Pb諧和圖和加權(quán)平均年齡的計(jì)算及繪圖用Isoplot 3.0軟件[35]完成。數(shù)據(jù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化根據(jù)179Hf/177Hf =0.7325, 質(zhì)量歧視校正用指數(shù)法則進(jìn)行, Yb和Lu的干擾校正取176Lu/175Lu = 0.02655[36]和176Yb/172Yb =0.5887, 而Yb分餾校正則根據(jù)172Yb/173Yb = 1.35272用指數(shù)法則進(jìn)行[33]。

3 分析結(jié)果

馬鞍山組兩個(gè)石英砂巖樣品 WFS-1和 WFS11的碎屑鋯石 U-Pb年齡分析結(jié)果見(jiàn)表 1, 選擇樣品WFS-1做鋯石Hf同位素分析, 其結(jié)果見(jiàn)表2。

表1 華北克拉通南緣嵩山地區(qū)五佛山群石英砂巖碎屑鋯石U-Pb年齡數(shù)據(jù)Table 1 U-Pb analytical data of detrital zircon from quartz sandstones of the Wufoshan Group in the south margin of the North China Craton.

(續(xù)表1)

(續(xù)表1)

(續(xù)表1)

表2 華北克拉通南緣嵩山地區(qū)五佛山群石英砂巖(WFS-1)碎屑鋯石Hf同位素分析結(jié)果Table 2 Hf isotopic data of detrital zircon from sample WFS-1 of the Wufoshan Group in the south margin of the North China Craton

(續(xù)表 2)

(續(xù)表 2)

馬鞍山組底部石英砂巖 WFS11的碎屑鋯石大小不均勻, 粒徑最小為 25 μm, 最大達(dá)到 230 μm, 大多數(shù)介于80～180 μm之間, 形狀為次圓狀和次棱角狀。陰極發(fā)光(CL)圖像顯示(圖2), 大多數(shù)鋯石無(wú)分帶或弱分帶, 部分鋯石呈長(zhǎng)柱狀, 可見(jiàn)巖漿震蕩環(huán)帶, 少數(shù)鋯石具有面狀分帶、扇形分帶和溶蝕結(jié)構(gòu)。對(duì)該石英砂巖樣品共進(jìn)行了89個(gè)碎屑鋯石分析。最年輕的碎屑鋯石207Pb/206Pb年齡為(1655±22) Ma。除三個(gè)較老的太古宙的鋯石年齡外, 其余的碎屑鋯石在207Pb/206Pb年齡頻率分布直方圖上有四組比較明顯的分布區(qū)間(圖3), 分別為: (1) 2.50～2.38 Ga; (2)2.34～2.24 Ga; (3) 2.24～1.90 Ga; (4) 1.90～1.65 Ga。該樣品共有62個(gè)鋯石年齡分布于2.10～1.70 Ga之間,占統(tǒng)計(jì)總數(shù)的 70%, 形成一個(gè)最高的年齡峰, 峰值為1.92 Ga, 次年齡峰值為20.50 Ga。

馬鞍山組細(xì)粒巖屑石英砂巖樣品WFS-1的碎屑鋯石大小不等, 粒徑最小可至10 μm, 最大至350 μm,大部分在200～250 μm之間。其CL圖像顯示, 大部分鋯石呈次圓狀和柱狀, 但也有少量晶型較好的碎屑鋯石存在。部分具有巖漿震蕩環(huán)帶, 有的具有繼承鋯石核, 表明部分碎屑物質(zhì)源區(qū)較近。還有部分變質(zhì)鋯石存在, 一些鋯石顆粒的邊部常出現(xiàn)一個(gè)很窄的(幾微米)、不規(guī)則的變質(zhì)增生邊。筆者對(duì)樣品WFS-1共進(jìn)行了80個(gè)碎屑鋯石分析, 剔除諧和度較差的 5個(gè)點(diǎn)(WFS-1-2、10、15、16、38), 對(duì)剩下的 75個(gè)點(diǎn)進(jìn)行年齡統(tǒng)計(jì)。該樣品的鋯石207Pb/206Pb年齡分布于 2681～1732 Ma之間, 最年輕的年齡為(1732±11)Ma。其中有4個(gè)較老的太古宙的鋯石年齡, 50個(gè)分析點(diǎn)的鋯石年齡在 2.10～1.80 Ga之間, 占統(tǒng)計(jì)總數(shù)的67%。鋯石207Pb/206Pb年齡頻率分布直方圖顯示(圖3),鋯石年齡形成一個(gè)明顯的主峰, 其峰值約為1.94 Ga。石英砂巖樣品WFS-1的碎屑鋯石Hf同位素分析結(jié)果顯示(圖4), 大部分鋯石的176Lu/177Hf比值均小于 0.002,176Hf/177Hf比值為 0.280863～0.281700,εHf(t)值變化較大, 介于–14.3～4.6 之間, 平均為–2.51。大多數(shù)1.90 Ga左右的碎屑鋯石的εHf(t)值相對(duì)比較集中, 介于–5～4.6之間(圖4)。所有鋯石的兩階段模式年齡分布于2363～3672 Ma之間, 明顯大于其207Pb/206Pb年齡, 大部分鋯石的Hf同位素組成位于2.50 Ga和2.80 Ga地殼演化線區(qū)域內(nèi)(圖4)。

圖2 五佛山群石英砂巖(WFS11)碎屑鋯石CL圖像Fig.2 Representative CL images for detrital zircon from sample WFS11 of the Wufoshan Group圓圈內(nèi)數(shù)字為分析點(diǎn)號(hào), 碎屑鋯石下方的年齡為其207Pb/206Pb年齡。The numbers in circles are analytical plots and data under each photo are 207Pb/206Pb ages.

4 討 論

4.1 五佛山群的形成時(shí)代

已有觀點(diǎn)認(rèn)為嵩山地區(qū)五佛山群底部馬鞍山組的時(shí)代為薊縣紀(jì)(1400～1000 Ma), 葡峪組、駱駝畔組和何家寨組的時(shí)代為青白口紀(jì)(1000～800 Ma)[27,32]。因此, 五佛山群地層大體可限定在薊縣紀(jì)-青白口紀(jì)地層范圍內(nèi)[18]。另?yè)?jù)地質(zhì)關(guān)系也可限定五佛山群至少在古元古代晚期之后沉積, 并且沉積作用可延至新元古代早期。但一直缺少精確的年代學(xué)數(shù)據(jù)。

關(guān)保德等[18]發(fā)現(xiàn)五佛山群底部馬鞍山組所含微古植物組合特征與華北克拉通南緣相鄰地區(qū)(中條山、太行山地區(qū))的汝陽(yáng)群云夢(mèng)山組極為相似, 而葡峪組、駱駝畔組和何家寨組巖性和中條山、王屋山地區(qū)的洛峪群崔莊組、三教堂組的巖性也極為相似。因此, 五佛山群的形成時(shí)代可以和汝陽(yáng)群、洛峪群進(jìn)行對(duì)比。汝陽(yáng)群不整合于熊耳群(1.80～1.75 Ga)[21,37]之上, 但在汝陽(yáng)群云夢(mèng)山組底部發(fā)現(xiàn)一層與熊耳群玄武安山巖巖性和地球化學(xué)特征相似的火山巖夾層,說(shuō)明汝陽(yáng)群繼熊耳群之后不久開(kāi)始沉積。洛峪群平行不整合覆蓋于汝陽(yáng)群之上, 關(guān)保德等[18]獲得洛峪群崔莊組下部年齡為1171 Ma和1150 Ma(海綠石Rb-Sr年齡), 崔莊組上部年齡為1013 Ma(海綠石K-Ar年齡)。因此, 汝陽(yáng)群應(yīng)該形成于中元古代。

本文通過(guò)對(duì)五佛山群碎屑鋯石U-Pb年齡分析,發(fā)現(xiàn)其底部馬鞍山組兩個(gè)石英砂巖樣品最年輕的207Pb/206Pb年齡分別為(1732±11) Ma和(1655±22) Ma,該數(shù)據(jù)諧和性較好, 從而限制了五佛山群的最大沉積年齡不早于1650 Ma。結(jié)合野外地質(zhì)考察結(jié)果, 筆者認(rèn)為嵩山地區(qū)五佛山群的形成時(shí)代相當(dāng)于長(zhǎng)城紀(jì)(1800～1600 Ma)[38–40]晚期, 可能與汝陽(yáng)群沉積起始時(shí)間相近或稍晚。由于沒(méi)有對(duì)五佛山群上部地層做年齡測(cè)試, 筆者根據(jù)前人研究成果和野外地層關(guān)系,推斷五佛山群自古元古代晚期(約1655 Ma)之后開(kāi)始沉積, 可能延續(xù)到新元古代, 目前只能將汝陽(yáng)群與五佛山群下部地層進(jìn)行對(duì)比, 而洛峪群形成于新元古代, 可以和五佛山群上部地層進(jìn)行對(duì)比, 它們都是在熊耳群火山-沉積作用之后形成的, 表明華北克拉通南緣在古元古代晚期開(kāi)始進(jìn)入了一個(gè)穩(wěn)定沉積的階段。

圖3 五佛山群石英砂巖碎屑鋯石U-Pb諧和圖(a和c)和鋯石年齡頻率分布直方圖(b和d)Fig.3 U-Pb concordia diagrams (a and c) and age histograms (b and d) of detrital zircon from quartz sandstone of the Wufoshan Group

圖4 五佛山群石英砂巖(WFS-1)碎屑鋯石Hf同位素特征Fig.4 Hf isotopic characteristics of detrital zircon from quartz sandstone of the Wufoshan Group

4.2 物源區(qū)分析

通過(guò)對(duì)嵩山地區(qū)五佛山群馬鞍山組兩個(gè)石英砂巖進(jìn)行碎屑鋯石U-Pb年代學(xué)和Hf同位素分析, 得出以下幾點(diǎn)認(rèn)識(shí)。

(1) 在WFS-1和WFS11兩個(gè)樣品中存在少量較為古老的新太古代的鋯石年齡, 所占比例較小, 分別為5.3%和3.4%。已有資料表明, 華北克拉通存在大于約3.00 Ga的古陸核[41–44], 在2.70 Ga和2.90 Ga發(fā)生過(guò)大規(guī)模的陸殼增生事件[42], 但是由于被后期地質(zhì)事件改造而未留下大量的鋯石記錄。目前, 在嵩山地區(qū)發(fā)現(xiàn)較多的2.65～2.50 Ga的地質(zhì)體[23–25],河南魯山[45–46]和山東西部[47]也發(fā)現(xiàn)有2.80～2.70 Ga的地質(zhì)體, 主要為TTG片麻巖和少量表殼巖[42,48],還有少量2.50 Ga左右的富鉀花崗巖[30]。五佛山群2.85～2.50 Ga的碎屑鋯石年齡可能是對(duì)這些古老地質(zhì)事件的反映。太古宙巖漿事件在嵩山群碎屑鋯石中記錄很顯著[23,26]。雖然約2.50 Ga是華北克拉通重要的陸殼增生和克拉通化時(shí)期, 該時(shí)期的年齡記錄在華北克拉通廣泛存在[23,43,44,49], 但五佛山群約2.50 Ga的碎屑鋯石所占比例較小(圖3), 說(shuō)明五佛山群的物源區(qū)并非主要來(lái)自太古宙的巖石。

(2) 從WFS-1和WFS11兩個(gè)樣品的年齡分布特征來(lái)看, 2.10～1.80 Ga的鋯石年齡分布最為集中, 所占比例最多(分別為67%和55%), 指示五佛山群的源區(qū)物質(zhì)主要以2.10～1.80 Ga的地質(zhì)體為主, 與華北克拉通早前寒武紀(jì)重要的構(gòu)造-熱事件發(fā)生的時(shí)代相對(duì)應(yīng)[42,50,51]。然而, 目前在嵩山地區(qū)發(fā)現(xiàn)的該時(shí)期的地質(zhì)體很少, 但是在華北南緣周邊地區(qū)發(fā)現(xiàn)大量2.10～1.80 Ga的地質(zhì)體, 如太華群變質(zhì)的中-基性火山巖、魯山和中條山地區(qū)的花崗巖等, 它們可以為五佛山群的沉積提供物源。WFS-1的鋯石年齡呈現(xiàn)出1.94 Ga的年齡峰值, WFS11的鋯石年齡呈現(xiàn)出1.92 Ga的主峰值和2.05 Ga的次年齡峰值, 反映該時(shí)期內(nèi)可能發(fā)生了一系列的構(gòu)造-熱事件。從鋯石的CL圖像特征上看, 大多數(shù)1.92 Ga和2.05 Ga左右的鋯石具有變質(zhì)鋯石的特征, 少數(shù)具有巖漿鋯石震蕩環(huán)帶結(jié)構(gòu), 表明提供這些鋯石的物源區(qū)發(fā)生了一定程度的變質(zhì)作用, 同時(shí)也伴隨有巖漿活動(dòng)。在華北克拉通其他地區(qū)也發(fā)現(xiàn)有該時(shí)期的變質(zhì)作用, Santosh et al.[52]對(duì)內(nèi)蒙古涼城集寧雜巖體中的麻粒巖進(jìn)行了SHRIMP U-Pb定年, 得到了(1919±10) Ma的變質(zhì)年齡, Yin et al.[53]在內(nèi)蒙古千里山片麻巖中發(fā)現(xiàn)了大量的1.92～1.95 Ga的變質(zhì)年齡, 時(shí)毓等[54]的研究結(jié)果顯示小秦嶺地區(qū)的太華群在約1.91 Ga經(jīng)歷了一期重要的變質(zhì)熱事件。翟明國(guó)[55]總結(jié)了華北克拉通元古宙麻粒巖的變質(zhì)期次和年代, 指出峰期變質(zhì)作用和退變麻粒巖相-高級(jí)角閃巖相的時(shí)代分別為約1.91 Ga和1.84 Ga, 本文獲得的(1.93±0.10) Ga的碎屑鋯石年齡峰值與約1.91 Ga的峰期變質(zhì)作用的時(shí)代基本一致。

(3) 在WFS-1和WFS11的碎屑鋯石中, 還有若干2.50～2.10 Ga和1.80～1.60 Ga的鋯石年齡, 兩個(gè)樣品2.50～2.10 Ga的碎屑鋯石所占比例分別為22.7%和24.7%, 1.80～1.60 Ga的碎屑鋯石所占比例分別為5.3%和17.6%。嵩山地區(qū)廣泛分布的古元古代嵩山群石英巖(2.00～2.45 Ga)[23,26]和路家溝鉀長(zhǎng)花崗巖((2424±24) Ma)[30]以及基性巖墻[56]等地質(zhì)體可以為五佛山群提供沉積物質(zhì)。WFS11顯示有1.75 Ga的年齡峰值, 對(duì)應(yīng)著華北克拉通1.80～1.60 Ga裂解事件發(fā)生的時(shí)間。華北克拉通南緣典型的巖漿活動(dòng)是鎂鐵質(zhì)巖墻群的侵入和熊耳群火山-沉積建造以及后造山花崗巖的侵位等[21,31,56–60], 它們均為五佛山群的沉積提供物源。

4.3 對(duì)華北克拉通南緣早前寒武紀(jì)地殼演化的制約

華北克拉通大規(guī)模陸殼物質(zhì)的生長(zhǎng)發(fā)生在新太古代(2.80～2.50 Ga), 同位素資料顯示地殼物質(zhì)生長(zhǎng)的峰期在2.80～2.70 Ga[49], 與全球典型克拉通相似,五佛山群石英砂巖(WFS-1)的Hf同位素組成大部分集中于2.50 Ga和2.80 Ga地殼演化線區(qū)域內(nèi)(圖4),表明了這一時(shí)期為地殼的生長(zhǎng)期。華北克拉通最強(qiáng)烈的巖漿活動(dòng)出現(xiàn)在太古宙末2.55～2.50 Ga[61–62],以TTG質(zhì)片麻巖和登封群表殼巖為主, 這一巖漿活動(dòng)主要在古元古界嵩山群記錄比較豐富, 五佛山群僅有少量記錄。嵩山群記錄了大量新太古代(約2.50 Ga和2.75～2.80 Ga)的鋯石年齡, 以約2.50 Ga的年齡峰值最為顯著, 母巖巖漿以新太古代地殼再造為主并伴有少量古老地殼物質(zhì)的再循環(huán)[26], 表明新太古代華北克拉通發(fā)生了大規(guī)模的巖漿活動(dòng)。五佛山群兩個(gè)石英砂巖樣品碎屑鋯石207Pb/206Pb年齡主要集中于2.10～1.80 Ga之間, 其峰值為(1.93±0.10) Ga, 還有部分2.50～2.10 Ga和少量新太古代以及古元古代晚期的年齡紀(jì)錄。因此, 嵩山群和五佛山群分別記錄了華北克拉通新太古代和古元古代重要的構(gòu)造-熱事件, 五佛山群碎屑鋯石的年齡峰值(約1.93 Ga)的發(fā)現(xiàn)表明華北克拉通南緣在最終克拉通化之前發(fā)生了一期重要的構(gòu)造-熱事件。

華北克拉通古元古代地質(zhì)演化可以分為活動(dòng)(造山)帶的形成和基底隆升-裂谷事件, 分別與古元古代的哥倫比亞超大陸形成與裂解相對(duì)應(yīng)[41,62–65]。翟明國(guó)[41,66]以及翟明國(guó)等[67]認(rèn)為在2300～1950 Ma期間, 華北克拉通經(jīng)歷了一次基底陸塊的拉伸-破裂事件, 形成晉豫、膠遼裂陷盆地和豐鎮(zhèn)陸內(nèi)凹陷盆地。在1950～1800 Ma期間, 華北克拉通經(jīng)歷了一次擠壓構(gòu)造事件, 導(dǎo)致裂陷盆地的閉合和焊接, 形成晉豫、膠遼及豐鎮(zhèn)等類似于現(xiàn)代陸-陸碰撞型造山帶, 大致相當(dāng)于Zhao et al.[68]的中央造山帶, 這一構(gòu)造事件為五佛山群提供了主要的沉積物源。很多學(xué)者[68–70]提出2100～1800 Ma間有一個(gè)全球規(guī)模的造山活動(dòng),并推測(cè)世界克拉通的拼合導(dǎo)致一個(gè)古元古代-中元古代的超級(jí)大陸(哥倫比亞超大陸)形成。該時(shí)期華北克拉通不同陸塊相互碰撞拼合, 最終克拉通化, 為全球哥倫比亞超大陸形成作用的一部分。

5 結(jié) 論

(1) 五佛山群底部?jī)蓚€(gè)石英砂巖樣品最年輕的碎屑鋯石207Pb/206Pb年齡分別為(1732±11) Ma和(1655±22) Ma, 說(shuō)明五佛山群沉積時(shí)代不早于1655 Ma。

(2) 五佛山群馬鞍山組的碎屑鋯石207Pb/206Pb年齡主要集中于2.10～1.80 Ga之間, 最大的峰值年齡為(1.93±0.10) Ga, 記錄了華北克拉通南緣早前寒武紀(jì)重要的構(gòu)造-熱事件。

(3) 五佛山群馬鞍山組的碎屑鋯石207Pb/206Pb年齡分布特征表明, 古元古代的地質(zhì)體為五佛山群的沉積提供了主要的物源, 其中2.10～1.80 Ga期間的物源較多, 而太古宙的物源很少。

(4) 五佛山群碎屑鋯石 εHf(t)值為–14.3～4.6, Hf的兩階段模式年齡分布于2363～3672 Ma之間, 大部分鋯石的Hf同位素組成集中于2.50 Ga和2.80 Ga地殼演化線區(qū)域內(nèi), 說(shuō)明新太古代為華北克拉通南緣重要的陸殼生長(zhǎng)期。

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