陳根花

議論文寫作是近年來(lái)高考英語(yǔ)書面表達(dá)命題的一個(gè)熱點(diǎn),綜觀各省市的考題情況,我們發(fā)現(xiàn)議論文的寫作主要涉及以下三種類型。為方便同學(xué)們模仿,我們將這三種類型歸納成三種模塊。

模塊一:正反選擇型

這類題目通常是給出正反兩種不同的觀點(diǎn),并附上相應(yīng)的原因,要求考生根據(jù)所給觀點(diǎn)進(jìn)行分析,然后選擇其中的一種觀點(diǎn)——如在公交車上遇見(jiàn)老人是讓座還是不讓座,同學(xué)有困難是幫助還是不幫助,遇見(jiàn)歹徒是出手還是不出手,拾到錢包是交給失主還是不交給失主,等等。同學(xué)們?cè)谧鲞@類題時(shí),首先要對(duì)供選擇的觀點(diǎn)進(jìn)行綜合闡述,然后再發(fā)表自己的看法(注意你在作文中只能支持積極正面的觀點(diǎn),絕對(duì)不能支持消極負(fù)面的觀點(diǎn),其中的原因不用說(shuō)大家也很清楚)。

【例題】假定你是一名高二學(xué)生,你們班組織了一次班級(jí)討論會(huì),討論的是報(bào)紙上的一則新聞。報(bào)紙稱,一位學(xué)生因?yàn)樵诼飞峡吹酱跬綋尳賷^勇而出,結(jié)果被歹徒刺傷了。同學(xué)們紛紛發(fā)言,意見(jiàn)不一,有的說(shuō)應(yīng)該見(jiàn)義勇為,有的說(shuō)歹徒太兇狠,還是袖手旁觀的好。請(qǐng)根據(jù)下面要點(diǎn)提示,結(jié)合自己的觀點(diǎn)寫一篇議論文,詞數(shù)100左右。

【分析】遇見(jiàn)歹徒應(yīng)該“見(jiàn)義勇為”還是“袖手旁觀”?你只有一種選擇,那就是見(jiàn)義勇為。不過(guò),你在見(jiàn)義勇為的同時(shí),也應(yīng)該學(xué)會(huì)保護(hù)自己,此時(shí)可適當(dāng)結(jié)合表格中“袖手旁觀”的原因——因?yàn)樽约旱纳赡苁艿酵{,所以我們要善于保護(hù)自己;又因?yàn)榇跬教^(guò)兇狠或強(qiáng)大,所以我們要智取,最好不要強(qiáng)攻。

【范文】

The other day our class had a discussion about the news that a student was wounded in a fight with a robber. I admire the brave student and his bravery is worthy to be learned from by all of us. There is a famous saying goes: “Never hesitate to do what is right.” To save people who are in trouble is a traditional virtue of our Chinese nation, which should be kept by all of us today. As youngsters, we should be brave in the face of difficulty or danger. Although sometimes the robbers are very fierce and cruel, we neednt be afraid of them. It is well known that justice triumphs in the end. Of course, we should make full use of our wisdom to fight with the robbers and remember to protect ourselves at the same time.

二、優(yōu)劣分析型

這種類型的議論文與前面提到的“觀點(diǎn)選擇型”不同,用于比較的兩個(gè)對(duì)象不是兩個(gè)完全對(duì)立的方面,不能簡(jiǎn)單地說(shuō)一個(gè)觀點(diǎn)“正確”,另一個(gè)觀點(diǎn)“錯(cuò)誤”,因?yàn)閮烧吆芸赡芨饔袃?yōu)缺點(diǎn)——從一個(gè)方面看,其中的一個(gè)觀點(diǎn)有優(yōu)勢(shì);從另一個(gè)方面看,另一個(gè)觀點(diǎn)可能更有優(yōu)勢(shì)。比如:城市里的公園是收費(fèi)好,還是不收費(fèi)好?使用英語(yǔ)詞典,是用英漢版好,還是英英版好?中學(xué)英語(yǔ)課應(yīng)該完全用英語(yǔ)講授,還是應(yīng)該用英語(yǔ)和漢語(yǔ)搭配講授?中學(xué)生是出國(guó)上大學(xué)好,還是在國(guó)內(nèi)上大學(xué)好?等等。

同學(xué)們?cè)谧鲞@類題目時(shí),完全可以根據(jù)自己的喜好或看法,從中選擇一種觀點(diǎn)進(jìn)行分析,只要能自圓其說(shuō)就可以了。

【例一】隨著信息技術(shù)的發(fā)展,網(wǎng)上聊天已經(jīng)不再是一件新鮮事了。越來(lái)越多的中學(xué)生沉迷于網(wǎng)上聊天。請(qǐng)就“中學(xué)生是否應(yīng)該網(wǎng)聊”發(fā)表自己的看法,寫一篇100詞左右的議論文。

【分析】網(wǎng)上聊天有“好”也有“不好”?！昂谩斌w現(xiàn)在多交朋友,更廣地了解信息,快捷地傳遞信息等;“不好”體現(xiàn)在浪費(fèi)時(shí)間,網(wǎng)上易受騙,容易接觸不健康的信息等。網(wǎng)聊到底是“該”還是“不該”?很難一刀切!如果你更多地認(rèn)同它的“好”,你就支持它;如果你更多地注意到它的“不好”,你就反對(duì)它。

【范文】

My View on Online Chatting

Chatting online is more and more popular with the development of IT.

In my opinion, senior middle school students shouldnt chat online. Time is limited and precious for students. The main task for a student is to study hard and gain more knowledge. Chatting online is a waste of money, energy and time. Worse still, some bad people cheat young students online. News from newspapers comes to us often that strangers in different cities meet in reality after having chatting online for a certain time. Students know little about society and they dont know how to protect themselves.

On the whole, chatting online has bad effects on middle school students. It is better for them to make friends in reality rather than online.

【例二】上個(gè)星期你在全校做了一項(xiàng)關(guān)于“中學(xué)生是否應(yīng)該出國(guó)留學(xué)”的調(diào)查,調(diào)查結(jié)果如下表所示。請(qǐng)你根據(jù)表格信息發(fā)表自己的看法,寫一篇100詞左右的議論文。

【分析】根據(jù)表格內(nèi)容可知,中學(xué)生出國(guó)留學(xué)有優(yōu)點(diǎn)也有缺點(diǎn)——優(yōu)點(diǎn)就是表格中支持者的觀點(diǎn),缺點(diǎn)就是表格中反對(duì)者的觀點(diǎn)。你是應(yīng)該站在支持者一邊?還是應(yīng)該站在反對(duì)者的一邊?這對(duì)做好本題并不重要,重要的是你如何在兼顧兩種觀點(diǎn)的同時(shí)使你自己的觀點(diǎn)自圓其說(shuō),并讓人讀后覺(jué)得你“說(shuō)得有道理”。

【范文】

On Overseas Study

As the table shows, a majority of students and parents support overseas study. On the contrary, few students and parents are opposed to overseas study. In my opinion, students can go abroad to study as long as the students and parents have considered their own conditions before going abroad.

At first, it is true that many middle school students are not mature and they lack independence. However, a strange environment without parents accompany offers an opportunity for them to challenge themselves and learn to be independent.

In my opinion, as for high costs, wealthy families have no difficulty in affording them. As for those poor families, they neednt send their children to go abroad to study aimlessly like rich families.

三、觀點(diǎn)闡述型

這類題目通常沒(méi)有供選擇的觀點(diǎn),而是要考生根據(jù)自己的理解進(jìn)行臨場(chǎng)發(fā)揮。在闡述自己的觀點(diǎn)時(shí),注意不要面面俱到,只要圍繞所給主題,選擇幾個(gè)主要的方面闡述清楚就可以了。

【例題】你的同學(xué)李文在上次英語(yǔ)考試中不及格,她很難過(guò),向你請(qǐng)教如何提高英語(yǔ)成績(jī)。請(qǐng)你就如何提高英語(yǔ)成績(jī)寫一篇100詞左右的議論文。

【分析】提高英語(yǔ)成績(jī)的方法很多,作者只需根據(jù)自己的理解和對(duì)方的實(shí)際情況,在100詞范圍之內(nèi)闡述幾種主要的方法就可以了。

【范文】

How to Learn English Well

Li Wen failed in the English exam last time, so she was very sad. She came to me for help and asked me how to improve her English.

I think that the most important thing is to increase her interest in English. As we all know, interest is the best teacher for ones study. When one has great interest in English, he can learn it at his own will with a light heart.

Furthermore, she should use different ways to study English. For example, she can listen to English songs to enjoy music and learn new words at the same time. And she can also listen to the radio or watch movies to improve her listening ability.

Besides, she should do enough exercises and review what she has learned. As the famous saying goes,“Look back to the old, if you would learn the new.”

附:寫議論文可能用到的常用句型歸納

1. 引言段可能用到的句型:

Nowadays more and more people... 如今越來(lái)越多的人……

...plays an important part in... ……在……方面扮演重要角色。

like everything else,...has both advantages and disadvantages. 與每樣事物一樣,……有優(yōu)點(diǎn)也有缺點(diǎn)。

Generally, the favorable aspects / advantages can be listed as follows. 總的來(lái)說(shuō),優(yōu)點(diǎn)如下所示。

2. 主體段可能用到的句型:

Firstly...Secondly...第一,……第二,……

In addition / Whats more...其次 / 還有

Every coin has two sides. The negative aspects / disadvantages / bad points are also apparent / obvious. 硬幣有兩面,缺點(diǎn)也是顯而易見(jiàn)的。

To begin with 開(kāi)始

To make matters worse 更糟糕的是

Worst of all 最糟糕的是

3. 結(jié)論段可能用到的句型:

Through above analysis... 通過(guò)上面的分析,……

All things / everything considered, we can see that / we can come to a conclusion that the positive aspects / advantages outweigh the negative ones / disadvantages, Therefore... 綜合來(lái)看,我們總結(jié)出優(yōu)點(diǎn)多于缺點(diǎn),因此……

(編輯 周貞雄)