姜經(jīng)志

①M(fèi)any years ago, there was a doctor in a small town. He was good and kind. At any time of the day and night, he was always ready to go and help the sick people. ②Everyone in the town liked him and people always went to see him when there was something wrong with them.

After many years the doctor became old. He began to lose his memory(記憶力), so he often forgot things. ③When people noticed(注意到) this, they did not go to see him any more.

④“He may give us the wrong medicine,” they said, and they were afraid(害怕) of that. But he did not understand why. So he asked why no one came to see him then. No one wanted to tell him the real reason(原因) because they did not want to make the old man unhappy.

①M(fèi)any years ago, there was a doctor in a small town.

[解析]此句為be動(dòng)詞的一般過(guò)去時(shí)。該句意為:許多年前,在一座小城鎮(zhèn)里有一位醫(yī)生。

[歸納]當(dāng)我們想要表示在過(guò)去某一時(shí)間發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)時(shí),應(yīng)用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。

be 動(dòng)詞的一般過(guò)去式的兩種形式是was與were。was是am, is的過(guò)去式;were是are的過(guò)去式,所以be動(dòng)詞的一般過(guò)去時(shí)有人稱和數(shù)的變化。

肯定句:主語(yǔ)+was/were+表語(yǔ)+其它成分。

否定句:主語(yǔ)+was/were+not+表語(yǔ)+其它成分。

一般疑問(wèn)句:Was/Were+主語(yǔ)+表語(yǔ)+其它成分?

肯定回答:Yes, 主語(yǔ)+was/were.

否定回答:No, 主語(yǔ)+wasnt/werent.例如:

I was late yesterday morning. 昨天上午我遲到了。

Li Ming and Li Mei were not here this morning. 今天上午李明和李梅不在這兒。

——Were you at school yesterday? 昨天你在學(xué)校嗎?

——Yes, I was./No, I wasnt. 是的,我在。/不,我不在。

——Were they all here half an hour ago? 半小時(shí)前他們都在這里嗎?

——Yes, they were./No, they werent. 是的,他們?cè)凇?不,他們不在。

[拓展與延伸]一般過(guò)去時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)有哪些?

一般過(guò)去時(shí)有著明確的表示過(guò)去的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ),只要認(rèn)準(zhǔn)了它,就可以判定謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞應(yīng)用過(guò)去式。一般過(guò)去時(shí)常見(jiàn)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)有:

(1)句中有表示明確的過(guò)去時(shí)間yesterday 或yesterday morning/afternoon/evening 等。例如:

——Was he there yesterday? 昨天他在那兒?jiǎn)?

——Yes, he was./No, he wasnt. 是的,他在。/不,他不在。

(2)由“時(shí)間段+ago”構(gòu)成的短語(yǔ),如:a moment ago(剛才), half an hour ago(半小時(shí)前), three days ago(三天前)等。例如:

He went to school ten minutes ago. 十分鐘前他去上學(xué)了。

(3)由“l(fā)ast+時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)”構(gòu)成的過(guò)去時(shí)間短語(yǔ),如:last night/week/month/year/spring等。例如:

Was she at work last night? 昨晚她在上班嗎?

(4)由before構(gòu)成的介詞短語(yǔ),或句中出現(xiàn)一些表示過(guò)去時(shí)間的固定詞語(yǔ),如:the day before yesterday(前天), just now(剛才), once(從前)等。例如:

Where were you the day before yesterday? 前天你在哪里?

(5)句子中有“介詞+表示過(guò)去的年月日”,如:in 2005; on May 15, 2009等。例如:

I was born in 1995. 我出生于1995年。

(6)沒(méi)有明顯的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ),但句子表示過(guò)去經(jīng)?；蚍磸?fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作,此時(shí)也有often, always 等頻度副詞表示的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。例如:

He was often late for school last term. 上學(xué)期他經(jīng)常上學(xué)遲到。

②Everyone in the town liked him and people always went to see him when there was something wrong with them.

[解析]此句為實(shí)義動(dòng)詞的一般過(guò)去時(shí),liked為動(dòng)詞like的過(guò)去式。該句意為:小鎮(zhèn)上的人都喜歡他,當(dāng)他們生病時(shí),總是到他那兒去看病。

[歸納]實(shí)義動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去式,其變化分為規(guī)則和不規(guī)則兩種。

規(guī)則動(dòng)詞過(guò)去式的構(gòu)成:

1. 一般在動(dòng)詞原形末尾加-ed。如:look→looked, watch→watched等;

2. 以e結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞末尾只加-d, 如:like→liked, hope→hoped等;

3. 末尾只有一個(gè)輔音字母的重讀閉音節(jié)的動(dòng)詞,先雙寫(xiě)該輔音字母,再加-ed。如:plan(計(jì)劃)→planned, stop→stopped等;

4. 結(jié)尾是“輔音字母+y”的動(dòng)詞,先將“y”變?yōu)椤癷”,再加-ed。如:carry→carried, worry→worried, study→studied等。

[特別提醒]結(jié)尾是“元音字母+y”的動(dòng)詞,變?yōu)檫^(guò)去式時(shí)直接在詞尾加-ed。如:play→played, stay→stayed等。

[拓展與延伸]一般過(guò)去時(shí)主要有以下幾種用法:

1. 表示在過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)間里發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。例如:

Lin Tao went to school at 7:00 this morning. 林濤今天早上七點(diǎn)去上學(xué)。

Her mother was ill last night. 昨晚她母親生病了。

2. 表示過(guò)去經(jīng)?；蚍磸?fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。例如:

Liu Fang always went to school by bus last term. 上學(xué)期劉芳一直乘公共汽車(chē)上學(xué)。

3. 表示已故的人所做的事情。例如:

Lei Feng did good deeds in his life. 雷鋒做了一生的好事。

Lu Xun wrote many great works. 魯迅生前寫(xiě)過(guò)許多不朽的作品。

4. 表示過(guò)去所發(fā)生的一系列的動(dòng)作。例如:

He came into the room, turned on the light and sat down at the table.

他走進(jìn)屋,打開(kāi)燈,然后坐在桌旁。

Mr Brown got up at six oclock this morning, dressed, had breakfast, and went to work by bike. 布朗先生今天早上六點(diǎn)起床、穿衣服、吃飯,然后騎自行車(chē)去上班了。

③When people noticed this, they did not go to see him any more.

[解析]該句為實(shí)義動(dòng)詞的一般過(guò)去時(shí)的否定形式。句意為:當(dāng)人們注意到這一點(diǎn),他們不再去他那兒看病了。

[歸納]實(shí)義動(dòng)詞在一般過(guò)去時(shí)的各種句式(包括各種答語(yǔ))中的用法同一般現(xiàn)在時(shí),但沒(méi)有人稱和數(shù)的變化,即:do/does→did。請(qǐng)看:

She worked in the office last year. (改為一般疑問(wèn)句,并作肯定和否定回答)

→——Did she work in an office last year?

——Yes, she did./No, she didnt.

I watched TV last night. (改為否定句)

→I didnt watch TV last night.

[拓展與延伸]在肯定句中,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用過(guò)去式(實(shí)義動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去式?jīng)]有人稱和數(shù)的變化);但是改為否定句時(shí),要把謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞改為“didnt+動(dòng)詞原形”;改為一般疑問(wèn)句時(shí)在句首加助動(dòng)詞did, 句中的動(dòng)詞也要改為原形;改為特殊疑問(wèn)句時(shí),將疑問(wèn)詞放在句首,句中要使用助動(dòng)詞,句中的動(dòng)詞要使用原形,但當(dāng)疑問(wèn)詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí),則無(wú)須使用did, 句中的動(dòng)詞仍使用其過(guò)去式。例如:

They played football yesterday afternoon. (肯定句)

→They didnt play football yesterday afternoon. (否定句)

→Did they play football yesterday afternoon? (一般疑問(wèn)句)

→When did they play football? (特殊疑問(wèn)句)

→Who played football yesterday afternoon? (特殊疑問(wèn)句)

④“He may give us the wrong medicine,” they said…

[解析]said是動(dòng)詞say的過(guò)去式,它是一個(gè)不規(guī)則變化。該句意為:“他可能會(huì)給我們拿錯(cuò)藥,”他們說(shuō)。

[歸納]動(dòng)詞過(guò)去式不規(guī)則變化常見(jiàn)的有以下幾點(diǎn):

1. 原形和過(guò)去式相同的有:let, put, read 等。

2. 過(guò)去式含aught或ought的動(dòng)詞共有5個(gè),是aught還是ought, 請(qǐng)看動(dòng)詞原形。若原形中第一個(gè)元音是a, e, 這個(gè)單詞的過(guò)去式則是aught; 若第一個(gè)元音字母是i或u,這個(gè)單詞的過(guò)去式則是ought。例如:

catch→caught, teach→taught, buy→bought, bring→brought, think→thought

3. 過(guò)去式含ould 的單詞共有3個(gè),can, will, 從第一個(gè)元音字母開(kāi)始變化。例如:

can→could, will→would, shall→should

4. 原形含ow或aw的動(dòng)詞,則變?yōu)閑w。例如:

know→knew, grow→grew, throw→threw, draw→drew, 特例show→showed

5. 含ee, eep或eel的動(dòng)詞,則變成ept或elt, 或去掉一個(gè)e即成過(guò)去式。例如:

feel→felt, sleep→slept, keep→kept, sweep→swept, meet→met

6. <1>含i或a的動(dòng)詞,在開(kāi)音節(jié)中,過(guò)去式變i 或a為o即成。 例如:

write→wrote, drive→drove, ride→rode, wake→woke

<2>含i 或u的動(dòng)詞,在閉音節(jié)中,過(guò)去式常把i 或u變成a即成。例如:

sit→sat, swim→swam, drink→drank, ring→rang, sink(下沉)→sank, run→ran, give→gave特例win(獲勝)→won

7. 以d結(jié)尾的部分動(dòng)詞,過(guò)去式則是把d變成t即成。例如:

build→built, lend→lent, spend→spent

8. 原形含ay的動(dòng)詞,則變?yōu)閍id。例如:

say→said, pay→paid