馬　澤　趙曉黎

摘要句法以句子為對象,研究句子的形式和用法。句子是人們傳遞信息、表達或交流思想的語言單位,更準確的說,句子是能夠單獨存在并能表達一個相對完整意思的語言單位。本文通過典型實例,按照句子結(jié)構(gòu)劃分,將句子分為三種類型:簡單句、并列句和復合句,以使句子更加容易正確理解。簡單句的五大句型是英語表達中最基本的句型。在閱讀中,常常需要借助于劃分句子成分來幫助理解句意;在書面表達中,沒有最基本的遣詞造句的能力也是不可能用地道的英語句子來表達清楚作者的思想。

關(guān)鍵詞 句子結(jié)構(gòu) 句型 熱點 考查

句子成分;簡單句、并列句和復合句

根據(jù)語法形式,即句子的結(jié)構(gòu),英語的句子可分為簡單句、并列句和復合句。

一、 簡單句(Simple Sentences):只包含一個主語(或并列主語)和一個謂語動詞(或并列謂語動詞)。英語簡單句由于所用的主要動詞不同(即系動詞、不及物動詞和及物動詞三種),就產(chǎn)生了簡單句的五種基本句型。

(一)主語 + 系動詞 + 表語 (SVP) 如:

We are teachers.

主 謂

系動詞包括下面幾種:

1. 表示感覺、視覺的系動詞

feel, seem, appear, look, taste, smell, sound等

2. 表示變化的系動詞

turn, become, get, grow, go, come, run, fall等

3. 表示保持某種狀態(tài)的系動詞

keep, be, stay, remain, continue, stand, sit等

以上所有這些系動詞都可以直接跟形容詞。

簡單句根據(jù)使用目的(用途)分為四種:

1). 陳述句:用來敘述一項肯定或否定句的事實,句末用句號,讀降調(diào)。

如:My sister is six years old;。

2). 疑問句: 用來提出問題。可以分為四種:一般(反問句或者說否定疑問句)、特殊、選擇、反意.

如:Is she sixteen or seventeen years old?

3). 祈使句:表示請求、命令、勸告、建議、號召等。一般省去主語。

如: Don't talk in the room.

4). 感嘆句:表示喜怒哀樂等強烈感情。句末用“!”號,讀降調(diào)。 感嘆句主要由what和how引導。what修飾名詞,how修飾形容詞、副詞或動詞。

如:How clever my sister is!

(二)主語 + 不及物動詞(SV)如:

The rain stopped.

主 謂

(三)主語 + 及物動詞 + 賓語 (SVO)如:

We like the delicious food.

主 謂

(四)主語 + 及物動詞 + 間接賓語 + 直接賓語 (S V o O)

Tom tells him the way to the station.

主謂

(五)主語 + 及物動詞 + 賓語 + 賓語補語,(S V O C)如:

He called me Amanda.

主謂

二、并列句(Compound Sentences):包含兩個或兩個以上主謂結(jié)構(gòu)的句子叫并列句(構(gòu)成并列句的簡單句常被叫做分句),句與句之間通常用并列連詞或逗號來連接,如:

We help them and they help us.

主 謂主 謂

The food was good, but he had little appetite.

主謂 主 謂

(一)并列句的分類

常用的并列連詞可以分為四種,它們分別表示不同的關(guān)系:

1. 平行關(guān)系and, as well as, along with, not only… but (also)…, neither…nor..

如:The teacher's name is Smith, and the student's name is John.

2. 轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系 but, yet, however, nevertheless, while

如:He is young, but he knows how to take care of him.

3. 選擇關(guān)系 or, otherwise, rather than, either…or…

如:Hurry up, or you'll miss the train.

4. 因果關(guān)系 for, so therefore, hence

如:The weather is fine, so I want to go shopping.

三、復合句(Complex Sentences):有兩個或更多的主謂結(jié)構(gòu),通常由一個主句和一個分句構(gòu)成。 在復合句中,主句是句子的主體,通常可以獨立存在;從句是主句的一個句子成分,不能獨立存在,但它也有主語部分和謂語部分。可以根據(jù)從句在主句中所發(fā)揮的語法功能對復合句進行分類:名詞性從句、定語從句和狀語從句都屬于復合句。

如:I was about to leave, when the telephone rang.

主句從句

He said that he would come.

主句從句

(一)名詞性從句: 在句子中充當主語、賓語、表語與同位語的句子分別叫做主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句和同位語從句, 這些統(tǒng)稱為名詞性從句。

1. 主語從句 :在復合句中用作主語的從句叫主語從句。

為了保持句子平衡,主語從句常用it作形式主語,將主語從句后置。用it作形式主語的主語從句結(jié)構(gòu)有如下幾種:

1)It is + 名詞 + that從句

2)It is + 形容詞 + that從句

2. 賓語從句:在復合句中作主句的賓語。它可以作主句謂語動詞的賓語,也可以作介詞的賓語。

如:He asked his girlfriend if she has received his letter.

3. 表語從句:放在連系動詞之后,充當復合句中的表語。

如:The problem is that the family is short of money right now.

4. 同位語從句:用于對前面的名詞作進一步解釋,說明名詞的具體內(nèi)容。同位語從句一般由that引導。同位語從句一般跟在名詞fact, hope, idea, news, doubt, suggestion, information, opinion, decision等后面。

如:The news that he will come to see me makes me happy.

(二)定語從句:在復合句中,修飾某一名詞、詞組或代詞的從句。被修飾的名詞、詞組或代詞叫做先行詞。定語從句通常出現(xiàn)在先行詞之后,由關(guān)系詞引出。

1. 關(guān)系代詞引導的定語從句

關(guān)系代詞有:who, whom, whose, that, which等。其中that 可以修飾人或物,在句中做主語或賓語,which 用來修飾物,在句中做主語或賓語,who 用來修飾人在句中做主語或賓語, whom用來修飾人在句中做主賓語, whose可以修飾人或物,在句中做定語(若指物,它還可以同of which互換),as可以修飾人或物或事情,在句中做主語或賓語。

如:Thats the teacher who /that teaches us English.

He is the man (whom /that)she is looking for.

The professor whose husband teaches you English has been to Germany.

The house whose(of which) windows were damaged has been repaired.

2. 關(guān)系副詞引導的定語從句

關(guān)系副詞有:when, where, why等

1) when指時間,在定語從句中作時間狀語,

如:well never forget the day when the Peoples Republic of China was founded.

2) Where 指地點,在定語從句中作地點狀語,

如:This is the place where I studied in my childhood.

3) Why 指原因,在定語從句中作原因狀語,

如:Is this the reason why she refused his offer?

3. 限制性和非限制性定語從句

定語從句分限制性定語從句與非限制性定語從句兩種。

1) 限制性定語從句為先行詞不可缺少的定語從句,如果將這種定語從句省去,主句的意思就會不完整或不明確。不用逗號分開.

如: She is the nurse who looks after my uncle.

2) 非限制性定語從句只是對先行詞的附加說明,如果將這種定語從句省去,也不至于影響主句的意思,它和主句之間常用逗號分開,

如: The gift is from my mother, who is working in the factory.

4. as 可作為關(guān)系代詞來引導定語從句

1) as 引導的非限制性定語從句,相當于which引導的非限制性定語從句

如:He is from Beijing, as you know.

He is from Beijing, which you know.

2) 關(guān)系代詞常出現(xiàn)在the same…as, such…as, so…as, as…as 等結(jié)構(gòu)中。

如:Such books as you bought are useful.

The school is just the same as it was 20 years age.

Here is so big a stone as no man can lift.

as 和which在引導非限制性定語從句時,但不同之處主要位置上:as可置于句首也可在另處,而which不可置于句首。

如:As you know , he is from Beijing.

He is from Beijing, which you know.

5. 關(guān)系代詞that 的用法

1) 關(guān)系代詞that 與which 用法的區(qū)別

(1) which 可以引導一個非限制性定語從句,that 則不能,

如: He had failed in the English, which made his father very angry.

(2)Which 之前可以有介詞,that 之前則不能,

如: This is the house in which Tom used to live.

2) 只能用that,而不能用 which 的情況

(1) 當先行詞是all, everything, nothing, something, anything, much, little, few,none 等不定代詞時,

如: That is all that I want to tell you.

(2) 當先行詞被序數(shù)詞或形容詞最高級所修飾時,

如: The first place that I visited in China was the Great Wall.

This is the most beautiful place that I have seen.

(3) 當先行詞被 the very, the only, the just 等詞修飾時,

如: Mr. Smith is the only foreigner that he knows.

(4)當先行詞中既有人又有物時,

如:He was looking pleasantly at the children and parcels that filled his bus.

(5) 當主句已有疑問詞who或which時,

如: Who that you have even seen can do better?

Which are the books that you bought for me?

(6) 如果有兩個定語從句,其中一句的關(guān)系代詞是 which ,另一句則用that,

如: Let me show you the book that I borrowed from the library which was newly open to us.

(三)狀語從句: 在復合句中作狀語,其位置可以在主句前或主句后。狀語從句可以分為時間、地點、原因、目的、結(jié)果、比較、讓步、條件等幾種。

1. 時間狀語從句通常由when ,as ,while, after, before, since, as soon as ,since, till (until), while, whenever等引導。

如: I can't recognize you. You have changed a lot since I met you last time.

2. 地點狀語從句通常由where, wherever等引導。

如:Anywhere she goes, her brother goes too.

3. 原因狀語從句通常由because, since, as等引導。

如:Mary eats ice-cream so much because she likes sweet food.

4. 目的狀語從句通常由so that..., so...hat..., in order that...等引導,往往放在句尾,從句中通常含有can / could / may / might等情態(tài)動詞。

如:Jim got up earlier so that he could catch the first train.

5. 結(jié)果狀語從句通常由so that..., so...that...等引導,放在句尾。結(jié)果狀語從句一般表示已經(jīng)發(fā)生的事情,故多為過去時態(tài)。

如:Tom lost so many bikes that he decided never to buy a new one.

6. 讓步狀語從句通常由though (although), as, even if( even though), however, whatever等引導。

如: She wears a T-shirt though it is cold today.

7. 條件狀語從句通常由if, unless, as long as等引導,條件狀語從句一般放在句首或句尾,特別注意,時間狀語從句不允許使用將來時,而應(yīng)該用現(xiàn)在時替代。

如:You will fail in the coming final exams unless you work as hard as you can.

If it doesnt rain tomorrow, we shall go skating.

參考書目

[1] 張光珞,英語必備大全。內(nèi)蒙古:內(nèi)蒙古大學出版社,2005。

[2] 薄冰,薄冰英語語法詳解。山西:山西教育出版社,2004。

[3] 陸林,大學英語語法。天津:南開大學出版社,2007。