馬穎

摘要：高考閱讀理解考題中有測(cè)試考生根據(jù)上下文和構(gòu)詞法知識(shí)猜出生詞詞義或舊詞具新意的能力的一項(xiàng)內(nèi)容。本文介紹正確的猜生詞的方法。關(guān)鍵詞：閱讀理解；方法；技巧

中圖分類號(hào)：G633.41?搖?搖?搖?搖?搖文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼：A 文章編號(hào)：1674-9324（2012）09-0136-02

近些年高考閱讀理解考項(xiàng)中總有一些考題要測(cè)試考生根據(jù)上下文和構(gòu)詞法知識(shí)猜出生詞詞義或舊詞具新意的能力。當(dāng)生詞出現(xiàn)在我們基本能讀懂的文章中，我們應(yīng)該有能力根據(jù)已知內(nèi)容推求生詞的詞義。通過(guò)上下文交代的內(nèi)容做出合乎邏輯的推理，在必要時(shí)，做些語(yǔ)法分析，通過(guò)詞與詞的關(guān)系，確定其詞性；有時(shí)根據(jù)常識(shí)和生活經(jīng)驗(yàn)或者構(gòu)詞法知識(shí)，完全可以對(duì)那些從未見(jiàn)過(guò)的生詞的詞義做出正確的推測(cè)。正確猜出生詞的詞義經(jīng)常使用以下六種方法。下面對(duì)它們分別做介紹并輔以一些強(qiáng)化訓(xùn)練題。

1.方法技巧闡述

1.1根據(jù)定義或解釋說(shuō)明猜測(cè)詞義。在be或becalled等判斷詞出現(xiàn)的判斷句中，生詞是被解釋說(shuō)明的表語(yǔ)，或是用來(lái)下定義的主語(yǔ)，借助判斷句猜測(cè)詞義是一種最常見(jiàn)的方法。同時(shí)，定語(yǔ)從句或同位語(yǔ)從句對(duì)其先行詞起修飾或解釋說(shuō)明的作用，有助于猜出該先行詞的詞義。此外，標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)中的破折號(hào)“——”也可引出起解釋說(shuō)明作用的同位語(yǔ)或具有同義的短語(yǔ)或從句。

1）We like our new house because it has a few clms in the back yard that will give us shade and keep the house cooler.

2）Travelers in deserts or thick forests always bring with them compasses，a kind of very helpful instruments that help them to know the directions and which always consist of a freely-moving MAGNETIC needle that always moves to point to the north.

3）Some armed policemen have to wear bullet-proof Vests，a piece of clothing that can protect their chests（胸部）and that are used to stop bullets or a vest which cannot be passed through by bullets.

1.2根據(jù)對(duì)比關(guān)系猜測(cè)詞義。在but，however，yet，otherwise或though這些表示意義轉(zhuǎn)折的連詞出現(xiàn)的句子中，其前后的詞有明顯的對(duì)比關(guān)系。根據(jù)已知的內(nèi)容，通過(guò)這種對(duì)比關(guān)系，很容易猜出生詞的詞義。

1）He had been getting better，but during the night his condition deteriorated.

2）When there's a strong wind，there are great waves rolling on the lake;but if there's no wind，the surface of the lake is very placid.

3）Though he is always regarded as an honest man，he usually makes use of subterfuge to get our trust.

1.3根據(jù)因果關(guān)系猜測(cè)詞義。Because，since與as是連結(jié)原因狀語(yǔ)從句的從屬連詞，so是連結(jié)表示結(jié)果的并列句的連詞，so...that與such...that中的that是連結(jié)結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句的。當(dāng)這些信息詞出現(xiàn)在有生詞的句中，通過(guò)因果關(guān)系，依據(jù)已知部分，就能猜出生詞的詞義。

1）All his attempts to unlock the door was futile，because he was using the wrong key.

2）She did not hear what you said because she was completely engrossed in her reading .

3）The tree will have to be cut down because it obstructs the view of oncoming traffic（車(chē)輛）.

1.4根據(jù)句意和生活常識(shí)猜測(cè)詞義。運(yùn)用邏輯推理能力，自身的生活經(jīng)驗(yàn)及生活常識(shí)，根據(jù)上下文能讀懂的部分，正確猜出生詞詞意，是一種行之有效的猜測(cè)詞意的方法。

1）There are some erroneous answers on the students'test paper，but there are not enough wrong answers to fail him.

2）Sometimes the earth moves between the sun and the moon. Then the earth's shadow falls on the moon；no light from the sun can reach the moon. The moon gets dark because it cannot reflect the sun's light. We call this an eclipse of the moon.

3）Scientists group most living things into main groups called“kingdoms”. There are the plant kingdom and animal kingdom. The study of plants is referred to as botany while the study of animals is spoken about as zoology.

1.5據(jù)同等關(guān)系猜測(cè)詞義。所謂同等關(guān)系，指的是一個(gè)詞，一組詞或短語(yǔ)在句中作同一成分，而且它們的詞意都屬于同一義域。在這樣的詞組和短語(yǔ)中，通常有并列連詞and或者or等作同等關(guān)系的標(biāo)志詞。據(jù)此，只要我們認(rèn)識(shí)其中一個(gè)或幾個(gè)詞或短語(yǔ)，即可確定同等關(guān)系中生詞的詞性，在句中的作用和大概的義域。

1）Not every car，bus，jeep or other kinds of vehicle can be made in the factory.

2）Sheep are not carnivorous，but wolves，foxes，tigers，lions，leopards or hyenas are all flesh-eating animals.

3）On the farm they mainly raise poultry，such as chickens，ducks and geese，both for their eggs and their meat.

1.6根據(jù)構(gòu)詞法猜測(cè)詞義。借助中學(xué)階段學(xué)過(guò)的英語(yǔ)構(gòu)詞法知識(shí)，如，詞根、前綴或后綴的意義，對(duì)于有效地猜出生詞詞意是很有幫助的。

1）Oh，how bumpy（bump）the road is!It has to be repaired and made smooth.

2）There are quite a few mistakes in your plan of the new building，so you must have it redesigned（design）as soon as possible.

3）The story in the newspaper isn't completely true；some of the facts have been misreported（report）.

II.強(qiáng)化練習(xí)

1）It's just one more unbelievable result of the development of microprocessors——those tiny parts of a computer commonly known as “silicon chips”.

A. microprocessors

B. the result of the development

C. the computer itself?搖

D. parts of microprocessors

2）Nowadays，at the university of Nebraska，for example，it is the stated policy of the college of Arts and Science that if a student cheats on an exam，the student must receive an “F” on what he cheated on.That is nothing. If you're going to flunk anyway，why not cheat？

A. fearB. failC. be pleasedD. succeed

3）If the banana was in front of them and the stick behind them，big apes（猩猩）could not bear the banana in mind long enough to look around and pick up the stick and then use it.

A.rememberB.removeC.forgetD.stand

參考答案：1）D?搖2）B3）A