王姝

在杭州大學(xué)，也許沒有一位教授有孫席珍先生那樣豐富的人生經(jīng)歷。本刊曾選摘連載過《孫席珍評(píng)傳》，對(duì)他從“詩孩”“京華才子”到北伐軍少校，再到北方左聯(lián)書記，中共北方局五人特別黨小組成員等風(fēng)云激蕩的經(jīng)歷，做過詳細(xì)的介紹。本文將著重關(guān)注孫席珍由絢爛歸于平靜的杭大執(zhí)教生涯，并對(duì)其學(xué)術(shù)成就做一簡評(píng)。

1950年9月開學(xué)初，在浙江大學(xué)中文系擔(dān)任助教兼秘書的王榮初聽系主任鄭奠先生說，有一位孫先生孫教授要來。過了兩三天，一個(gè)下午，孫席珍冒著大雨，來到系辦公室。他皮膚白凈，瘦瘦的臉，戴著一副圓框近視眼鏡，西裝筆挺整潔，頭發(fā)紋絲不亂，整個(gè)人看起來又干凈又精神。對(duì)于自己的過去，孫席珍卻絕少提起。鄭奠先生慕名從南京大學(xué)借調(diào)來了孫席珍。接下來1952年院系調(diào)整，孫席珍被借而不還，從此在杭大安定下來。

孫席珍的到來，頗引起了一番轟動(dòng)。在當(dāng)時(shí)的浙大中文系，教授古典文學(xué)的人才濟(jì)濟(jì)，甚至可說是頗為富裕。但教授現(xiàn)代文學(xué)、外國文學(xué)的人卻寥寥可數(shù)。孫福熙、許欽文、王西彥都曾在這里教過現(xiàn)代文學(xué)，卻因?yàn)楦鞣N原因先后離去。孫席珍之教授現(xiàn)代文學(xué)，是有其特殊性的。他從1922年求學(xué)北大起就開始發(fā)表詩作及小說，被魯迅先生等前輩稱譽(yù)為“詩孩”“京華才子”，北伐之后又成為著名的“戰(zhàn)爭小說家”，同期的“新鄉(xiāng)土小說”更成為北方左聯(lián)唯一的扛鼎之作。這位現(xiàn)代文學(xué)親歷者，講授現(xiàn)代文學(xué)，自然如數(shù)家珍。更何況，他上世紀(jì)30年代初便在高校任教西洋文學(xué)，有著深厚的理論修養(yǎng)，曾編寫過《近代文藝思潮》《英國文學(xué)研究》等專著。孫席珍對(duì)中西文藝思潮的對(duì)比、參鑒有著獨(dú)到的心得。因此，他對(duì)現(xiàn)代文學(xué)的研究，不僅僅局限于對(duì)幾位文壇前輩的往事回憶、文壇史料的披露揭發(fā)，或是單篇作品的考訂解讀，更能從思潮、流派的角度，梳理比較，所論常常一言觸的，鞭辟入里。他晚年寫作的《關(guān)于中國現(xiàn)代文學(xué)思潮流派問題》一文分別從規(guī)律問題、主流問題、思潮與作家作品的結(jié)合、文藝批評(píng)、資料的掌握運(yùn)用鑒別問題以及人的問題著手，主張辯證看待、精細(xì)研究，以發(fā)展的眼光、批判的眼光做研究，實(shí)為確論，曾為《新華文摘》全文轉(zhuǎn)載。

至于外國文學(xué)，更是孫席珍的老本行。從北伐戰(zhàn)爭的戰(zhàn)場(chǎng)退下來后，孫席珍在兩年不到的時(shí)間里，就編譯了《辛克萊評(píng)傳》《莫泊桑生活》《雪萊生活》《高爾基評(píng)傳》《東印度故事》五本書，可謂精力驚人。他對(duì)辛克萊、高爾基、莫泊桑等人做了深入而扎實(shí)的研究，考訂年譜、著作編目等，幾乎對(duì)每位傳主都做了深入淺出的精當(dāng)論述。后經(jīng)周作人介紹，他輾轉(zhuǎn)至北平女子師范大學(xué)、中國大學(xué)等處任教外國文學(xué)。他于其時(shí)出版的《近代文藝思潮》《英國文學(xué)研究》等論著、譯著都是外國文學(xué)研究界的開山之作。孫席珍對(duì)英國文學(xué)研究尤為擅長，可惜當(dāng)時(shí)所著《英國浪漫詩人》《外國文學(xué)漫談》《戰(zhàn)爭文學(xué)論》《歐洲文學(xué)史》《文學(xué)概論》許多都?xì)в趹?zhàn)火，或已散佚。特別是《近代文藝思潮》，這是中國第一部系統(tǒng)研究外國近代文學(xué)思潮的專著。整本書不到10萬字，薄薄的一本，舉要鉤元，抉擇有度，可以提綱挈領(lǐng)地把握近代以來的文學(xué)思潮發(fā)展進(jìn)程，并且還是第一部囊括蘇聯(lián)社會(huì)主義文學(xué)的論著。像孫席珍這樣，早在上世紀(jì)30年代就能自覺地從馬克思主義文藝?yán)碚摮霭l(fā)，從社會(huì)背景入手梳理文藝思潮的發(fā)展脈絡(luò)，可以說是開辟了一條研究西方文藝思潮的正確道路。

到杭大任教后，孫席珍多次參加了高教部組織的外國文學(xué)教學(xué)研討會(huì)，與羅念生、商承祖等一起，制訂教學(xué)大綱。孫席珍以廣闊的理論視野，比照輕重主次，創(chuàng)制確立了外國文學(xué)課程方案體系。自本科三年級(jí)起共習(xí)兩年：兩個(gè)學(xué)期教授西方文學(xué)，一學(xué)期講授蘇聯(lián)與東歐文學(xué)，一學(xué)期講授東方文學(xué)。這個(gè)方案體例后來推廣到全國。在分頭編寫教材時(shí)，孫席珍承擔(dān)了全世界公認(rèn)為最難的古希臘文學(xué)史。由于中國暫時(shí)還沒有能力獨(dú)立編寫，教育部便委托孫席珍翻譯吉爾伯特·默雷的《古希臘文學(xué)史》。后來此書由上海譯文社出版，孫席珍與兩位外語系教師一同翻譯完成。這本書至今依然是外國文學(xué)研習(xí)者的必讀書目。

在杭大，孫席珍獨(dú)立編寫了大量的教材講義，內(nèi)容幾乎包括了外國文學(xué)的全部領(lǐng)域。其中，《西歐文學(xué)史》三易其稿，曾擬公開發(fā)行，《日本文學(xué)史》《印度文學(xué)史》《東歐文學(xué)史》均屬于填補(bǔ)空白的著作。這些教材數(shù)易其稿，雖僅由杭大內(nèi)部印行(大學(xué)內(nèi)部印行出版教材是民國時(shí)的舊例，一般都可視為專著研究成果)，但交流于各院校，反響甚巨。但“文革”抄家，這十余部本擬正式出版的文學(xué)史，除《東歐文學(xué)史》外竟毀于一旦!

孫席珍初來杭大，同時(shí)承擔(dān)現(xiàn)代文學(xué)與外國文學(xué)，后外國文學(xué)課程加重，他便專攻外國文學(xué)。“文革”結(jié)束后，由于人事糾葛，孫席珍不愿回到外國文學(xué)組，又提出去寫作組。他是一位全能型學(xué)者，外國文學(xué)從古希臘到蘇聯(lián)文學(xué)，現(xiàn)代文學(xué)從五四到抗戰(zhàn)，都能從頭講到尾，樣樣都拿得起來，可以獨(dú)擋一面。就連寫作，他也曾出過《寫作初步》《現(xiàn)代書信作法》《文學(xué)寫作基礎(chǔ)》等專門的著作。鄭奠請(qǐng)孫席珍來杭大任教時(shí)，現(xiàn)代文學(xué)、外國文學(xué)、文學(xué)理論他都是駕輕就熟。只有從文學(xué)理論轉(zhuǎn)美學(xué)，孫席珍說，至少要給他一年的備課時(shí)間。孫席珍在杭大中文系開過的課，幾乎占所有課程的一半。擔(dān)任過杭大副校長的林淡秋曾說，杭大依靠十三個(gè)半教授作為臺(tái)柱，其中三位出在中文系，是各系科人數(shù)最多的。夏承燾、姜亮夫、孫席珍鼎足而立。

孫席珍在杭大講授文學(xué)課程，是采用馬克思主義文藝觀點(diǎn)來分析、研究文學(xué)問題的第一人。他是左翼作家，又是革命者，早年在北大讀書時(shí)讀的就是哲學(xué)系。馬克思、列寧的哲學(xué)是他的自覺選擇。這一哲學(xué)高度，使得他格外關(guān)注文學(xué)思潮演進(jìn)背后的社會(huì)規(guī)律。他特別注意社會(huì)主義陣營國家的文學(xué)，《東歐文學(xué)史》是解放后的第一部。在他編寫過的各國文學(xué)史中，《朝鮮文學(xué)史》《蒙古文學(xué)史》等這些小國的文學(xué)史也被囊括進(jìn)來。后來，左傾思潮愈演愈烈，高校無論文理專業(yè)都要學(xué)習(xí)馬列著作。老教授們都不會(huì)講，只有孫席珍能承擔(dān)，講的還是最難的恩格斯的《路德維?！べM(fèi)爾巴哈和德國古典哲學(xué)的終結(jié)》。這部對(duì)馬克思主義哲學(xué)基本原理進(jìn)行全面梳理、總結(jié)和發(fā)展的著作，是整個(gè)馬克思主義科學(xué)世界觀和方法論的高度概括。

華宇清教授回憶，孫先生的教學(xué)方法也很特別。不同時(shí)代的學(xué)生都說課上得非常幽默有趣，因而一上大課總是有從外語、歷史、政治、教育等系所來的旁聽者。顧志興教授說，教改時(shí)，他們做學(xué)生的請(qǐng)孫先生到寢室，表面是批判教學(xué)，實(shí)則被他的講述吸引，開小灶課堂。陳堅(jiān)師說，孫先生博聞強(qiáng)記，上課都不帶備課本，常常是一個(gè)火柴盒子、一張香煙紙的背后列一下簡短的提綱，就可以滔滔不絕地講下去，看似輕松瀟灑，其實(shí)背后花的功夫更深。孫席珍備課時(shí)都是一個(gè)作家一個(gè)練習(xí)本，各類資料、相關(guān)論述及思考不斷往上添加，有時(shí)候，單一位重要的作家就會(huì)列上十幾本練習(xí)本。而他的好記性，也是因?yàn)樽x書極多鍛煉出來的。孫席珍之子小昭至今都記得父親為了訓(xùn)練他的記憶力，讓他背《辭?！?，又拿起自己服用心臟病藥的瓶子，讓小昭背藥瓶上的批號(hào)。

孫席珍雖不下棋打牌，但情趣很廣。他喜歡木本的如桂花、臘梅等長滿庭院，從吳山花市買回來的花，都特意將盆打破，重新栽種在地上。閑暇時(shí)，他與中文系的駕公和宛春先生、外語系的北大老學(xué)長郭智石先生、體育系的留洋教授李昭偉先生等人，出行于安靜僻遠(yuǎn)的地方，如九溪、云棲、西溪等處。生活中的孫席珍不喜大魚大肉，炸點(diǎn)花生米炒點(diǎn)紫大頭菜豆腐干絲，便可佐酒下菜。小昭回憶，父親喜歡音樂，誰也想不到他最愛哼吟的歌是法文的《國際歌》《馬賽曲》，其次是前蘇聯(lián)的《祖國進(jìn)行曲》以及電影《攻克柏林》插曲《可喜的一天》等?？箲?zhàn)時(shí)期，孫席珍寫過許多《祖國文化進(jìn)行曲》這樣的宣傳歌曲。這些激昂感人的旋律，在孫席珍看來，既是歌曲，更是詩。他在講授散文寫作時(shí)，對(duì)那些抒懷記事的小散文頗為不屑，而對(duì)雨果譴責(zé)英法侵略者掠奪圓明園的《致巴特勒上尉的信》、列寧的《歐仁·鮑狄?！贰⒓久滋芈宸虻摹犊卦V法西斯—在萊比錫審判上的辯護(hù)詞》這些理性與激情并重的政論文情有獨(dú)鐘，認(rèn)為那才是有所為的文學(xué)。□

（本文照片由袁建平提供）

Sun Xizhen: Author Professor

By Wang Shu

Editors Note: This is the fifth and last of the series of Virtue and Academic Virtuosity of Confucian Masters in Hangzhou University. Cultural Dialogue published two excerpts of the professors biography in the May and July issues of 2012, respectively entitled “A Teenage Poet Praised by Lu Xun” and “Poet-Turned Soldier in North Expedition.” This feature will focus on his teaching career and his academic accomplishment at Hangzhou University.

No professor in the history of Hangzhou University has a more storied life than Professor Sun Xizhen (1906-1984) did. Sun Xizhens arrival in early September 1950 was sensational on the campus of Zhejiang University (at that time, this campus was part of Zhejiang University. In 1952, it was converted to Zhejiang Normal University, and in 1958, it became Hangzhou University).

Zheng Dian, the dean of the Chinese Department, informed his secretary that a professor surnamed Sun would come soon one day shortly after the new semester started in September 1950. On a rainy afternoon a few days later, Professor Sun stepped into the department office. He was dressed meticulously in a western suit, all the hair in place and wearing glasses.

The professor himself rarely mentioned his past. He was on loan from Nanjing University. When universities and colleges on the mainland underwent a national reorganization, Sun stayed in Hangzhou.

Suns arrival was sensational not merely because of his legendary life in the 1920s and 1930s but also because of his prominent scholarship in modern and foreign literature. The Chinese Department of Zhejiang University at that time had plenty professors of ancient classics, but there was no professor of modern literature and foreign literature. The three professors who taught modern literature had left. Suns arrival on the campus filled the gap of the Chinese Department.

Sun was fully qualified. Sun began to publish in 1922 when he came as a student to Beijing University. After the North Expedition, he published war novels. He also wrote a few novels about rural people, making him standing out in this field in the Northern League of Left-Wing Authors. In short, he was part of the modern Chinese literature when it was in full swing in the early 20th century.

Moreover, he taught western literature at universities in the 1930s and 1940s. During this period, his published research results included “Contemporary Trends of Thought in Literature and Art” and “A Study of British Literature”, which are considered pioneering in the respective fields in China. After leaving the North Expedition, Sun wrote four biographical books on Sinclair, Maupassant, Shelley, and Gorki, and translated East Indian Stories into Chinese.

After taking the teaching position at Zhejiang University, Sun as an authority on foreign literature participated in national seminars on foreign literature organized by the Ministry of Higher Education. In conjunction with other professor, Sun formulated a teaching synopsis s. He contributed to the establishment of a system for teaching foreign literatures in universities and colleges: four-year college students of Chinese major would study foreign literatures for two years starting in the third year, with two semesters for western literatures, one semester for Soviet and Eastern European literatures and one semester for oriental literatures. This system was later adopted across the mainland. When professors in China joined hands in writing textbooks, Sun was commissioned to translate “A History of Ancient Greek Literature” by Gilbert Murray (1866-1957). Sun and two teachers from the Foreign Languages Department translated the book. This book is a must for students who study foreign literatures.

Professor Sun Xizhen single-handedly authored a series of textbooks and lecture materials for students of Hangzhou University, covering almost all the fields of foreign literatures and including more than 10 histories of foreign literatures. A History of Western European Literatures was published by a publishing house in Shanghai. Others were published as textbooks by the universitys press and circulated to other universities and colleges. The manuscripts of these textbooks were destroyed during the Cultural Revolution (1966-1976). Only A History of Eastern European Literatures survived.

In the early years of his teaching career in Hangzhou University, Sun taught modern literature and foreign literature. Later he focused on foreign literature. After the Cultural Revolution, he gave up teaching foreign literature and turned his attention to creative writing.

Lin Tanqiu, vice president of Hangzhou University, once commented that Hangzhou University had 13.5 professors as academic pillars of the university and the Chinese Department had three professors: Xia Chengtao, Jiang Liangfu and Sun Xizhen.

Sun Xizhen was more than a pioneer in teaching modern literature and foreign literature at Hangzhou University. He was also the first at Hangzhou University that used Marxist viewpoints to analyze literature issues. He was able to do so largely because he had majored in philosopher in Beijing University and he had been a left-wing writer and revolutionary in his younger years. The background and experience enabled him to look into deep causes that drove the trends of thought in literature and art.

Students loved his lectures. More often than not, his lectures attracted students from other departments: philosophy, history, politics and education. In classroom, he spoke eloquently and cited anecdotes and examples without referring to any notebook. He did not bring any notebook to classroom. He used a brief guideline written on a matchbox or a cigarette pack. He was a professor who did homework most diligently. He had special notebooks on individual authors. In a notebook, he would jot down all the important information about an authors life and work and academic significance. Then he would add his thought and notes. The number of notebooks on an author varied, the largest number being more than ten.

Though Hangzhou University merged into Zhejiang University in 1998, Professor Sun Xizhen is a brilliant chapter in the history of Hangzhou University. He will be forever remembered as a poet, a soldier, a revolutionary, a scholar, a professor who established single-handedly the education of modern literature and foreign literature at Hangzhou University. □