野新玉

定語(yǔ)從句,又名形容詞性從句,共分為兩大類:限制性定語(yǔ)從句和非限制性定語(yǔ)從句,由關(guān)系代詞who, whom, whose, that, which, as或關(guān)系副詞when, where, why等引導(dǎo)。

定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞之所以命名為關(guān)系詞, 是因?yàn)樗P(guān)系到先行詞, 也關(guān)系到定語(yǔ)從句, 在中間起重要的橋梁作用, 關(guān)系代詞代替先行詞, 同時(shí)在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)（whose作定語(yǔ)）; 關(guān)系副詞相當(dāng)于“介詞+先行詞”, 同時(shí)在定語(yǔ)從句中作狀語(yǔ)。

一、兩類定語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)別：

All the books that have pictures have been sent to them.

所有有插圖的書(shū)都給他們寄去了。（言外之意, 沒(méi)有插圖的書(shū)就沒(méi)給他們寄。）

All the books, which have pictures, have been sent to them.

所有的書(shū)都給他們寄去了, 所有的書(shū)都有插圖。

He has a brother who is a doctor.

他有一個(gè)當(dāng)醫(yī)生的哥哥。（不一個(gè)）

He has a brother, who is a doctor.

他有一個(gè)哥哥, 是個(gè)醫(yī)生。（僅一個(gè)）

二、關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞的用法列舉：

三、幾組關(guān)系代詞的用法區(qū)別：

1. 當(dāng)先行詞指人時(shí), 許多情況下既可用that也可用who,但在下列情況下, 用who不用that:

2. 當(dāng)先行詞指物時(shí),許多情況下既可用that也可用which,但下列情況下, 用that不用which:

3. 關(guān)系代詞which與as引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)別：

（1）as引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句位于主句的前后皆可, which引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句只能位于句末, as從句與主句多為并列關(guān)系, which從句與主句常為因果關(guān)系。

The pupil didnt finish his homework, which cost him the chance to join in the game. 這個(gè)學(xué)生沒(méi)完成作業(yè), 這使他喪失了參加比賽的機(jī)會(huì)。

As is known to all, Edison invented the electric light.

=Edison invented the electric light, as is known to all.

眾所周知, 愛(ài)迪生發(fā)明了電燈。

（2）as引導(dǎo)的限制性定語(yǔ)常用的固定搭配有：

such…as…; the same as…; such as…

We have found such materials as are used in their factory.

(as作主語(yǔ))我們已找到了他們廠用的那種材料。

Such people as you describe are thought to be fools nowadays.

(as作賓語(yǔ))像你描繪的那種人現(xiàn)在被看作是傻瓜。

After years of life in prison, he is not the same as he was.

(as作表語(yǔ))經(jīng)過(guò)幾年的牢獄生活, 他和過(guò)去不同了。

四、介詞+關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句

介詞+關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句時(shí), 介詞的賓語(yǔ)只能是which或whom。

1. 當(dāng)介詞位于關(guān)系代詞的前面時(shí), 關(guān)系代詞which或whom不能省略;當(dāng)介詞位于關(guān)系代詞的后面時(shí), 關(guān)系代詞which或whom可以省略。

Yang Liwei, the first Chinese astronaut, is the hero of whom we are proud.

Yang Liwei, the first Chinese astronaut, is the hero(whom) we are proud of.

楊利偉,中國(guó)首位航天英雄,是我們引以為自豪的英雄。

I can not find the pen with which I usually write.

I can not find the pen(which) I usually write with.

2. 復(fù)合介詞短語(yǔ)+關(guān)系代詞 which 或whom 引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句時(shí), 定語(yǔ)從句常與主句用逗號(hào)隔開(kāi), 且用倒裝語(yǔ)序。

He lived in a big house, in front of which stood a big tall tree.

他住在一所大房子里, 房子前面有一顆又大又高的樹(shù)。

五、定語(yǔ)從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要與先行詞保持一致:

I who am your teacher, will try my best to help you.

我, 是你的老師, 會(huì)盡力幫你的。

To own a color TV set in each family, which we thought impossible twenty years ago, now becomes true. 家家有彩色電視機(jī), 這在20年前被認(rèn)為是不可能的, 現(xiàn)在已成為事實(shí)。

Have you heard of the persons and things that are being talked about? 你聽(tīng)說(shuō)過(guò)正在被討論的人和事嗎？

The Great Wall is one of the world-famous buildings that draw lots of visitors. 長(zhǎng)城是世界著名的吸引游客的建筑之一。

The Great Wall is the only one of the buildings on the earth that is seen from the moon. 長(zhǎng)城是在月球上能看到的唯一的地球建筑物。