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含磷聚合物阻燃劑的研究進(jìn)展

2011-11-04 12:21劉繼延劉學(xué)清
中國(guó)塑料 2011年1期
關(guān)鍵詞:酸酯芳基含磷

劉繼延,劉學(xué)清

含磷聚合物阻燃劑的研究進(jìn)展

劉繼延,劉學(xué)清

(江漢大學(xué)化學(xué)與環(huán)境工程學(xué)院,湖北武漢430056)

綜述了含磷聚合物阻燃劑近年來(lái)的研究進(jìn)展,介紹了其主要分類,按照磷元素的位置不同可以分為主鏈含磷聚合物和側(cè)鏈含磷聚合物。指出目前含磷聚合物阻燃劑的研究開(kāi)發(fā)主要集中在以下幾個(gè)方面:(1)多種元素協(xié)同高效阻燃聚合物的開(kāi)發(fā),協(xié)效阻燃機(jī)理以及聚合物鏈結(jié)構(gòu)和阻燃性能之間規(guī)律的探討;(2)通過(guò)聚合物結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì),合成出超支化、液晶等結(jié)構(gòu)的含磷聚合物;(3)在阻燃的同時(shí)不降低聚合物的熱性能和力學(xué)性能;(4)多功能含磷聚合物阻燃劑的開(kāi)發(fā)。

含磷聚合物;阻燃劑;合成;結(jié)構(gòu)

Abstract:Recent progress in phosphorus-containing polymer flame retardants was reviewed.Based on the location of phosphorus element in the polymer,they can be divided into main-chain and sidechain phosphorus-containing polymers.Recentresearch works on the phosphorus-containing polymers focused on following aspects:(1)synthesis of synergistic phosphorus-base polymers and exploring the mechanism of synergistic effect;(2)synthesis of phosphorus-containing polymers with hyperbranched or mesogen architectures;(3)the way to improve mechanical and thermal properties without reducing fire retardancy;(4)synthesis of phosphorus-containing polymers with multiple functions.

Key words:phosphorus-containing polymer;flame retardant;synthesis;structure

0 前言

有機(jī)磷阻燃劑是目前無(wú)鹵阻燃的重要發(fā)展方向,小分子有機(jī)磷阻燃劑的主要缺點(diǎn)是耐熱性較差及揮發(fā)性較大,會(huì)導(dǎo)致塑料的熱變形溫度下降[1]。近年來(lái),塑料用阻燃劑的研究和開(kāi)發(fā)朝著熱穩(wěn)定性高、相容性好、抗遷徙的含磷聚合物方向發(fā)展。國(guó)內(nèi)外關(guān)于含磷聚合物的文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道較多,按結(jié)構(gòu)可分為主鏈含磷聚合物和側(cè)基含磷聚合物,本文對(duì)這2類含磷聚合物加以歸納分類,并簡(jiǎn)要介紹其結(jié)構(gòu)及合成方法。

1 主鏈含磷聚合物

1.1 聚膦(磷)酸酯

聚膦(磷)酸酯是研究報(bào)道較多的一類含磷聚合物阻燃劑,不但具有良好的阻燃性能,還同時(shí)具有一定的增塑作用,許多品種已在工業(yè)上得到應(yīng)用,按主鏈結(jié)構(gòu)和取代基的不同又可分為脂肪族聚膦(磷)酸酯[2]和聚芳基膦(磷)酸酯等。

脂肪族聚膦(磷)酸酯的結(jié)構(gòu)如式(1)所示,該結(jié)構(gòu)中R1為烷氧基的稱為聚磷酸酯,R1為烷基的則被稱為聚膦酸酯。脂肪族聚膦(磷)酸酯阻燃劑已在工業(yè)上得到廣泛應(yīng)用,如用于棉、棉/滌混紡織物阻燃的Fyrol 76及用于軟質(zhì)聚氨酯泡沫塑料阻燃的Eyrol99等。

聚芳基膦酸酯類阻燃劑通常以苯磷酰二氯為起始物合成[3-4],如可用于聚對(duì)苯二甲酸乙二醇酯纖維阻燃的聚苯基膦酸二苯砜酯,其主要結(jié)構(gòu)如式(2)所示。

Kishore等[5-11]合成和表征了一系列聚芳基磷酸酯。芳基的引入破環(huán)了聚磷酸酯鏈的剛性,在不影響聚合物熱穩(wěn)定性的前提下,可以改善聚合物在有機(jī)溶劑中的溶解性,同時(shí)還能提高聚合物的阻燃性能。式(3)所示聚芳基磷酸酯的極限氧指數(shù)值均大于40%。

值得注意的是,對(duì)于聚合物阻燃來(lái)說(shuō),在聚芳基磷酸酯鏈中同時(shí)引入 P、N、Sb和Br等元素比將它們的小分子化合物混合作為添加型阻燃劑具有更好的阻燃效果[12-13],如式(4)、(5)所示,例如含鐵的聚芳基磷酸酯的極限氧指數(shù)值大于50%。盡管這些結(jié)論尚缺乏足夠的實(shí)驗(yàn)支持,協(xié)同阻燃機(jī)理也不十分明確,但多元素協(xié)同阻燃聚合物已成為目前研究的一個(gè)重要方向。

1.2 聚磷酰胺

聚磷酰胺類阻燃劑一般可以通過(guò)溶液或界面縮聚的方法合成[14-18],如式(6)~(9)所示。由于聚磷酰胺同時(shí)含P、N阻燃元素,故具有較好的阻燃性能,氧指數(shù)大于50%,且成炭率高達(dá)52%~78%。

1.3 含磷聚酰胺及聚酰亞胺類聚合物

含磷聚酰胺類阻燃劑的制備可以用酰胺與含磷單體的共聚來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)[19-20]。如用己二酸、30%的雙(2-羧乙基)甲基氧化膦和環(huán)己二胺或六亞甲基四胺熔融聚合,可以得到阻燃型聚酰胺66。

含磷聚酰亞胺阻燃劑可以利用含磷二元胺單體與對(duì)苯二甲酸酐直接聚合得到[21-22],也可以用雙官能團(tuán)的二元胺單體與雙官能團(tuán)的含磷單體聚合得到[23-24],其聚合過(guò)程如式(10)所示。此外,還可以通過(guò)聚酰亞胺磷酸化來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)[25],其反應(yīng)過(guò)程如式(11)所示。

1.4 聚雙螺環(huán)磷酸酯類

近幾年,關(guān)于以季戊四醇為起始物的聚雙螺環(huán)磷酸酯類阻燃劑的研究報(bào)道較多[26-29]。由于其合成工藝相對(duì)比較簡(jiǎn)單,而阻燃效果、環(huán)境毒性、與聚合物的相容性等各方面性能較均衡,因此具有較高的工業(yè)應(yīng)用價(jià)值,其合成過(guò)程如式(12)所示。用二元胺代替二元醇,可以得到同時(shí)含 P、N元素的聚雙螺環(huán)磷酸酯胺[27],如式(13)所示。

1.5含磷超支化聚合物

Huang等[30-31]報(bào)道了含磷超支化聚合物(HPPE)的合成及阻燃性能,其合成過(guò)程如式(14)所示。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)將 HPPE引入到雙酚A環(huán)氧樹脂中,可以提高其熱穩(wěn)定性和成炭量,用 HPPE代替雙酚A作為環(huán)氧樹脂的固化劑時(shí),極限氧指數(shù)值從23%增加到31%。

2 側(cè)鏈含磷聚合物

2.1 側(cè)基所含活性羥基與磷酸或其衍生物反應(yīng)

這類聚合物一般可以通過(guò)側(cè)基帶有羥基的聚合物如聚乙烯醇、聚(4-羥基)苯乙烯等與磷酸或其衍生物反應(yīng),將磷原子引入到聚合物鏈中,其反應(yīng)過(guò)程如式(15)和式(16)所示,所得聚合物的極限氧指數(shù)值與含磷量成正比[32-33]。

2.2 帶雙鍵的含磷單體與高分子接枝共聚

帶雙鍵的含磷單體與通用高分子用單體如聚苯乙烯、甲基丙烯酸甲酯、丙烯腈、丙烯酰胺等通過(guò)自由基共聚,得到側(cè)基含磷聚合物,其單體結(jié)構(gòu)如式(17)所示,盡管采用該方法合成的聚合物中磷含量較低,但其阻燃效果有時(shí)可與高含量的添加型磷系阻燃劑相媲美[34-36]。

2.3 側(cè)鏈含磷雜菲聚合物

自20世紀(jì)70年代Saito首次合成9,10-二氫-9-氧-10-磷雜菲-10-氧化物(DOPO)以來(lái),該類化合物的研究日趨活躍,利用DOPO上的活性氫,可以將DOPO引入到聚合物鏈上[37-41],這類聚合物的典型結(jié)構(gòu)如式(18)所示。

熱致液晶高分子材料具有高強(qiáng)度、優(yōu)異的耐熱性能、耐化學(xué)品、尺寸穩(wěn)定、剪切黏度低等優(yōu)點(diǎn),阻燃劑的加入往往會(huì)降低其力學(xué)性能。如果熱致液晶高分子材料具有阻燃性能,作為阻燃劑與熱塑性樹脂共混,有望解決阻燃與增強(qiáng)相矛盾的問(wèn)題。王玉忠等[39]合成了一系列側(cè)鏈含DOPO的熱致液晶高分子。錢立軍等[40]將含磷酰雜菲共聚酯(ODOPB)與聯(lián)苯二酚、癸二酰氯通過(guò)溶液聚合合成側(cè)鏈含磷酰雜菲基團(tuán)的聯(lián)苯型液晶共聚物,其結(jié)構(gòu)如式(19)所示。

楊覓等[41]用熔融酯交換法將DOPO結(jié)構(gòu)引入到聚合物鏈中,合成了一種新型熱致型含磷阻燃液晶高分子材料,其結(jié)構(gòu)如式(20)所示。

3 結(jié)語(yǔ)

綜上所述,含磷聚合物阻燃劑在許多方面表現(xiàn)出了優(yōu)異的性能,一些品種已進(jìn)入工業(yè)化應(yīng)用階段,在研究開(kāi)發(fā)方面,目前熱點(diǎn)主要集中在以下幾方面:(1)多種元素協(xié)同的高效阻燃聚合物,即在聚合物鏈中同時(shí)引入磷和其他多種阻燃元素,發(fā)揮多元素協(xié)同作用。協(xié)效阻燃機(jī)理、聚合物鏈結(jié)構(gòu)和阻燃性能之間規(guī)律有待進(jìn)一步探討;(2)通過(guò)聚合物結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì),合成超支化、液晶等結(jié)構(gòu)的含磷聚合物,在阻燃的同時(shí)不降低聚合物的熱性能及力學(xué)性能;(3)多功能含磷阻燃聚合物的開(kāi)發(fā),除阻燃性能外,還同時(shí)具有增塑、防氧化等多種功能,有利于降低成本。由于RoHS指令和Rearch法規(guī)的推行,近年來(lái)關(guān)于無(wú)鹵阻燃的呼聲越來(lái)越高,隨著研究和開(kāi)發(fā)工作的進(jìn)一步深入,含磷聚合物阻燃劑會(huì)有著更加廣闊的發(fā)展前景。

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Research Progress in Phosphorus-containing Polymer Flame Retardants

LIU Jiyan,LIU Xueqing
(School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering,Jianghan University,Wuhan 430056,China)

TQ314.24+8

A

1001-9278(2011)01-0025-06

2010-10-20

聯(lián)系人,liujiyan918@163.com

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