安立會,鄭丙輝,付 青,趙興茹,尚晶晶,張 雷 (中國環(huán)境科學(xué)研究院,環(huán)境基準(zhǔn)與風(fēng)險評估國家重點實驗室,國家環(huán)境保護河口與海岸帶重點實驗室,北京 100012)
以梭魚金屬硫蛋白基因表達監(jiān)測海洋重金屬污染
安立會*,鄭丙輝,付 青,趙興茹,尚晶晶,張 雷 (中國環(huán)境科學(xué)研究院,環(huán)境基準(zhǔn)與風(fēng)險評估國家重點實驗室,國家環(huán)境保護河口與海岸帶重點實驗室,北京 100012)
分離了梭魚金屬硫蛋白132個堿基對應(yīng)44個氨基酸的部分基因序列,以此為基礎(chǔ)建立了分析梭魚金屬硫蛋白基因表達的實時定量PCR方法,并用于分析渤海南戴河和大神堂近岸海域野生梭魚金屬硫蛋白基因的表達.結(jié)果表明,南戴河野生梭魚金屬硫蛋白基因的表達水平(雄魚:0.012 ± 0.0064 copies/copy β-actin;雌魚:0.0099 ± 0.0042 copies/copy β-actin)明顯高于大神堂野生梭魚的表達水平(雄魚:0.0017± 0.0011 copies/copy β-actin;雌魚:0.0014 ± 0.00095 copies/copy β-actin).該結(jié)果與兩地野生梭魚體內(nèi)重金屬殘留水平相一致,提示梭魚金屬硫蛋白基因可作為監(jiān)測海洋重金屬污染的敏感標(biāo)志物之一.
梭魚;金屬硫蛋白mRNA;實時定量PCR;重金屬
金屬硫蛋白是一種廣泛存在于動物、植物以及微生物體內(nèi)的低分子量、富含半胱氨酸的蛋白質(zhì).它能夠與重金屬結(jié)合,調(diào)節(jié)生物體內(nèi)必需重金屬(如鋅和銅)的生理功能,并對非必需重金屬(如鎘和鉛)進行脫毒.盡管生物體內(nèi)金屬硫蛋白的表達會受到多種因素的影響,但重金屬仍然是其最強誘導(dǎo)劑.近年,金屬硫蛋白作為監(jiān)測水環(huán)境重金屬污染的一個重要標(biāo)志物,已經(jīng)得到廣泛關(guān)注
[1-4].隨著分子生物學(xué)等新興技術(shù)手段在環(huán)境領(lǐng)域的應(yīng)用,不同生物的金屬硫蛋白基因序列被相繼克隆,這為從基因表達水平上更加及時、準(zhǔn)確反映環(huán)境重金屬的污染狀況提供了可靠技術(shù)手段[5-10].目前用于分析金屬硫蛋白基因表達水平的方法主要有Northern 雜交[11]、半定量聚合酶鏈反應(yīng)(Polymerase Chain Reaction,PCR)[12]和實時定量PCR[13],其中實時定量PCR被認為是靈敏度最高的一種分析方法[14-15].
梭魚是我國海洋近岸廣泛分布的一種野生魚類,主要攝食浮游生物和底泥中的有機質(zhì),并且洄游半徑短,體內(nèi)的污染水平能夠反映棲息環(huán)境的污染狀況.本研究通過克隆梭魚的金屬硫蛋白基因序列,建立了分析金屬硫蛋白的實時定量PCR分析方法,并對渤海近岸野生梭魚體內(nèi)金屬硫蛋白基因表達水平和重金屬水平進行了分析.
利用潮汐水位差布設(shè)地撩網(wǎng),在南戴河(39°43'31.03"N, 119°24'48.17"E)和 大 神 堂(39°10'41.66"N, 117°57'52.79"E)近岸海域捕獲野生梭魚(Liza Haematocheila)(圖1).選取規(guī)格相似[南戴河站點:平均體重為(177.03 ± 45.84) g,平均體長為(25.5 ± 2.2)cm;大神堂站點:平均體重為(104.01 ± 76.89) g,平均體長為(20.1 ± 4.9) cm]、體表無傷、健康鮮活的梭魚(樣本數(shù)n > 10),擊打頭部致昏.現(xiàn)場立即解剖摘取部分肝臟置于液氮中凍存以用于分析金屬硫蛋白基因表達水平,剪取性腺置于10%中性甲醛中固定,以做組織切片,區(qū)分雌雄.同時取部分肌肉置于低溫保溫箱內(nèi)帶回實驗室分析重金屬.
圖1 野生梭魚捕獲布設(shè)地示意Fig 1 Sampling sites for collecting the redeye mullets from Bohai Bay, north of China
分取液氮凍存的梭魚肝組織約20~30mg(每點雌雄各5尾),利用Trizol試劑提取總RNA[16].經(jīng)紫外和電泳檢測分析 RNA濃度和質(zhì)量后(A260/280> 1.8),逆轉(zhuǎn)錄合成cDNA:取約100ng 的總 RNA, 0.5mmol/L dNTPs (Takara Ltd,大連),2.5μmol/L Oligo(dT)18(Invitrogen Ltd, USA)和200 units SuperScript III RT (Invitrogen Ltd, USA),反應(yīng)體積為 5μL.一個管內(nèi)不加樣品 RNA以作為陰性對照.混合液按照SuperScript III RT試劑說明進行逆轉(zhuǎn)錄合成cDNA第一條鏈.
利用Bioedit 7.0.0軟件比對NCBI數(shù)據(jù)庫中已發(fā)表的其它生物金屬硫蛋白基因序列(http:// www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov),利用 Primer Premier 5.0在保守序列部分設(shè)計兼并引物:Forward primer: 5’-CGGGATCCATGGA(c,t)CC(c,t)TG(c,t)GA(a, g,t)TGC(g,t)C(c,t)AA-3’, Reverse primer: 5’-GGAATTCTT(a,g)CACAC(a,g)CAGCC(a,t)CA(a,g) GC(a,g)CA-3’.以上述合成的cDNA第一鏈為模板,利用 MyCyclerTMPCR儀(BioRad, USA)在下列條件下擴增梭魚金屬硫蛋白基因:95℃,2min,1個循環(huán);95℃,30s;55℃,45s,72℃,60s,40個循環(huán);最后在72℃條件下延伸6min.反應(yīng)總體積為50μL.所得擴增產(chǎn)物在 1.2%瓊脂糖凝膠進行電泳和EB染色,在紫外照射條件下切下目的條帶回收、純化,送至大連寶生物公司測序.
利用 BLAST(hhtp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov /BLAST/)在線比對所得序列.在證實所得序列即為金屬硫蛋白基因序列后,利用 Primer Express 2.0軟件設(shè)計實時定量PCR的特異引物(Forward primer: 5’-ATGGACCCTTGTGATTGC-3’;Reverse primer: 5’-CAGATGGGCAGCATGAGC-3’). PCR反應(yīng)混合液包括SYBR Green PCR Master Mix 10μL,正向和反向引物各 0.2μL(20μmol/L),樣品cNDA模板5μL,加滅菌的蒸餾水補足至20μL.擴增條件為:50℃保持 2min,95℃保持 10min,然后95℃,15s,60℃,1min,40循環(huán)(ABI Prism? 7000, USA).在最后1個循環(huán)結(jié)束后做溶解曲線驗證引物的特異性.以純化的金屬硫蛋白普通PCR產(chǎn)物作為cDNA標(biāo)準(zhǔn)品建立定量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)曲線,以β-actin (No.EF638008)為內(nèi)參基因?qū)饘倭虻鞍谆虻谋磉_水平進行定量.
為了揭示誘導(dǎo)金屬硫蛋白表達的可能誘導(dǎo)劑,同時分析了魚體的重金屬水平.取凍存的梭魚部分肌肉組織(每點各10尾),去表皮和肌尖刺后置于超純水(電導(dǎo)率:18.0?/cm)中高速勻漿,然后將所得肉糜冷凍干燥(-40℃)至恒重.精確稱取0.1000g凍干的肌肉組織粉末,加入 5Ml HNO3(65.0%,CNW,德國)和 3mL HF(40%, MERCK,德國),輕輕震蕩混勻后置于微波消解儀(MARS, CEM, USA)進行消解:溫度在起始5min內(nèi)上升至120℃并持續(xù)1min,然后在5min內(nèi)上升至160℃并持續(xù)3min,最后在7min內(nèi)上升至180℃并持續(xù)10min,然后靜置至室溫.消解液轉(zhuǎn)移至聚四氟乙烯燒杯中,置于電熱板上加熱去除殘酸.然后將樣品液轉(zhuǎn)移至 100mL的容量瓶中,用2% HNO3洗滌聚四氟乙烯杯3~4次,合并洗液定容、搖勻備用分析重金屬元素.按同樣的方法做試劑空白.利用 ICP-MS(Agilent 7500)測定消解樣品中As、Cd、Cr、Mn、Ni、Cu、Pb和Zn,以Sc、Ge、Rh、In、Tb、Lu和Bi作為在線內(nèi)標(biāo)(Agilent Part Number: 5188-6525)進行定量.
最后,根據(jù)梭魚體內(nèi)重金屬含量計算重金屬殘留量指數(shù)(I),采用均值型綜合污染指數(shù)法[17]對兩個地點野生梭魚重金屬污染狀況進行了評價.
式中: Ci為魚體內(nèi) i類重金屬殘留量,即實測值, mg/kg;Cs,i為 i類重金屬允許殘留量 mg/kg.其中,As、Cd、Cr、Cu和 Pb的評價標(biāo)準(zhǔn)按照 NY 5073-2001《無公害食品 水產(chǎn)品中有毒有害物質(zhì)限量》[18](分別為0.5,0.1,2.0,50和0.5mg/kg)計算;Zn按照 GB13106-1991《食品中鋅限量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》[19](50mg/kg)計算;由于目前食品上還沒有 Mn和 Ni的限量標(biāo)準(zhǔn),因此 Mn和 Ni不計入.結(jié)合相關(guān)研究
[20-21],污染程度采樣以下劃分標(biāo)準(zhǔn):污染綜合指數(shù)均值<0.2視為正常背景水平,0.2~<0.6為輕污染水平,0.6~<1.0污染水平,≥1.0則視為重污染水平.
采用SPSS 11.0軟件的One-way ANOVA 和Turkey 多重比較來檢驗相關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)的差異.當(dāng)P <0.05 時認為差異顯著.所有數(shù)據(jù)和圖表均以平均值±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)偏差表示.
圖2 利用兼并引物擴增梭魚金屬硫蛋白基因部分序列Fig.2 Partial nucleotide and protein of the redeye mullet (Liza haematocheila) MT gene. The numbers above the sequence indicate the nucleotide position
利用設(shè)計的兼并引物,分離了梭魚肝組織cDNA擴增后片段,經(jīng)測序獲得132個堿基,根據(jù)三聯(lián)體密碼子對應(yīng)著 44個氨基酸(圖 2).通過BLAST(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/BLAST/)在線比對確認為金屬硫蛋白基因,將所得序列提交至NCBI數(shù)據(jù)庫(No.: FJ827633).經(jīng)與NCBI數(shù)據(jù)庫登記的其他物種金屬硫蛋白比對,本研究擴增的梭魚金屬硫蛋白基因?qū)儆?MT-I型,并與斑點鮭魚(Oncorhynchus gorbuscha, ABA03251)和歐洲鰈 (Pleuronectes platessa, CAA40067)具有 86%相似性,與北極紅點鮭(Salvelinus alpines, AAP31403) 具有 82%的相似性,與鯽魚(Carassius auratus, AAB32777)具有79%的相似性(圖3).
圖3 梭魚金屬硫蛋白基因部分氨基酸序列與斑點鮭魚(Oncorhynchus gorbuscha, ABA03251)、歐洲鰈(Pleuronectes platessa, CAA40067)、北極紅點鮭(Salvelinus alpines, AAP31403)、鯽魚(Carassius auratus, AAB32777)氨基酸序列比對Fig.3 Multiple sequence alignment of the partial amino acid sequence of redeye mullet MT with Oncorhynchus gorbuscha (ABA03251), Salvelinus alpinus (AAP31403), Pleuronectes platessa (CAA40067) and Carassius auratus (AAB32777)
根據(jù)測序所得目標(biāo)基因序列設(shè)計特異引物,經(jīng)溶解曲線證實設(shè)計引物的特異性.以金屬硫蛋白普通 PCR產(chǎn)物做標(biāo)準(zhǔn)品建立定量曲線,cDNA濃度范圍在104~1010copies/mL之間時拷貝數(shù)與 Ct值之間具有良好的線性關(guān)系(R2= 0.999).
圖4 實時定量PCR分析南戴河和大神堂野生梭魚肝組織中金屬硫蛋白表達水平Fig.4 Quantification of MT mRNA in redeye mullet (Liza haematocheila) from Nandaihe and Dashentang
將建立的金屬硫蛋白實時定量PCR方法對野生梭魚肝組織中金屬硫蛋白的表達水平進行定量.如圖4可知,南戴河野生梭魚體內(nèi)金屬硫蛋白的表達水平(雄魚 n = 5:0.012±0.0064 copies/ copy β-actin,雌魚 n = 5:0.0099 ± 0.0042 copies/ copy β-actin)明顯高于大神堂野生梭魚的表達水平(雄魚 n = 5:0.0017±0.0011 copies/copy β-actin,雌魚 n = 5:0.0014 ± 0.00095 copies/copy β-actin) (P < 0.05).并且同一地點的雌雄梭魚肝組織中金屬硫蛋白表達水平?jīng)]有顯著差異(P > 0.05).
在南戴河和大神堂捕獲的野生梭魚體內(nèi)均檢測到多種重金屬元素(表1).其中,Zn的含量最高,Pb含量最低.在所檢出梭魚體內(nèi)的重金屬中,只有Pb的濃度是大神堂高于南戴河,其他重金屬均是南戴河較大神堂略高,而 Cd在兩處野生梭魚肌肉中均沒有檢出.與底棲蝦虎魚[22]相比,梭魚體內(nèi)重金屬水平均偏低,這可能與梭魚是中上層、主要以浮游生物為食的雜食性魚類,而蝦虎魚則是底棲、主要以動物食物為主的肉食性魚類有關(guān)[23].由表 1數(shù)據(jù)以及梭魚肌肉含水率(81.62%±1.85%),換算可得野生梭魚體內(nèi)重金屬含量(濕重).根據(jù)國家無公害食品水產(chǎn)品中有毒有害物質(zhì)限量NY5073-2001[18],南戴河野生梭魚[Cr(2.19±0.19)mg/kg(濕重)]和 As含量[(1.83%± 0.06%)mg/kg(濕重)]明顯超標(biāo),而大神堂野生梭魚重金屬則沒有超標(biāo)現(xiàn)象,這說明該水域野生梭魚重金屬污染對食用人群具有潛在風(fēng)險.
根據(jù)梭魚體內(nèi)重金屬含量(干重)和梭魚肌肉含水率(81.62%±1.85%),計算南戴河和大神堂兩地野生梭魚各種重金屬的魚體殘留量指數(shù)(I),并取其均值作為綜合污染指數(shù)(表 2),用于評價各種重金屬對梭魚的綜合污染程度.根據(jù)評價標(biāo)準(zhǔn),南戴河的綜合污染指數(shù)均值為 3.93,屬于污染水平,主要貢獻因此為Cr(1.09)和As(3.70);而大神堂的綜合污染指數(shù)均值為 0.29,屬于輕污染水平,這與兩地野生梭魚金屬硫蛋白基因表達水平一致.
表1 野生梭魚體內(nèi)重金屬元素含量[μg/g(干重)]Table 1 Heavy metals concentrations in tissues in redeye mullets from Nandaihe and Dashentang using ICP-MS [μg/g(dry weight)]
表2 野生梭魚體內(nèi)重金屬殘留量指數(shù)與均值綜合污染指數(shù)Table 2 Heavy metals residue index and mean of synthetical pollution index in redeye mullets from Nandaihe and Dashentang
研究發(fā)現(xiàn),除了蝶科魚類(Pleuronectid fishes)[24-25],大多數(shù)魚類金屬硫蛋白都有 I和 II兩種亞型,對應(yīng)MT-I和MT-II兩種基因亞型.并且,不同金屬硫蛋白亞型對不同重金屬有著不同的結(jié)合能力[26-27],如MT-I對Zn和Cd具有很強的結(jié)合能力,MT-II則對 Cu具有很強的結(jié)合能力
[28].野外調(diào)查也發(fā)現(xiàn)在一些野生魚類體內(nèi)金屬硫蛋白的水平與重金屬水平尤其是 Cd、Zn和Cu三種重金屬污染程度呈一定的相關(guān)性[29-31].本研究在南戴河和大神堂梭魚肌肉組織中都有檢出了Zn和Cu,表明Zn和Cu尤其是Zn對本研究擴增的梭魚金屬硫蛋白基因(MT-I)表達具有一定的誘導(dǎo)作用.本研究中在兩地野生梭魚肌肉組織中均沒有檢出Cd,這可能是由于Cd在環(huán)境非生物介質(zhì)中含量較低[32],并且魚類通過鰓和腸攝入 Cd后主要累積在肝和腎臟組織[33],只有少量重金屬會轉(zhuǎn)移到肌肉組織,但由于 Cd對魚類 MT-I要比對 MT-II具有更強的誘導(dǎo)能力
[1,34-35],因此環(huán)境低水平的Cd以及其他重金屬也會對梭魚肝組織金屬硫蛋白基因(MT-I)具有一定的誘導(dǎo)作用.
在生物體內(nèi),重金屬水平與金屬硫蛋白的蛋白和基因表達水平之間存在典型的倒“U”型關(guān)系[36-38],即當(dāng)重金屬低于某一濃度閾值時,金屬硫蛋白會隨著重金屬劑量增加而上升;而一旦超出濃度閾值,重金屬就會對生物產(chǎn)生不可逆毒性,金屬硫蛋白水平就會隨著重金屬水平增加而降低.從以上分析結(jié)果可以看出,盡管南戴河和大神堂野生梭魚體內(nèi)重金屬化學(xué)水平?jīng)]有顯著差異,但南戴河野生梭魚肝組織金屬硫蛋白基因表達水平卻明顯高于大神堂的野生梭魚.如果以大神堂海域重金屬水平為對照值,兩地野生梭魚體內(nèi)重金屬殘留水平無顯著差異,但金屬硫蛋白基因表達水平的差異說明南戴河海域重金屬污染已經(jīng)對野生梭魚產(chǎn)生輕微影響,但沒有超出可產(chǎn)生生物毒性的濃度閾值,這就說明化學(xué)水平上的不顯著差異無法準(zhǔn)確反映污染的綜合效應(yīng)差異.另外,環(huán)境中重金屬對生物的影響還會受到多種環(huán)境因子如溫度、鹽度、硬度和生物因子如個體大小、年齡、生理狀態(tài)的影響,重金屬的不同形態(tài)和價態(tài)也會影響重金屬的生物毒性.因此,僅憑環(huán)境重金屬的化學(xué)水平還難以準(zhǔn)確反映重金屬的實際毒理效應(yīng),而金屬硫蛋白作為一個生物標(biāo)志物在一定程度上可以用于指示環(huán)境中重金屬污染的復(fù)合效應(yīng).
本研究發(fā)現(xiàn)野生梭魚金屬硫蛋白的基因表達水平更能反映南戴河附近海域重金屬污染程度高于大神堂附近海域,提示梭魚金屬硫蛋白基因可作為監(jiān)測海洋重金屬污染的敏感標(biāo)志物之一.
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Metallothionein mRNA expression in wild redeye mullet (Liza Haematocheila) for monitoring marine heavy metal pollution.
AN Li-hui*, ZHENG Bing-hui, FU Qing, ZHAO Xing-ru, SHANG Jing-jing, ZHANG Lei (State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, Chinese Research Academy for Environment Sciences, Beijing 100012, China). China Environmental Science, 2011,31(8):1383~1389
In this study, a 132-bp sequence corresponding to a 44-amino acid sequence of metallothionein gene was obtained, and then a quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction assay was developed for quantification of MT mRNA normalized to β-actin in redeye mullets. The method was applied to detect MT mRNA expression in redeye mullets from Nandaihe and Dashentang in Bohai Bay, and the results showed that MT mRNA expression in redeye mullets was higher significantly from Nandaihe (0.012 ± 0.0064 copies/copy β-actin in males and 0.0099 ± 0.0042 copies/copy β-actin in females) than that from Dashentang (0.0017 ± 0.0011 copies/copy β-actin in males and 0.0014 ± 0.00095 copies/copy β-actin in females) which was consistent with the heavy metals concentrations, indicating that MT mRNA can be a promising biomarker for monitoring metals pollutions in coastal environment.
redeye mullet (Liza Haematocheila);metallothionein mRNA;quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction;heavy metal
X174
A
1000-6923(2011)08-1383-07
2010-11-17
國家“973”項目(2007CB407306);水體污染控制與治理技術(shù)重大專項 (2009ZX07528-03);中國新型環(huán)境問題(2009467109)
* 責(zé)任作者, 副研究員, anlh@craes.org.cn
安立會(1975-),男,河北廊坊人,副研究員,博士,主要從事環(huán)境有害污染物的生物毒理效應(yīng)和生態(tài)風(fēng)險評價研究.發(fā)表論文20余篇.