辛磊 李兆申
·綜述·
Oddi括約肌功能紊亂與胰腺疾病關(guān)系研究進(jìn)展
辛磊 李兆申
Oddi括約肌具有控制膽汁和胰液排放及阻止腸液反流的重要功能,其協(xié)調(diào)性的收縮和舒張受神經(jīng)、體液的調(diào)控。Oddi括約肌的功能發(fā)生紊亂會影響膽汁及胰液的排放甚至出現(xiàn)反流而引起膽胰疾病。近年來,有關(guān)Oddi括約肌功能紊亂(sphincter of Oddi dysfunction,SOD)與膽胰疾病相關(guān)性的研究日趨增多。本文就SOD與胰腺疾病的發(fā)生做一綜述。
根據(jù)羅馬Ⅲ標(biāo)準(zhǔn),SOD的定義為Oddi括約肌運(yùn)動功能異常,伴有腹痛、肝/胰酶升高、膽總管擴(kuò)張或胰腺炎發(fā)作[1]。SOD的發(fā)病機(jī)制包括Oddi括約肌狹窄和Oddi括約肌運(yùn)動障礙,二者常相互重疊。根據(jù)臨床表現(xiàn),SOD分為膽管段括約肌功能異常(E2)和胰管段括約肌功能異常(E3)兩種類型。胰管型SOD參考膽型SOD的分類[2]分為3型:Ⅰ型,“肯定的(definitive)”SOD,患者表現(xiàn)為胰源性疼痛,疼痛發(fā)作期間至少2次血清淀粉酶和(或)脂肪酶gt;正常上限2倍,內(nèi)鏡下逆行胰膽管造影術(shù)(ERCP)造影排泄延長(gt;9 min)或主胰管擴(kuò)張(胰頭gt;6 mm,胰體gt;5 mm);Ⅱ型,“可能的(probable)”SOD,患者有胰源性腹痛并有Ⅰ型分類標(biāo)準(zhǔn)后兩項中的一項;Ⅲ型,“或許的(possible)”SOD,患者僅有胰源性腹痛。之后的研究又發(fā)現(xiàn),造影排泄延長與Oddi括約肌基礎(chǔ)壓力并無相關(guān)性,因此臨床診斷中放棄ERCP造影排泄延長這一項[3]。
SOD的診斷方法有無創(chuàng)性技術(shù),包括超聲-胰泌素試驗、胰泌素激發(fā)核磁共振胰管顯影(secretin-stimulated magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography,ss-MRCP)等,經(jīng)典的Nardi試驗由于敏感性與特異性差,已不作為SOD患者診斷的首選方法[4];有創(chuàng)技術(shù),包括Oddi括約肌測壓(sphincter of Oddi manometry,SOM)、內(nèi)鏡超聲胰泌素激發(fā)試驗等。SOM被公認(rèn)為診斷SOD的金標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[5]。SOM需要在ERCP 引導(dǎo)下進(jìn)行,先觀察十二指腸乳頭并行造影了解胰膽管的情況,后經(jīng)內(nèi)鏡用三腔導(dǎo)管逆行插入括約肌,由微量壓力泵向?qū)Ч軆?nèi)注水,水在導(dǎo)管末端側(cè)孔逸出時所要克服的壓力即為Oddi括約肌壓力。此外還可以采用微傳感器法測定Oddi括約肌壓力。Ⅰ型胰管或膽管型SOD診斷比較肯定,可以不做SOM便可進(jìn)行內(nèi)鏡下Oddi括約肌切開(EST)等治療[6]。Ⅱ、Ⅲ型SOD常在其他檢查中表現(xiàn)為陰性,需進(jìn)行SOM加以確定。一般認(rèn)為,基礎(chǔ)SOMgt; 40 mmHg(1 mmHg=0.133kPa)即為異常[7]。Oddi括約肌狹窄患者的異常SOM值可重復(fù)獲得、使用肌松劑后不改變,而Oddi括約肌運(yùn)動障礙患者SOM受肌松劑影響,并可表現(xiàn)出逆向收縮過度(gt; 50%)、收縮頻率過速(gt;7次/min)、對膽囊收縮素反應(yīng)異常等[8]。SOM最大的缺點(diǎn)在于對患者的測壓局限于數(shù)分鐘內(nèi),可能遺漏Oddi括約肌間歇性的運(yùn)動障礙[9]。有兩項研究分別納入12例和30例SOM正常的患者,平均隨訪337 d和493.5 d后,分別有42%和60%患者再次SOM后診斷為SOD[10-12]。有創(chuàng)性是SOM的另一個缺點(diǎn)。但一項研究對比SOM與ss-MRCP后發(fā)現(xiàn),ss-MRCP對Ⅱ、Ⅲ型SOD 的診斷準(zhǔn)確性僅為73%和46%,尚不能替代SOM[4]。
1.SOD與急性胰腺炎(AP):Chen等[13]使用卡巴膽堿模擬SOD,刺激Oddi括約肌收縮、增加胰腺分泌。結(jié)果顯示胰管內(nèi)壓、血淀粉酶顯著升高,胰腺組織明顯受損。研究者認(rèn)為誘發(fā)SOD并刺激胰腺分泌可誘發(fā)AP。Sonoda等[14]的動物實(shí)驗研究表明,乙醇和(或)其代謝物可通過體液和神經(jīng)機(jī)制影響Oddi括約肌功能,這與AP發(fā)生有關(guān)。Zhang等[15]對新西蘭白兔模型的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),高膽固醇血癥可顯著增加實(shí)驗動物Oddi括約肌基礎(chǔ)壓力,誘導(dǎo)產(chǎn)生SOD。但目前直接支持SOD誘發(fā)人AP的研究證據(jù)較少,還有待進(jìn)一步臨床研究證明[12]。
2.SOD與急性復(fù)發(fā)性胰腺炎(acute recurrent pancreatitis,ARP):AP反復(fù)發(fā)作而每次緩解后不遺留胰腺功能或組織學(xué)上的改變稱為ARP。一般每次發(fā)作持續(xù)時間較短,緩解期胰功能試驗正常,影像學(xué)檢查沒有明確的胰腺改變。任何引起AP的病因都是導(dǎo)致ARP的潛在因素,病因不明的ARP被稱為特發(fā)性ARP(idiopathic ARP,IARP)。IARPP也常懷疑SOD可能。據(jù)報道,約30%的IARP是由SOD引起[16-17],而30%~65% IARP有SOM異常[18]。Oddi括約肌的器質(zhì)和功能性阻塞都可以引起膽汁反流入主胰管或胰液引流受限,導(dǎo)致胰腺炎反復(fù)發(fā)作。有研究認(rèn)為,SOD誘發(fā)ARP的機(jī)制在于其增加胰管內(nèi)壓。Fazel等[19]測量263例腹痛、慢性胰腺炎(CP)、ARP患者的胰管內(nèi)壓和Oddi括約肌基礎(chǔ)壓力,結(jié)果表明SOD患者胰管內(nèi)壓為(19.6 ±15.9)mm Hg,而括約肌正常者為(11.1 ±7.9)mm Hg,兩組差異顯著;但研究同時發(fā)現(xiàn),CP和ARP患者的胰管內(nèi)壓與反復(fù)腹痛患者并無明顯差異,提示胰管壓力升高并非胰腺炎的單獨(dú)原因。
雖然目前沒有研究證明SOD是ARP患者癥狀反復(fù)發(fā)作的病因,但伴有SOD的ARP患者接受胰管括約肌切開治療可減少胰腺炎再次發(fā)作次數(shù),可以證明SOD在ARP發(fā)病機(jī)制中發(fā)揮重要作用。Pasieka等[20]評價了胰管括約肌切開術(shù)治療IARP的效果。研究納入36例伴有SOD并行胰管括約肌切開術(shù)和32例SOM正常未行內(nèi)鏡下治療的患者,平均隨訪5.83年后,行胰管括約肌切開術(shù)組75%患者癥狀明顯改善,而未行內(nèi)鏡下治療組僅為47%;行胰管括約肌切開術(shù)組復(fù)發(fā)率為6%,顯著低于未行內(nèi)鏡下治療組14%。
3.SOD與CP:CP是以胰腺實(shí)質(zhì)纖維化和胰管狹窄為特點(diǎn)的炎性疾病,常伴有鈣化、結(jié)石和胰周積液,以疼痛為主要癥狀。乙醇攝入過量、高脂血癥、高鈣血癥、自身免疫是常見病因[21]。早期研究證明,局部灌注乙醇可使Oddi括約肌收縮增強(qiáng)、基礎(chǔ)壓顯著升高[22]。但對確診CP患者胰管內(nèi)壓的報道結(jié)果不一。Tarnasky等[23]的結(jié)果顯示,SOD患者伴有CP的危險性是SOM正常者的4倍;SOD患者中,29%伴有CP,而CP患者中87%伴有SOD。但也有研究認(rèn)為,CP患者的SOM值與對照組并無差異[24-25]。
目前的研究提示SOD與CP之間可能存在關(guān)聯(lián)。但乙醇對Oddi括約肌功能的影響是否為CP發(fā)病機(jī)制中的關(guān)鍵因素,尚沒有得到充分證明[21]。究竟是CP所致的纖維化導(dǎo)致Oddi括約肌功能異常,還是SOD導(dǎo)致的胰管高壓引起胰腺組織學(xué)改變,仍是今后研究需要解決的問題。
4.SOD與ERCP術(shù)后胰腺炎(post-ERCP pancreatitis,PEP):PEP是ERCP最常見和最嚴(yán)重的并發(fā)癥,多數(shù)報道發(fā)生率為2%~9%[26]。其主要機(jī)制是ERCP術(shù)中對Vater壺腹的機(jī)械、化學(xué)刺激,以及燒灼相關(guān)的熱損傷和繼發(fā)水腫,造成乳頭暫時堵塞,胰液引流不暢,誘發(fā)胰腺炎。
SOD被公認(rèn)為PEP的高危因素,可能與SOD患者多有乳頭狹窄致插管困難、費(fèi)時較長有關(guān)[27]。Cheng等[28]的多中心前瞻性研究表明,疑似SOD患者發(fā)生PEP的OR值為2.6。Cotton等[29]回顧性分析11 497例接受ERCP操作的患者,疑似SOD患者發(fā)生PEP的OR值為1.91。
早期的研究認(rèn)為,對SOD患者行SOM操作可引起胰管痙攣或損傷,是發(fā)生PEP的獨(dú)立危險因素[30-31]。但Freeman等[27]認(rèn)為,PEP既往史、SOD、女性等患者本身因素較易引起PEP ,而SOM本身并非危險因素。Singh等[32]對268例患者的回顧性分析顯示,接受ERCP檢查或治療的SOD患者中,SOM組和非SOM組PEP發(fā)生率并無統(tǒng)計學(xué)差異,但研究同時也表明膽道括約肌切開術(shù)和胰管造影是PEP 的獨(dú)立危險因素,提示SOD的內(nèi)鏡治療有并發(fā)胰腺炎的風(fēng)險。Cotton等[29]的研究也支持這一結(jié)論。
藥物治療、肉毒桿菌內(nèi)毒素局部注射、內(nèi)鏡括約肌切開或支架、壺腹括約肌切開術(shù)和膽腸引流等都曾用于治療SOD相關(guān)性胰腺疾病。隨著內(nèi)鏡技術(shù)的成熟和廣泛應(yīng)用,內(nèi)鏡下治療已成為首選方法。羅馬Ⅲ標(biāo)準(zhǔn)指出[1],SOD引起胰腺炎反復(fù)發(fā)作時,內(nèi)鏡下括約肌切開(endoscopic sphincterotomy,EST)是最適用的治療方法,但只對經(jīng)SOM測定、基礎(chǔ)壓gt;40 mmHg 的患者推薦使用EST[1]。Freeman等[33]研究也表明,胰管測壓正常的患者EST治療效果較差(校正OR=4.6)。目前尚無有關(guān)胰管型SOD患者行EST治療確切療效的報道。一項納入5項非對照研究的系統(tǒng)評價中,69%胰管型SOD患者(主要為Ⅱ型)在EST治療后癥狀改善[34]。
由于SOD是PEP的高危因素,接受ERCP操作的SOD患者應(yīng)常規(guī)采取預(yù)防措施。薈萃分析表明,經(jīng)乳頭放置塑料支架對預(yù)防PEP有效,胰管支架可以將PEP的風(fēng)險由15.5%降至5.8%[35]。Tarnasky等[36]分析80例因SOD行內(nèi)鏡下膽道括約肌切開術(shù)的患者,結(jié)果表明預(yù)防性放置胰管支架明顯降低PEP發(fā)生率(支架組7% ,無支架組26%);研究者還認(rèn)為,胰管SOM可用于篩選PEP高危人群。Cotton等[29]的研究也支持這一結(jié)論(支架組OR=1.45,無支架組OR=1.84)。Saad等[37]的一項回顧性研究顯示,因懷疑SOD而行ERCP檢查的患者,即使SOM正常,預(yù)防性胰管支架置入仍可顯著降低PEP發(fā)生率,其中術(shù)前括約肌未接受過處理的患者更能從中受益。臨床中預(yù)防性胰管支架放置傾向于選用無翼的塑料支架,因為這種支架可在短時間內(nèi)自發(fā)脫落,無需再行內(nèi)鏡拔除支架,降低操作風(fēng)險。
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2009-08-20)
(本文編輯:屠振興)
10.3760/cma.j.issn.1674-1935.2009.05.025
“十一五”國家科技支撐計劃課題(2007BAI04B01)
200433 上海,第二軍醫(yī)大學(xué)長海醫(yī)院消化內(nèi)科
李兆申,Email;zhsli@81890.net