潘喜霞

1.概念：表示過去的過去

構(gòu)成:had+過去分詞。

2.用法

A. 用在told, said, knew, heard, thought等動詞后的賓語從句。

She said (that) she had never been to Paris.

她說她從前沒有去過巴黎。

B. 狀語從句

在過去不同時間發(fā)生的兩個動作中，發(fā)生在先，用過去完成時；發(fā)生在后，用一般過去時。

When the police arrived, the thieves had run away. 當警察到達時，小偷已經(jīng)離開了。

C. 表示意向的動詞，如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等，用過去完成時表示“原本……，未能……”。We had hoped that you would come, but you didnt. 我們希望你能來，但你沒來。

3.過去完成時的時間狀語通常用before, by, until, when, after, once, as soon as等引導。

By the time he was twelve, Edison had began to make a living by himself. 當愛迪生12歲時，他已經(jīng)開始自己謀生了。

Tom was disappointed that most of the guests had left when he arrived at the party.

當湯姆來參加晚會時，大多數(shù)客人已經(jīng)走了，這令他很失望。

4.Statements 陳述句

They had already had breakfast before they arrived at the hotel. 在他們到達旅館之前，他們已經(jīng)吃完早飯了。

從句中“arrived at”到達在“過去”的時間，而“had already had”吃早飯的動作發(fā)生在到達之前，因此主句的時態(tài)為“過去的過去”。

She had searched the Internet for two hours when she found an ad for the Canon digital camera. 當她找到了佳能數(shù)碼照相機的廣告時，她已經(jīng)在因特網(wǎng)上查詢了兩個小時。

I went over what I had written again and again so that I wouldnt make any mistakes.

我一遍又一遍地檢查了我所寫的內(nèi)容，以至我沒有出現(xiàn)任何錯誤。

5.Negatives 否定句

He remembered he hadnt paid for it yet. 他記得他沒有付過帳。

He said that he had never seen such a beautiful bird before.

他說他以前從來沒有看過這樣美麗的鳥。

6.Questions 疑問句

How many English films had you seen by the end of last term?

到上學期期末為止，你們看了多少部英文片？

Had you reached the station before ten oclock?

十點以前你們已經(jīng)到達車站了嗎？

現(xiàn)在完成時與過去完成時的區(qū)別：

1.現(xiàn)在完成時表示過去發(fā)生某動作從過去一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在（將來還有可能繼續(xù)下去）,常和for＋時間段或since＋時間點連用。

I have studied English for 3 years.(從過去持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在)

I have taught here since I came here.(主句的動作“教”從過去持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在)。[記?。簊ince（從……）從句的動作要用過去時，我們平時不是愛說“從過去”嗎？]

2.過去完成時則主要體現(xiàn)過去發(fā)生的兩動作的先后有別，表達的是“過去的過去”，即比過去發(fā)生的某動作還要“過去”，兩動作中先發(fā)生的就用過去完成時，后發(fā)生的則只用一般過去時。運用過去完成時的句子往往有兩個過去的時間或動作，一定要注意這點喲！

Mr Green had lived in New York for ten years before he came to China.(“來”中國已過去，而先前“住”在紐約更是過去！)

We had learned 1000 words by the end of last term.

（“上學期期末”已過去，而在其前“學”的就更是過去了?。?/p>

現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài)與過去時態(tài)的區(qū)別：

1. 意義上的區(qū)別

一般過去時態(tài)只是單純地表示過去某一時間發(fā)生過的動作或者存在的狀態(tài), 和現(xiàn)在沒有任何聯(lián)系, 只著眼于過去。

現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài)重點強調(diào)與現(xiàn)在的聯(lián)系, 表示過去發(fā)生的動作對現(xiàn)在造成的影響和結(jié)果, 屬于現(xiàn)在時的范疇。

試比較下列例句:

I have washed my shoes. 我刷過鞋了。

強調(diào)的是過去的某一時間發(fā)生的動作“洗”對現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生的影響是“鞋是干凈的”。

I washed my shoes yesterday. 我昨天刷了鞋。

強調(diào)昨天做過“洗”這個動作,與現(xiàn)在鞋是否干凈沒有關(guān)系。

My father has bought a new car. 我爸爸買了一輛新車。

強調(diào)在過去的某一時間發(fā)生的動作“買”,對現(xiàn)在造成的結(jié)果是“他有了一輛新車”。

My father bought a new car last Sunday.

我爸爸上個周日買了一輛新車。

強調(diào)上個周日“買”這個動作發(fā)生過,與爸爸現(xiàn)在是否有車無關(guān)。也許這輛車是給別人的。

2. 時間狀語的區(qū)別

一般過去時態(tài)只能與表示過去的時間狀語連用,如yesterday, last week, three years ago, in 1990, just now等。

現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài)中的時間狀語表達的時間是到現(xiàn)在為止。如:“just”剛剛, “before”以前, “since/ever since+過去時間”自從……開始, “ever”曾經(jīng), “never”從未,未曾, “already”已經(jīng), “for+時間段”已有多長時間了, “in the last/past ten years”在過去的十年里,“so far”到目前為止,“up to now”直到現(xiàn)在, “this week”這個星期等等。

專項練習：

一、單選

1. When Li Ming hurried home, he found that his mother ____ already ____ to hospital.

A. has; been sent B. had; sent

C. has; sent D. had; been sent

2. We ____ five English songs by the end of last term.

A. had learned B. learned

C. have learned D. will have learned

3. Han Mei told me she ____ lunch, so she was very hungry.

A. has had B. hasnt had C. have had D. hadnt had

4. By the end of 1976, many buildings ____ built in the city.

A. have been B. have C. had been D. will

5. She ____ her keys in the office so she had to wait until her husband ____ home.

A. has left; comes B. had left; would come

C. had left; came D. left; had come

6. He said that it was at least ten years since I ____ a good drink.

A. had enjoyed B. was enjoying

C. have enjoyed D. have been enjoying

7. The meeting ____ when Mr. Wang ____ to school.

A. has begun; get B. has been on; get

C. had begun; got D. had been on; got

答案：１.D 2.A 3.D 4.C 5.C 6.A 7.C

二、填空

1. When I returned home, he ____(leave).

2. By ten yesterday evening, she ____(finish) writing.

3. He ____(study) English for five years before he came here.

4. It ____(stop) raining when I woke up this morning.

5. I ____(not read) the book because I had read it before.

6. She said she ____(be) born in 1992.

7. When he ____(come) to China two years ago he found people didnt understand him at all though he ____(learn) some Chinese in his own country.

8. I saw Han Mei yesterday. We ____(not see) each other since we left

Beijing.

9. When I got to his home, he ____(go) to bed.

10. She asked if Mr. Liu ____ already ____(come) back.

答案：1.had left 2.had finished 3.had studied 4.had stopped 5.didnt read 6.was 7.came, had learned 8.hadnt seen 9.had gone 10.had, come