蘇改秀 吳鳳岐 鄒繼珍 王天有 賴建銘 周志軒 袁新宇
鼻型NK/T細(xì)胞淋巴瘤是一種少見、特殊類型的結(jié)外原發(fā)性非霍奇金淋巴瘤。1994年,淋巴瘤國(guó)際學(xué)術(shù)研討會(huì)首次提出[1],腫瘤細(xì)胞表達(dá)NK細(xì)胞相關(guān)抗原和T細(xì)胞分化抗原,有特定的免疫表型和基因型;其與EBV感染高度相關(guān)。因多原發(fā)于鼻部,因此稱鼻型NK/T細(xì)胞淋巴瘤。本病亦可以呼吸道、消化道及皮膚等部位病變?yōu)槭装l(fā)。2001年,WHO分類中明確了結(jié)外NK/T細(xì)胞淋巴瘤鼻型這一分類[2]。本病既往也稱為致死性中線肉芽腫、中線惡網(wǎng)、淋巴瘤樣肉芽腫病以及血管中心性免疫病變等。文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道其發(fā)病率占全部惡性淋巴瘤的2%~10%,亞洲發(fā)病率明顯高于北美和歐洲[3]。病理學(xué)改變以腫瘤細(xì)胞形態(tài)多樣為其特征。腫瘤常有嗜血管性,多伴有血管破壞和壞死。本病早期臨床表現(xiàn)不典型,以壞死性病變?yōu)橹?,故早期診斷難度大,誤診率較高,易與炎癥、Wegener肉芽腫、其他類型淋巴瘤及白塞病混淆。本病具有高度侵襲性,病程進(jìn)展快,易對(duì)化療藥物產(chǎn)生耐藥性,其生存期短,預(yù)后較差。本病多發(fā)于成年男性,兒童病例罕見。國(guó)內(nèi)目前尚未見兒童病例報(bào)道,為提高對(duì)兒童鼻型NK/T細(xì)胞淋巴瘤的認(rèn)識(shí),減少誤診,提高早期診斷水平,本文總結(jié)分析1例兒童鼻型NK/T細(xì)胞淋巴瘤的臨床及病理學(xué)特征,并文獻(xiàn)復(fù)習(xí)。
患兒,男,15歲,因“發(fā)熱、皮疹、鼻堵1個(gè)月”入首都兒科研究所附屬兒童醫(yī)院(我院)。
患兒入我院前1個(gè)月無(wú)明顯誘因下出現(xiàn)發(fā)熱,體溫達(dá)39℃。全身出現(xiàn)大小不等鮮紅色及紫紅色圓形皮疹,直徑1~5 cm,稍高出皮膚,無(wú)壓痛和癢感,以四肢多見。同時(shí)出現(xiàn)鼻堵,呼吸不暢。且鼻堵及呼吸不暢癥狀漸加重,有少許黃色黏性分泌物,有異味。于當(dāng)?shù)蒯t(yī)院予抗炎治療(具體治療方案不詳),體溫波動(dòng)在39.5℃,鼻堵癥狀漸加重,皮疹漸增多。入我院前14 d轉(zhuǎn)他院就診,查血常規(guī)正常,ANA 1∶20,dsDNA(-);左鼻腔新生物病理學(xué)檢查示:淋巴組織增生伴壞死。診斷為白塞病、Wegener肉芽腫和系統(tǒng)性血管炎。予甲潑尼龍40 mg·d-1治療。體溫降至38.5℃,發(fā)熱間隔時(shí)間延長(zhǎng),但鼻堵癥狀和皮疹未見好轉(zhuǎn),左下肢脛骨內(nèi)側(cè)皮疹直徑增至7 cm,漸高出皮膚,表面呈黑紫色。
入我院前7 d,體溫再次升至39.5℃;甲潑尼龍加量至120 mg·d-1,發(fā)熱、皮疹及鼻堵癥狀仍無(wú)好轉(zhuǎn);入我院前3 d雙眼發(fā)紅,無(wú)分泌物,不伴癢感?;純喊l(fā)病以來(lái),精神欠佳,食欲差,大小便正常,間斷出現(xiàn)輕微腹痛。
既往史:患兒2年來(lái)反復(fù)出現(xiàn)口腔潰瘍,未就診。
入院查體:全身散在大小不等皮疹,略高出皮膚,直徑1~5 cm,呈鮮紅色及紫紅色,以雙下肢多見,左下肢脛骨內(nèi)側(cè)可見一直徑約7 cm紫紅色結(jié)節(jié)(圖1)。雙眼球結(jié)膜充血,有少許黏性分泌物。鼻翼腫脹,鼻腔內(nèi)有增生物,有異味及黃色分泌物。口腔內(nèi)可見多個(gè)潰瘍。余查體均未見明顯異常。
圖1 雙下肢皮膚損害表現(xiàn)
Fig 1 Cutaneous metastasis of lower extremity
Notes Rashs with varying sizes could be seen, slightly out of leather, showing bright red and purple. The left lower limb extensor side showed a diameter of about 7 cm purple nodules
實(shí)驗(yàn)室檢查:血常規(guī)WBC 12.5×109·L-1,N 0.87,余未見異常;CRP 41 mg·L-1;ESR 3 mm·h-1。血培養(yǎng)細(xì)菌(-)。自身抗體、中性粒細(xì)胞胞質(zhì)抗體、EBV抗體和針刺試驗(yàn)均(-)。骨髓穿刺示:骨髓增生極度活躍,三系大致正常。眼科會(huì)診提示無(wú)色素膜炎。
鼻竇CT報(bào)告示:左側(cè)上頜竇內(nèi)可見黏膜增厚,氣液面,篩竇呈軟組織密度影,骨質(zhì)未見破壞,篩竇內(nèi)側(cè)黏膜增厚;右側(cè)上頜竇內(nèi)側(cè)壁可見局部黏膜增厚,篩竇黏膜增厚。鼻甲肥大,密度均勻一致,鼻腔間隙閉塞為軟組織影;鼻中隔右偏。考慮:①副鼻竇炎(左側(cè)明顯),左篩竇黏液囊腫;②鼻炎,鼻甲肥大,鼻腔間隙閉塞。
鼻竇MRI示:T1和T2加權(quán)顯示雙側(cè)側(cè)鼻腔及副鼻竇內(nèi)可見稍長(zhǎng)T2、等T1信號(hào)腫物,左側(cè)顯著,腫物外形不規(guī)則,內(nèi)部呈腦回樣,信號(hào)欠均勻,腫物填塞整個(gè)竇腔,呈膨脹性生長(zhǎng),部分竇壁中斷(圖2A,B)。
圖2 患兒鼻竇MRI所見
Fig 2 Sinus MRI
Notes A(sinus MRI,T1),B(sinus MRI,T2): The mass could be seen in the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses,with a little bit long signal in T2 and equal in T1, notably in the left side. The tumor was irregular,like gyrus inside.Its signal was uneven. The sinus cavity was entirely filled with tumor showing expansive growth. Part of the sinus wall was interrupted
入院診斷:發(fā)熱、皮疹原因待查,白塞???Wegener肉芽腫?淋巴瘤?
診療經(jīng)過(guò):入院后繼續(xù)予甲潑尼龍40 mg·d-1和青霉素等治療。入院后5 h患兒雙踝關(guān)節(jié)腫痛伴活動(dòng)受限,皮膚溫度升高,以左踝明顯。腹痛進(jìn)行性加重,入院后15 h查腹壓痛明顯,呈板狀腹。立位腹部X線檢查可見膈下積氣,提示腸穿孔。遂行直腸穿孔修補(bǔ)、闌尾切除及回腸提吊造瘺術(shù)。切除腸管送病理學(xué)檢查。入院后48 h,雙耳突然出現(xiàn)聽力喪失,持續(xù)5~10 min后緩解。入院后4 d左下肢皮疹病理學(xué)檢查示:真皮小血管及皮膚附件周圍可見異形淋巴細(xì)胞浸潤(rùn),異形淋巴細(xì)胞形態(tài)大小不一,以中等大小細(xì)胞為主,其間尚可見部分腫瘤細(xì)胞體積較大。細(xì)胞核形態(tài)不規(guī)則,可見皺褶,染色質(zhì)呈顆粒狀,核仁一般不明顯或較小,核分裂相易見(圖3A)。左下肢脛骨內(nèi)側(cè)皮膚結(jié)節(jié)穿刺涂片,鏡下見大量腫瘤細(xì)胞,腫瘤細(xì)胞的形態(tài)與左下肢皮疹病理學(xué)檢查所見的腫瘤細(xì)胞形態(tài)相似(圖3B)。切除腸管病理學(xué)檢查示:部分盲腸壁黏膜及肌間可見灶狀異形淋巴細(xì)胞浸潤(rùn),其形態(tài)與左下肢皮疹病理學(xué)檢查所見相似(圖3C)。左下肢脛骨內(nèi)側(cè)皮膚結(jié)節(jié)免疫組化檢查示:CD45RO(++),CD3(++)~(+++)(圖3D), CD56(++)~(+++)(圖3E);GranzymeB、CD20、CD79a及CD68均(-)。結(jié)合臨床表現(xiàn)、病理學(xué)檢查及免疫組化結(jié)果,診斷為NK/T細(xì)胞淋巴瘤,鼻型。
確診后患兒家屬放棄治療,患兒于出院2個(gè)月后死亡。
圖3 患兒病理學(xué)檢查和免疫組化結(jié)果
Fig 3 Results of pathological and immunohistochemical examinations
Notes A:Pathological examination of left lower extremity skin nodules, bowel and left anterior tubercle puncture indicated that profiled lymphocyte infiltration could be seen surrounding small blood vessels of dermis and skin appendage. The shape and size of profiled lymphocytes varied,mainly medium-sized cells. Part of the tumor cells were with large size. The shape of nucleus was irregular,fold could be seen. Chromatin was granular. Nucleolus was not obvious or smaller. Mitosis was easily to be seen,HE staining, x 400;B:Pathological examination of the effluence of left anterior tibial tumor ulceration,numerous tumor cells,the morphology of the tumor cells was same as seen in skin nodule of left lower limb,HE staining,×1 000;C:Pathological examination of cecal perforating,focal abnormal lymphocyte infiltration around mucosa and muscle of partial cecal wall,the morphology was same as seen in skin nodule,HE staining,×400;D:Immunohistochemical examination of skin nodule in left lower extremity,tumor cells expressed T cell marker CD3, ×400;E:Immunohistochemical examination of skin nodule in left lower extremity,tumor cells expressed NK-cell-specific antibody CD56, ×400
非霍奇金淋巴瘤根據(jù)腫瘤細(xì)胞來(lái)源的不同分為B細(xì)胞、T細(xì)胞和NK細(xì)胞3種。鼻型NK/T細(xì)胞淋巴瘤起源于NK細(xì)胞和T細(xì)胞,本病為結(jié)外原發(fā)鼻型NK/T細(xì)胞淋巴瘤,大部分為NK細(xì)胞來(lái)源,極少部分為細(xì)胞毒T細(xì)胞。該病的發(fā)生與EBV感染密切相關(guān)[4]。Aozasa等[5]報(bào)道,接觸殺蟲劑和有機(jī)溶劑也可能是本病的誘發(fā)因素。
本病男性多見,男女比例為2~4∶1,中位年齡為44歲,兒童病例罕見。Pellier等[6]曾報(bào)道1例15歲患兒。鼻型NK/T細(xì)胞淋巴瘤主要侵及鼻腔及面中線部位, 鼻塞和鼻衄伴惡臭為其常見表現(xiàn),并伴有耳鳴、聲嘶、咽痛和吞咽不適等,進(jìn)行性發(fā)展可有鼻竇、眼眶、額骨等處軟組織及骨侵犯。多伴發(fā)皮膚轉(zhuǎn)移,表現(xiàn)為皮疹、皮膚結(jié)節(jié)、潰瘍和黏膜紅斑等,并可侵及胃腸道、肺以及睪丸等,淋巴結(jié)受侵和遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移少見。中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)亦可被侵及。Luther等[7]報(bào)道鼻型NK/T細(xì)胞淋巴瘤侵及中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)雖不足3%,但預(yù)后不良。由于本病與EBV感染密切相關(guān),部分病例還可并發(fā)噬血細(xì)胞綜合征表現(xiàn),如高熱、肝脾腫大、血細(xì)胞減少及肝功能異常等。Brodkin 等[8]近期報(bào)道1例11歲男性患兒確診鼻型NK/T細(xì)胞淋巴瘤合并噬血細(xì)胞綜合征。
鼻型NK/T細(xì)胞淋巴瘤主要原發(fā)于鼻腔,也可原發(fā)于韋氏環(huán)(主要侵及鼻咽、扁桃體、口咽和舌根)和上呼吸道外(主要侵及皮膚、軟組織和胃腸道)[9]。本例患兒為原發(fā)于鼻腔的NK/T細(xì)胞淋巴瘤,后發(fā)生皮膚及胃腸道轉(zhuǎn)移。
鼻型NK/T細(xì)胞淋巴瘤的確診依靠臨床表現(xiàn)與影像學(xué)檢查、病理形態(tài)學(xué)特征及免疫表型檢查相結(jié)合。在臨床上,呈進(jìn)行性發(fā)展的面部中線破壞性病變應(yīng)高度警惕本病的可能。其病理特點(diǎn)為血管中心性病變,腫瘤細(xì)胞在血管壁內(nèi)大量浸潤(rùn)并破壞血管壁,造成炎癥和壞死。腫瘤細(xì)胞形態(tài)大小不等,細(xì)胞核復(fù)雜多樣,背景表現(xiàn)為較多的反應(yīng)性炎癥細(xì)胞,與炎癥反應(yīng)較難鑒別[10]。免疫表型:鼻型NK/T 細(xì)胞淋巴瘤表達(dá)T細(xì)胞抗原CD2、胞質(zhì)CD3、NK細(xì)胞抗原CD56、細(xì)胞毒相關(guān)蛋白TIA-1、顆粒酶B及穿孔素均(+)[11],細(xì)胞膜CD3(-)。
本例患兒首先出現(xiàn)鼻部癥狀,表現(xiàn)為鼻堵、分泌物增多有異味、呼吸不暢且逐漸加重,鼻竇CT及MRI均提示為占位性病變。隨著病情的快速進(jìn)展,繼而發(fā)生皮膚、消化道和關(guān)節(jié)的轉(zhuǎn)移,引起腹痛等消化道癥狀,直至腸穿孔,并伴隨發(fā)熱。左下肢皮疹、切除腸管病理學(xué)檢查均可見異形淋巴細(xì)胞浸潤(rùn)。免疫組化示:腫瘤細(xì)胞表達(dá)T細(xì)胞標(biāo)記物CD45RO、CD3和CD56均(+)。左下肢脛骨內(nèi)側(cè)皮膚結(jié)節(jié)穿刺涂片鏡下見大量形態(tài)相似的腫瘤細(xì)胞,符合鼻型NK/T細(xì)胞淋巴瘤診斷。
鼻型NK/T細(xì)胞淋巴瘤應(yīng)與以下疾病相鑒別。①炎癥:主要依據(jù)臨床表現(xiàn)、病理特點(diǎn)及抗炎治療的反應(yīng)來(lái)鑒別。②兒童腫瘤樣疾?。旱头只┮罁?jù)病理學(xué)及免疫組化檢查鑒別;皮下脂膜炎樣T細(xì)胞淋巴瘤多表現(xiàn)為多發(fā)性皮下結(jié)節(jié),瘤細(xì)胞表達(dá)T細(xì)胞標(biāo)記,但不表達(dá)EBV及細(xì)胞毒性蛋白[12]。③兒童風(fēng)濕性疾?。篧egener 肉芽腫是以上、下呼吸道出現(xiàn)壞死性肉芽腫性炎癥血管炎和腎小球腎炎,同時(shí)侵及皮膚組織和肺等器官為特征的多系統(tǒng)疾病,抗中性粒細(xì)胞胞質(zhì)抗體陽(yáng)性率為78%~100%[13],無(wú)異形腫瘤細(xì)胞;白塞病是一種全身性、慢性的血管炎癥性疾病,主要臨床表現(xiàn)為復(fù)發(fā)性口腔潰瘍、生殖器潰瘍、眼炎及皮膚損害,也可累及血管、神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)、消化道及關(guān)節(jié)等組織和器官,好發(fā)年齡為16~40 歲,中國(guó)以女性居多[14]。既往文獻(xiàn)中并未見鼻型NK/T細(xì)胞淋巴瘤誤診為白塞病的報(bào)道,本例患兒2年來(lái)間斷出現(xiàn)口腔潰瘍,皮膚損害表現(xiàn)為結(jié)節(jié)樣紅斑,伴有胃腸道和關(guān)節(jié)炎表現(xiàn),與白塞病臨床表現(xiàn)相似,一度誤診為白塞病,但患兒鼻腔內(nèi)分泌物增多、異味及增生物不能用白塞病解釋,且無(wú)色素膜炎和外陰潰瘍等表現(xiàn),應(yīng)用甲潑尼龍無(wú)效不支持白塞病的診斷,結(jié)合病理學(xué)及免疫組化檢查可進(jìn)行鑒別。
放療可根治早期鼻型NK/T細(xì)胞淋巴瘤。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),早期患者單行放療完全緩解可達(dá)50/67例,15/67例可達(dá)部分緩解。鼻型NK/T細(xì)胞淋巴瘤對(duì)化療不敏感,療效較差[15]。早期病例采取單一放療或放療后化療其總體生存率可達(dá)50%以上,而中晚期病例多予化療后放療,其總體生存率僅為0~20%[16]。Yokoyama等[17]應(yīng)用同種異基因造血干細(xì)胞移植成功治愈了1 例36 歲日本女性鼻型NK/ T 細(xì)胞淋巴瘤患者,為本病治療提供了新的方法。
鼻型NK/T細(xì)胞淋巴瘤預(yù)后較差。Kim 等[18]研究表明,其5 年生存率僅為20%~56%。年齡>60 歲、進(jìn)展期病變和臨床行為表現(xiàn)差的患者預(yù)后較差[19]。此外, 無(wú)EBV感染患者的生存期明顯高于EBV感染患者[20]。發(fā)生在鼻腔外的鼻型NK/T細(xì)胞淋巴瘤具有高度侵襲性,臨床治療反應(yīng)差,存活時(shí)間短。多種耐藥基因表達(dá)是多數(shù)病例預(yù)后差的原因之一。
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