白慧健,馬太芳,李 釗
(山西醫(yī)科大學(xué)汾陽學(xué)院組織胚胎學(xué)教研室,山西汾陽 032200)
先天性食管閉鎖并氣管食管瘺的早期胚胎學(xué)研究
白慧健,馬太芳,李 釗
(山西醫(yī)科大學(xué)汾陽學(xué)院組織胚胎學(xué)教研室,山西汾陽 032200)
目的采用阿霉素誘導(dǎo)食管閉鎖并氣管食管瘺(eSophageal atreSia and tracheoeSophageal fiStula,EATEF)大鼠模型,探討胚胎發(fā)育過程中氣管、食管分化異常的發(fā)生機(jī)制以及可能的影響因素。方法SD雌性孕鼠10只,隨機(jī)分為空白對(duì)照組、模型組,每組5只;模型組于第6~9天,每日腹腔注射阿霉素2.0mg/kg,空白對(duì)照組5只SD大鼠于第11.5、12.5天,模型組5只SD大鼠于第11.5、12.5、13.5天進(jìn)行取材。取材標(biāo)本進(jìn)行HE及PAS染色,形成纖維細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)因子7、10(fibroblaSt growth factor 7、10,F(xiàn)GF7,10),免疫組織化學(xué)染色。結(jié)果①模型組,11.5d標(biāo)本HE染色后未見明顯肺芽萌出,12.5d可見瘺管與兩側(cè)支氣管類似三分叉結(jié)構(gòu),多在相同水平發(fā)生,PAS染色及FGF7、10免疫組織化學(xué)染色可見瘺管組織陽性染色,近段前腸可見喉氣管憩室以遠(yuǎn)端腹側(cè)半為陽性;②空白對(duì)照組,HE染色可見到11.5d肺芽萌出,12.5d時(shí)可見氣管、食管分離,在氣管、食管分離處的前腸壁內(nèi)有大量凋亡小體,PAS染色以及FGF7、10免疫組織化學(xué)染色可見前腸背側(cè)及食管表現(xiàn)為陰性,前腸腹側(cè)半及氣管部分為陽性。結(jié)論通過阿霉素致畸形動(dòng)物模型早期胚胎學(xué)的研究可知,正常氣管、食管的分隔可能與局部細(xì)胞的凋亡具有相關(guān)性;氣管、食管的正常分隔可能是前腸正常發(fā)育的必須條件,F(xiàn)GF7、10在模型組氣管食管瘺中可能存在間充質(zhì)細(xì)胞的異常,產(chǎn)生異常的信號(hào)因子而導(dǎo)致氣管食管瘺。
食管閉鎖;氣管食管瘺;胚胎學(xué)
先天性食管閉鎖(eSophageal atreSia,EA)是一種嚴(yán)重的新生兒消化道發(fā)育畸形,其發(fā)病率為0.022%~0.02S%,常常伴發(fā)氣管食管瘺(tracheoeSophageal fiStula,TEF)。近幾年來,隨著阿霉素誘導(dǎo)EA-TEF動(dòng)物模型的研制成功,畸形的胚胎學(xué)研究再一次成為研究的熱點(diǎn)[1],因EA-TEF的發(fā)生機(jī)制尚不明確,完整的早期人類胚胎學(xué)獲取較為困難[2],因此,本研究通過大鼠早期胚胎前腸的發(fā)育及阿霉素致畸大鼠EA-TEF的發(fā)生機(jī)制,探討人類胚胎學(xué)發(fā)育中食管閉鎖形成的機(jī)制,現(xiàn)將結(jié)果報(bào)告如下。
1.1 實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物:選擇無特定病原體級(jí)SD大鼠16只,雌性10只,雄性6只,周齡6~S周,平均(6.9± 0.3)周,體質(zhì)量240~2S0g,平均(261.3±S.2)g。在溫度25~2S℃、濕度54%環(huán)境下飼養(yǎng),大鼠均自由飲食;實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物購于山西醫(yī)科大學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物中心。
1.2 實(shí)驗(yàn)方法
1.2.1 模型制備:16只實(shí)驗(yàn)進(jìn)入SPF動(dòng)物房4Sh環(huán)境適應(yīng)后,雌性大鼠10只以5∶3比例與雄性大鼠于下午1S∶00合籠,混養(yǎng)過夜。于次日早晨做陰道涂片,當(dāng)有精液提示均以進(jìn)行交配,此日作為妊娠0.5d(E0.5)。隨機(jī)將孕鼠分為模型組5只,空白對(duì)照組5只,模型組孕鼠于妊娠第6~9天連續(xù)腹腔注射2.0mg/kg阿霉素,空白對(duì)照組腹腔注射0.9%生理鹽水。
1.2.2 標(biāo)本采集:對(duì)照組5只孕鼠于E 11.5、12.5d,模型組3只于E 11.5~E 13.5d處死,進(jìn)行剖腹取胚胎。4.0%多聚甲醛固定,進(jìn)行石蠟包埋;胚胎自咽部至胃以5.0μm的厚度連續(xù)切片,進(jìn)行HE及PAS染色。模型組與對(duì)照組標(biāo)本取尾段切片,采用兔抗大鼠多克隆抗體,進(jìn)行形成纖維細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)因子7、10(fibroblaSt growth factor)FGF7、10免疫組織化學(xué)染色。
2.1 HE染色
2.1.1 對(duì)照組:①E11.5d,頭段前腸管腔向腹側(cè)膨出,形成喉氣管憩室;中段腹側(cè)管腔有變寬趨勢(shì),橫切面呈現(xiàn)啞鈴狀;尾段可見成對(duì)肺芽自前腸腹側(cè)萌出;②E12.5d,中段前腸管腔呈扁圓形,縱軸為背側(cè)向腹側(cè)方向;腹側(cè)部分管腔膨大,肺芽發(fā)育成雙側(cè)支氣管芽,支氣管于食管分離處可見大量凋亡小體,食管及支氣管周圍間質(zhì)組織呈環(huán)狀,結(jié)果見圖1。
2.1.2 模型組:①E11.5d,前腸為單一的管道,管腔無啞鈴狀向腹側(cè)突出的表現(xiàn),管腔外形不規(guī)則,未有肺芽萌出,出現(xiàn)前腸局部上皮增厚;前腸區(qū)域比正常范圍面積減少;②E12.5d,見有喉氣管憩室,未見前腸管道分隔開,成對(duì)的肺芽萌出,發(fā)育延長(zhǎng)成雙側(cè)支氣管芽,未有明顯凋亡小體出現(xiàn);前腸及瘺管周圍間質(zhì)組織紊亂,支氣管芽周圍間質(zhì)細(xì)胞排列規(guī)則,呈環(huán)形包繞;③E13.5d,共同的前腸管道延長(zhǎng),氣管于瘺管組織的位置有向尾端移動(dòng)的趨勢(shì),結(jié)果見圖2。
2.2 PAS染色:模型組與對(duì)照組E11.5d時(shí)的PAS染色均呈陰性;E12.5d時(shí),對(duì)照組前腸腹側(cè)及左、右支氣管為陽性,背側(cè)及遠(yuǎn)端食管陰性,結(jié)果見圖3。模型組E12.5d,前腸腹側(cè)、左、右支氣管及遠(yuǎn)端瘺管起始段為陽性,瘺管遠(yuǎn)端為陰性,前腸背側(cè)部分為陰性,結(jié)果見圖4。
2.3 免疫組織化學(xué)法:2組胚胎前腸尾段FGF7、10的表達(dá),E11.5d,對(duì)照組與模型組為陰性;E12.5d時(shí),對(duì)照組左、右支氣管上皮出現(xiàn)較多陽性細(xì)胞,食管呈陰性;模型組左、右支氣管及瘺管的上皮均出現(xiàn)陽性染色細(xì)胞。
圖1 對(duì)照組E12.5d(HE染色×20)Figure 1 Control group E12.5d(HE Staining×20)
圖2 模型組E12.5d(HE染色×20)Figure 2 Model group E12.5d(HE Staining×20)
圖3 對(duì)照組E12.5d(PAS染色×20)Figure 3 The control group E12.5d(PAS Staining×20)
圖4 模型組E12.5d(PAS染色×20)Figure 4 Model group E12.5d(PAS Staining×20)
相關(guān)資料記載[3],阿霉素誘導(dǎo)的食管閉鎖伴氣管瘺動(dòng)物模型在大鼠胚胎中研制成功后,對(duì)相關(guān)畸形的研究迅速成為熱點(diǎn)。食管和咽部由前腸衍變而來,在胚胎的初期兩組同一管腔,前腸管的腔面相應(yīng)出現(xiàn)兩條縱嵴,在發(fā)育的過程中縱溝逐漸加深,相應(yīng)的縱嵴越來越接近,最后縱嵴會(huì)合,將前腸分為兩個(gè)管道,腹側(cè)為呼吸道,背側(cè)為食管[4]。
本文在觀察到前腸管腔自頭端向尾端形態(tài)逐漸發(fā)生變化,尾端前腸逐漸呈扁圓形管腔,管腔中央的距離逐漸變近,在形態(tài)發(fā)生中細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)(extracellular matrix,ECM)發(fā)揮重要的作用[5],在模型組氣管食管分隔處凋亡現(xiàn)象的減少是否與細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)的變化有關(guān),可以作為今后更深入的研究。
本研究顯示,模型組肺芽萌出時(shí)間較于對(duì)照組向后推遲,但形態(tài)2組基本正常,E12.5d肺芽發(fā)育與對(duì)照組類似,氣管及食管的正常分隔未見于模型組。對(duì)照組前腸正常分隔,向尾段生長(zhǎng)延長(zhǎng)[6],發(fā)育成正常的食管、氣管。模型組中,前腸維持單一的管道,生長(zhǎng)延長(zhǎng)無影響,模型組在E13.5d,氣管于瘺管組織的位置明顯趨向于尾端移動(dòng),約于腎臟原基水平一致,表明前腸正常的延長(zhǎng)沒有受到影響。肺芽萌出后,前腸的正常分隔可能對(duì)于氣管、食管的正常發(fā)育至關(guān)重要。如果分隔產(chǎn)生失敗,前腸則成為一條共同管道,可能在氣管間充質(zhì)的誘導(dǎo)下,發(fā)育成為氣管。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)[7],F(xiàn)GF7、10在阿霉素誘導(dǎo)大鼠模型整個(gè)瘺管、肺中均缺乏,但在正常大鼠肺組織中存在,本實(shí)驗(yàn)中,在正常肺組織及瘺管中均可以見到FGF7、10因子。
綜合上述分析,關(guān)于EA-TEF僅僅是在以動(dòng)物模型及動(dòng)物胚胎發(fā)育的基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行的研究,是否與人類的發(fā)育具有同樣的機(jī)制[8],還需要進(jìn)一步的臨床標(biāo)本實(shí)驗(yàn)證明。
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THE EMBRYOLOGICAL CHANGES OF THE ESOPHAGUS AND TRACHEA IN CONGENITAL ESOPHAGEAL ATRESIA AND TRACHEOESOPHAGEAL FISTULA
BAI Hui-jian,MA Tai-fang,LI Zhao
(Department of Histology and Embryology,F(xiàn)enyang College,Shanxi Medical University,F(xiàn)enyang 032200,China)
ObjectiveTo explore the proceSS of embryonic development of the trachea and eSophaguS,the mechaniSm of abnormal differentiation and poSSible influencing factorS through the adriamycin-induced-eSophageal atreSia and tracheo-eSophageal fiStula(EA-TEF)rat model. Methods Ten pregnant female SD ratS were randomly diviede into control group and model group with 5 ratS in each group;Model group received daily intraperitoneal injection of doxorubicin 2.0mg/kg.IatS of control group were Sacrificed at 11.5d and 12.5d,and 3 ratS of model group were Sacrificed at 11.5d,12.5d and 13.5d.The SpecimenS were Statined by hematoxylin and eoSin(HE)and perodic acid-Schiff (PAS)methodS.FibroblaSt growth factor 7,10(FGF 7,10)waS detected by immunohiStochemiStry. Results ①In model group,HE Stained SpecimenS of 11.5d had no obviouS lung bud eruption,thoSe of 12.5d appeared fiStula and bronchi no both SideS Similar to triple-brach,moStly occurred at the Same leuel.The fiStublar tiSSue and the diStal ventral part of larynogotracheal diverticulum waS poSitively Stained by PAS and FGF 7,10 immunohiStochemiStry.②In control group,HE Stained SpecimeaS of 11.5d Showed lung bud eruption,thoSe of 12.5d appeared the Septation between trachea and eSophaguS with lotS of apoptotic bodieS within the foregut wall around the Septation of trachea and eSophaguS.The doreSal part offoregnt and the eSophaguS waS negatively Stained,the ventral part of forget and the trachea waS poSitively Stained by FGF 7,10 immunohiStochemiStry.ConclusionThe early embryological Study uSing adriamycin-induced EA-TEF model ShowS that the normal Septation between trachea and eSophaguS may be a neceSSary condition for the normal development of foregut,which may be related to local cell apoptoSiS.The expreSSion of FGF 7,10 may be abnormal in meSenchymal cellS of TEF model group,reSulting in abnormal Signaling factorS,which lead to TEF.
eSophageal atreSia;tracheoeSophageal fiStula;embryology
I321.6
A
1007-3205(2011)07-0755-03
2011-05-02;
2011-06-0S
白慧?。?971-),男,山西吉縣人,山西醫(yī)科大學(xué)汾陽學(xué)院講師,醫(yī)學(xué)碩士,從事胚胎發(fā)育研究。
10.3969/j.iSSn.1007-3205.2011.07.004