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牧草中水溶性碳水化合物及其影響因素

2011-06-08 08:22:24黃德君毛祝新傅華
草業(yè)學(xué)報(bào) 2011年6期
關(guān)鍵詞:雞腳黑麥草碳水化合物

黃德君,毛祝新,傅華

(蘭州大學(xué)草地農(nóng)業(yè)科技學(xué)院,甘肅 蘭州730020)

植物中水溶性碳水化合物(water soluble carbohydrate,WSC)是指構(gòu)成植物細(xì)胞壁及細(xì)胞內(nèi)容物中可溶或易溶性碳水化合物的總稱[1],主要包括果聚糖、葡萄糖、果糖、蔗糖、棉子糖和水蘇糖等。一些研究表明,提高飼草中WSC含量可以促進(jìn)反芻動(dòng)物對(duì)蛋白質(zhì)的利用[2]和干物質(zhì)的吸收[3-5],提高奶蛋白產(chǎn)量[5],減少溫室氣體的排放[6-10]。顯然提高牧草中WSC的含量,對(duì)反芻家畜生產(chǎn)和減少環(huán)境污染具有重要意義。牧草中WSC的含量與遺傳、環(huán)境和生長時(shí)期等因素密切相關(guān)[11-14]。本研究就遺傳與環(huán)境等因素對(duì)牧草WSC的影響及機(jī)理方面的研究進(jìn)展進(jìn)行綜述,旨在為進(jìn)一步的深入研究提供參考。

1 牧草種、生長時(shí)期與部位

1.1 牧草種與品種

牧草WSC的含量及各組分的比例與其遺傳特性有關(guān),不同的牧草種、品種含量差異很大(表1)。一般禾本科牧草的WSC總量比豆科牧草的高12%~15%[15,16],且果聚糖含量高于豆科牧草,青貯時(shí)不用添加劑就可穩(wěn)定發(fā)酵[17]。溫帶禾本科牧草中,黑麥草 WSC含量最高,有些品種達(dá)干物質(zhì)的30%以上,雞腳草最低,僅4%[18-20]。豆科牧草小葉錦雞兒和白三葉WSC含量高于沙打旺和小冠花[16]。同種牧草生長在熱帶其WSC含量低于溫帶[6,7]。同種牧草的不同品種間WSC含量也有差異:Henderson[19]分析了多年生黑麥草的二倍體和四倍體材料后,發(fā)現(xiàn)四倍體WSC含量高于二倍體[21,22],Volaire和Lelievre[23]在雞腳草的研究中也得到類似結(jié)論。在相同處理?xiàng)l件下,同一部位意大利黑麥草 WSC含量高于多年生黑麥草[24-26]。Sanada等[20]研究表明,晚熟品種的雞腳草比早熟品種WSC含量高。

1.2 生長時(shí)期

牧草WSC含量的日變化受光合作用的影響,其含量從清晨到傍晚先逐漸增加,而后下降[38,45,46]。Lechtenberg等[46]研究高羊茅得出,這種日變化主要由蔗糖和葡萄糖含量變化引起。牧草WSC的季節(jié)變化從萌動(dòng)開始增加到展葉期含量有所下降,而后很快增加,一年內(nèi)可能出現(xiàn)一個(gè)或多個(gè)峰值,峰值的出現(xiàn)因環(huán)境而異[47]。通常禾本科牧草在開花前WSC的含量最高[48]。Waite和Boyd[18]通過田間試驗(yàn)證明,多年生黑麥草莖基部 WSC含量在營養(yǎng)生長期積累,在生殖生長期減少,此時(shí)WSC轉(zhuǎn)化為淀粉儲(chǔ)存在種子中。這一結(jié)論在后續(xù)研究中在多種植物中被證實(shí)[30,49]。

表1 各種牧草中WSC含量Table 1 The content of water-soulble carbohydrate in a variety of grass

1.3 牧草部位

WSC在牧草各組織器官中并不均勻分配[24],牧草莖基部和根(根莖、鱗莖)中所含WSC一般較多,但是禾本科植物的葉鞘也是WSC貯存的主要器官[50,51],另外,在牧草生長組織(葉伸長區(qū)、根尖)WSC含量較高;土壤水分條件良好的植株葉基部WSC最高,比葉鞘高2倍以上,且幼嫩葉片比成熟葉片的WSC含量高[52]。意大利黑麥草殘茬中的WSC含量最高,隨后是伸長及擴(kuò)展的葉片和根,這主要是因?yàn)槿~鞘沒有從殘茬中分離出來,所以殘茬碳水化合物的水平較高,又由于伸長的葉片代謝比擴(kuò)展的葉片高,導(dǎo)致增加的果聚糖存儲(chǔ)在伸長的葉片組織中[28]。Turner等[53]發(fā)現(xiàn)雞腳草與雀麥莖稈中距地面11~20mm區(qū)域WSC含量最高,且70%WSC集中在2種牧草0~60mm的莖中,鴨茅莖中離地面41~100mm部分WSC含量基本穩(wěn)定,而雀麥為逐漸減少(表2)。且莖基部-根冠的WSC介于根與莖之間[26],莖節(jié)比節(jié)間的WSC含量低[24],但也有研究發(fā)現(xiàn)雞腳草和牛尾草(Festucaelatior)莖葉部 WSC含量高于根部[54]。

2 環(huán)境

2.1 水分

水分脅迫影響植物體中碳水化合物代謝過程。一些試驗(yàn)表明,在干旱前期,牧草的 WSC[55,56]和果聚糖含量增加[23],隨著脅迫加劇,WSC含量減少[57,58],即干旱脅迫時(shí),植物體內(nèi)WSC含量表現(xiàn)為先增加后減少的趨勢(shì)[59]。Thomas[57]認(rèn)為多年生黑麥草蔗糖和果聚糖含量在干旱時(shí)增加,低聚三糖、四糖含量降低。雞腳草在干旱50d后葉組織中WSC含量增加40%~50%[23]。但也有試驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn),在干旱條件下,多年生黑麥草莖基部組織的蔗糖和己糖濃度增加,而果聚糖和其他 WSC含量減少[60,61],主要是因?yàn)楦珊禃r(shí)果聚糖水解為小分子化合物,增加了植物的滲透勢(shì),降低水勢(shì)[60],增加植物的抗干旱能力[61,62]。而水分脅迫條件下,雞腳草體內(nèi)果聚糖含量增加,但水解過程也有所加強(qiáng)[23]。

Jiang和Wang[63]發(fā)現(xiàn)在水淹脅迫條件下,匍匐翦股穎(Agrostisstolonifera)芽的WSC含量增加,這主要是缺氧條件下,牧草根和芽的碳水化合物含量增加[64]。

表2 牧草各部位WSC的含量[53]Table 2 The water-soluble carbohydrate relations to segment of grasses

2.2 溫度

植物光合和呼吸作用是在一系列酶促反應(yīng)下完成,溫度通過調(diào)節(jié)酶的活性來影響植物體內(nèi)的生化反應(yīng)。Baker和Jung[65]對(duì)梯牧草、雀麥、雞腳草和草地早熟禾進(jìn)行溫度控制試驗(yàn),結(jié)果顯示,夜晚溫度從1.8℃增加到18.3℃幾種牧草WSC含量減少的幅度大于白天溫度從18.3℃增加到34.8℃,因?yàn)檫m宜地增加白天溫度可使光合作用和呼吸作用都增強(qiáng),而增加夜晚溫度特別是高于最適溫度僅使植物的呼吸作用增強(qiáng)[66]。低溫使WSC含量增加[11,67],植物根中的 WSC含量在低溫(1.2~2.3℃)要比高溫(20.4~32.7℃)高近3倍[68]。冬季在光照充足且溫度適宜時(shí),牧草 WSC濃度最高[69-71],主要是由于這時(shí)有較低的呼吸速率,Sanada等[37]發(fā)現(xiàn) WSC含量與雞腳草的抗寒性呈正相關(guān)關(guān)系。由此可見,在低溫條件下,牧草葉片中可溶性糖的積累是其適應(yīng)低溫環(huán)境的一種反應(yīng)。

2.3 光照

光照強(qiáng)度和光照時(shí)間影響植物的光合速率和WSC含量。黑麥草WSC含量在相同溫度條件下(白天15℃,晚間10℃),低光照強(qiáng)度(90g/kg DM)僅是高光照強(qiáng)度的1/4[72]。Fulkerson和 Trevaskis[73]研究表明,葉片和刈割后殘茬中的WSC含量變化與每天的光照時(shí)間和太陽輻射量呈正相關(guān)關(guān)系,但是在試驗(yàn)最后6d的陰云天氣下,殘茬和葉片的WSC含量下降50%以上。Mackenzie和Wylam[74]發(fā)現(xiàn)遮光的黑麥草蔗糖含量在24h內(nèi)迅速下降,而果聚糖含量在24h后保持不變,48h后稍有減少。Ciavarella等[38]觀察喜濕虉草遮光后除蔗糖以外的WSC成分都減少,但是在除去遮蓋物2~4h后,減少的量又恢復(fù),Waite和Boyd[18]及 Marais等[75]在意大利黑麥草的研究中也得出相同結(jié)論。由此可見,減少光照強(qiáng)度會(huì)降低牧草WSC含量。

2.4 鹽分

可溶性糖既是植物生長中合成其他有機(jī)物的碳架和能量來源,又是滲透調(diào)節(jié)物質(zhì),鹽脅迫對(duì)WSC含量也有影響。劉華等[36]對(duì)2年生的堿茅經(jīng)硫酸鹽混合液處理約半月之后,發(fā)現(xiàn)其葉片和根系中非結(jié)構(gòu)性碳水化合物(淀粉+可溶性糖)含量在低鹽和高鹽脅迫下均降低。肖強(qiáng)等[35]對(duì)不同鹽濃度溶液培養(yǎng)的互花米草研究表明,在高鹽度(50‰)海水下,互花米草葉片中可溶性糖含量隨鹽濃度增加總體上呈上升趨勢(shì)。Chiy和Phillips[15]研究了添加鈉對(duì)白三葉和多年生黑麥草的影響,發(fā)現(xiàn)鈉鹽使多年生黑麥草WSC含量增加,而使白三葉減少。這可能是由于鈉使豆科牧草固氮能力增強(qiáng),導(dǎo)致固氮菌消耗了較多的WSC,使植物WSC含量減少[76];而在多年生黑麥草中鈉可以刺激液泡膜上的ATP酶活性,來增加蔗糖含量[77],或者在喜鈉植物中激活淀粉合成酶增加WSC的含量。

3 管理

3.1 氮、磷、鉀

氮素是構(gòu)成蛋白質(zhì)的主要成分,能促進(jìn)植物的光合作用和干物質(zhì)生產(chǎn),是植物生長的重要元素之一。土壤中礦物質(zhì)缺乏時(shí),牧草體內(nèi)部分有機(jī)化合物不能合成,使得WSC的利用率降低,含量相對(duì)增加。但長期缺乏會(huì)使牧草的生長受阻,葉面積也會(huì)受到影響,最終WSC含量也會(huì)下降,因此,適量施肥(氮、鉀)增加牧草WSC含量[75,78-80],只有過多施用時(shí),WSC才會(huì)降低[81]。但更多的研究表明,增施氮肥可增加牧草中粗蛋白含量,降低WSC含量[82-84]。Reid和Strachan[82]對(duì)多年生黑麥草進(jìn)一步研究發(fā)現(xiàn),牧草粗蛋白含量增加一個(gè)單位,WSC含量降低一個(gè)單位,但是這種增加是短期的。氮肥的長期施用可以提高牧草產(chǎn)量和 WSC含量[72,85],這是因?yàn)榈适┘右院蠼?jīng)過一段時(shí)間,牧草吸收利用增加了植株光合葉面積而使 WSC含量增加[86]。李焰焰[81]研究表明,氮肥分次施用比一次基施對(duì)提高小黑麥(Triticale)生育中期(拔節(jié)到抽穗)的全株可溶性糖含量效果要好。磷、鉀等的缺乏常導(dǎo)致植株光合效率下降,光抑制增強(qiáng),從而使植株光合產(chǎn)物的積累減少,進(jìn)而影響光合產(chǎn)物的運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)分配。但是牧草中此類研究報(bào)道較少,僅有一些缺磷、鉀對(duì)大豆(Glycinemax)、菜豆(Phaseolusvulgaris)等水溶性碳水化合物在植物中的含量和分配的研究報(bào)道[87]。

3.2 CO2濃度

CO2是植物光合作用的原料,但大氣中的CO2一般不能滿足植物光合作用的需求,所以它常是光合作用的限制因子[88]。因此,CO2可作為肥料,提高環(huán)境中CO2的濃度能夠增加豆科牧草苜蓿[89]和落地三葉草葉片中的淀粉含量[90]。Baxter等[91]在CO2濃度分別為680和340μmol/mol條件下比較了細(xì)弱翦股穎(A.capillaris)、F.vivipara和高山早熟禾3種牧草中WSC含量的變化,發(fā)現(xiàn)105d后,高濃度下F.vivipara及高山早熟禾葉片及葉鞘WSC含量增加,而細(xì)弱翦股穎在58d后,葉片和葉鞘WSC減少;高濃度的CO2使F.vivipara及細(xì)弱翦股穎根部的WSC分別減少25%和55%,但對(duì)高山早熟禾根部WSC含量沒有影響。Baxter等[91]也證明短期在適宜范圍內(nèi)提高CO2濃度,能促進(jìn)植物光合同化的能力,但時(shí)間延長反而會(huì)影響光合作用的進(jìn)行。

3.3 家畜采食與刈割

草地管理影響牧草體內(nèi)養(yǎng)分分配及其含量。Grant等[92]報(bào)道,增加家畜采食和刈割的強(qiáng)度(減少留茬高度,會(huì)導(dǎo)致多年生黑麥草中的WSC含量減少[93,94]。Donaghy[95]證實(shí)家畜的采食間隔時(shí)間越短,牧草中WSC含量就越低,這一結(jié)論與Fulkerson[96]研究一致。張光輝[30]發(fā)現(xiàn),在羊草刈割后第1天內(nèi),牧草地上根莖部 WSC含量表現(xiàn)為增加的趨勢(shì),第2天開始(除蔗糖外)逐漸降低,第6天降至最低值,尤其是果聚糖和甘露醇,其降幅分別達(dá)到50%和70%;至刈割后第12天,各種WSC的含量開始逐漸增加。WSC的分配方式可刺激牧草的分蘗[30],直接影響其再生[97,98]。另外,第2茬牧草比第1茬的 WSC含量低[99]。王靜等[98]對(duì)放牧干擾下冷蒿種群葉綠素、可溶性糖含量的變化進(jìn)行了研究,結(jié)果表明,在不同的放牧梯度上,1年齡冷蒿,可溶性糖含量隨著放牧強(qiáng)度的增加顯著降低;在多年齡冷蒿中,可溶性糖含量隨著放牧強(qiáng)度的增加變化不顯著。

4 小結(jié)

碳水化合物代謝作為植物最基本的代謝過程之一,其在牧草體內(nèi)含量的變化受到遺傳、部位和不同生長時(shí)期的影響,另外溫度、水分、鹽等非生物脅迫均對(duì)植物WSC含量有不同程度的影響。不同營養(yǎng)元素對(duì)牧草WSC的代謝影響也不盡相同,在適宜范圍內(nèi),能提高可溶性糖的含量,促進(jìn)植物生長;而過量時(shí),則對(duì)植物生長及可溶性糖積累起反作用。草地管理措施得當(dāng)也能有效地促進(jìn)可溶性糖向植物的生殖器官輸入。綜上所述,植物對(duì)各種外界因素的響應(yīng),均能通過植株體內(nèi)可溶性碳水化合物的變化表現(xiàn)出來。已有研究結(jié)果表明,可溶性碳水化合物中葡萄糖、果糖、蔗糖和低聚合度的果聚糖均可能是信號(hào)物質(zhì)[100]。盡管目前對(duì)植物WSC的代謝及其對(duì)各因素的響應(yīng)有較為深入的了解,但是關(guān)于水溶性碳水化合物代謝對(duì)環(huán)境脅迫的響應(yīng)機(jī)制尚不完全清楚,雖然“糖信號(hào)”在植物生長發(fā)育過程中的作用日益受到重視,但是各種水溶性碳水化合物作為信號(hào)物質(zhì)在植物生態(tài)系統(tǒng)中的作用還不明確,亦有待進(jìn)一步的研究。

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