王小英

閱讀理解能力是一項(xiàng)重要的語言技能，主要是培養(yǎng)學(xué)生用英語思維的能力及用英語獲取信息、處理信息的能力。閱讀理解要求我們既要具備一定的詞匯量和語法知識，較高的語言經(jīng)驗(yàn)積累及良好的語言感覺，又要具備一定的文化背景知識和相關(guān)的閱讀技能。中考閱讀材料在題材和體裁的選取上，更加重視具有鮮明時(shí)代特征、實(shí)用性強(qiáng)的語言材料，如報(bào)刊文章、使用說明書、招貼告示、廣告及各類圖表等。閱讀重在考查學(xué)生對篇章的整體理解和把握。選擇型閱讀理解的解題方法和步驟如下：

1． 細(xì)讀題干，心中有數(shù)。

細(xì)讀題干，首先要掌握問題的類型，分清是客觀信息題還是主觀判斷題?？陀^信息題可以從文章中直接找到答案；而主觀判斷題考查的是對文章的感情基調(diào)，作者未陳述的觀點(diǎn)以及貫穿全文的中心主旨的理解等，這類題必須經(jīng)過對作者的態(tài)度、意圖以及對整篇文章進(jìn)行深一層次的推理等。其次，了解試題題干以及各個(gè)選項(xiàng)所包含的信息，然后有針對性地對文章進(jìn)行掃讀，對有關(guān)信息進(jìn)行快速定位，再將相關(guān)信息進(jìn)行整合、甄別、分析、對比，有根有據(jù)地排除干擾項(xiàng)，選出正確答案。此法加強(qiáng)了閱讀的針對性，提高了做題的準(zhǔn)確率，節(jié)省了寶貴的時(shí)間。特別適用于對圖形表格類題材的理解。

2． 速讀全文，了解大意知主題。

抓主題句這是快速掌握文章大意的主要方法。主題句一般出現(xiàn)在文章的開頭和結(jié)尾。用歸納法撰寫的文章，此時(shí)主題句就是文章的最后一句。通常用演繹法撰寫的文章，大都遵循從一般到個(gè)別的寫作程序，即從概述開始，隨之輔以細(xì)說。這時(shí)，主題句就是文章的第一句。當(dāng)然也有些文章沒有主題句，需要讀者自己去歸納。主題句往往對全文起提示、啟迪、概括、歸納之作用，主旨大意題、歸納概括題、中心思想題往往直接可以從主題句中找到答案。

3． 詳讀細(xì)節(jié)，理順?biāo)悸放c文章脈絡(luò)。

記敘文多以人物為中心，以時(shí)間或空間為線索，按事件的發(fā)生、發(fā)展、結(jié)局展開故事；論述體則包含論點(diǎn)、論據(jù)、結(jié)論三大要素，通過解釋、舉例來闡述觀點(diǎn)。你可根據(jù)文章的特點(diǎn)，詳讀細(xì)節(jié)，以動(dòng)詞、時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、事件、因果等為線索，找出關(guān)鍵詞語，運(yùn)用“畫圖列表法”，勾畫出一幅完整清晰的文章主題和細(xì)節(jié)的認(rèn)知圖。

4． 邏輯推理，做好深層理解題。

在實(shí)際閱讀中，有時(shí)作者并未把意圖說出來，閱讀者要根據(jù)字面意思，通過語篇邏輯關(guān)系，研究細(xì)節(jié)的暗示，推敲作者的態(tài)度，理解文章的寓意。這就是通常所說的深層理解。深層理解是一種創(chuàng)作性的思維活動(dòng)。它必須忠實(shí)于原文，要以文章提供的事實(shí)和線索為依據(jù)，立足已知推斷未知，不能憑空想象，隨意揣測；它要求讀者對文字的表面信息進(jìn)行分析、挖掘和邏輯推理，不能就事論事，以偏概全。只有吃透文字的字面意思，推理才有前提和基礎(chǔ)。

5． 認(rèn)真復(fù)查，避免失誤。

這是最后一步，也是最重要的一步。我們在確定答案后，不能掉以輕心。在閱讀和答題時(shí)，我們的大腦里已輸入了不少信息，這時(shí)很有必要把所有的信息歸納整理一遍后再讀一遍短文，認(rèn)真檢查答案，利用瀏覽和查閱等方法檢查所選答案是否正確，是否符合邏輯，是否掉進(jìn)設(shè)計(jì)者的“陷阱”中。發(fā)現(xiàn)錯(cuò)誤，及時(shí)改正，力求萬無一失。

請同學(xué)們按以上方法做一做下面的短文。

【中考鏈接】

Passage 1 故事類 (2008年鹽城市)

The famous scientist and thinker, Charles Darwin, was born on February 12, 1809. As a boy, Charles liked to go for walks in the fields and forests. He enjoyed watching nature, and comparing what he saw with everything he had read in science books. He also liked collecting very much. He collected many things, birds, eggs, stones and leaves.

At sixteen Darwin was sent to Edinburgh University to become a doctor. But he was interested in the history of nature.

Then he was sent to study in Cambridge University. There he studied until 1831.

Some time later he heard that the ship Beagle was going on a trip to South America and wanted a scientist. His teacher advised him to go. So when the Beagle left England in December, 1831, Darwin was on it.

The trip lasted almost five years. Darwin saw many new plants and animals. He collected all kinds of plants.

In 1842 Darwin went to live in Kent, and there he continued his studies of change in nature. Darwin understood that plants and animals are not always the same, and that they really change.

By 1859 Darwin had finished his famous book The Origin of Species.

In 1871 Darwin wrote another important book.

Darwin continued his studies in science until he died in 1882.

1. Where was Darwin born? ____.

A. In Germany B. In France C. In England D. In America

2. What kind of books did Darwin like reading when he was a boy? ____.

A. Science book B. Chemistry books C. History books D. Medical books

3. What did Darwin work as on the ship Beagle? ____.

A. A tourist B. A doctor C. A waiter D. A scientist

4. Which book was written by Darwin in 1871? ____.

A. The Origin of Species B. The Theory of Relativity