劉世一
1.I dont think sixteen-year-olds should be allowed to drive.
我認(rèn)為不應(yīng)當(dāng)允許16歲的青少年開車。
本句屬于否定轉(zhuǎn)移句型。英語中,當(dāng)think, believe, suppose, consider等動詞表示“認(rèn)為”、“相信”、“設(shè)想”等含義時,常將本應(yīng)該出現(xiàn)在賓語從句中的否定詞轉(zhuǎn)移到帶有這些動詞的主句中,從而對主句的謂語動詞加以否定,但在意義上仍是否定從句。例如:
I dont think that their team is likely to win the match.
我認(rèn)為他們的球隊(duì)不可能贏那場球賽。
I dont believe that it will rain tomorrow. 我相信明天不會下雨。
Dont you suppose they can make it before dark?
你認(rèn)為天黑前他們不能到達(dá)目的地嗎?
值得注意的是,這類句子在反意疑問句中,附加問句要用肯定形式,人稱和動詞形式要與從句的保持一致。例如:
I dont think youve met Xiao Wang, have you?
我想你沒碰見過小王,對嗎?
We dont think you can speak French, can you?
我們認(rèn)為你不能說法語,是不是?
當(dāng)think后的從句中含有no, never, nothing, nobody等否定詞時,就不要再采用否定轉(zhuǎn)移。例如:
I think nothing is too difficult if you put your heart into it.
我認(rèn)為只要你用心,并沒有什么很困難的事。
2.Anna wants to get her ears pierced. 安娜想穿耳孔。
get my ears pierced 屬于get sth. done句型,這里的sth.通常由表示物件的名詞或代詞擔(dān)任,用來表示你要求別人為你做某事的各種場合。同義句型have sth. done。例如:
I must get my hair cut.
我該去理發(fā)了。
You ought to get your watch repaired. 你該把表送去修理了。
Mr. Green wants to have his washing machine repaired.
格林先生想請人修理洗衣機(jī)。
3.He should stop wearing that silly earring.
他不應(yīng)該戴那個可笑的耳環(huán)。
句中stop doing sth是“停止正在做的事情”的意思。其中stop是及物動詞,v.-ing形式是“停止”的對象。stop后也可以接動詞不定式,但意思卻是“停下來去做某事”,也就是說,停下(原來做的事)去做另一件事情。其中stop是不及物動詞,后面的不定式作目的狀語。試比較:
She stopped singing. 她停止了唱歌。(她不唱了)
She stopped to sing. 她停下來去唱歌。(她將要唱歌)
Stop talking, please.
請不要說話。
Lets stop to have a rest.
咱們停下來休息一下。
4.He doesnt seem to have many friends. 他似乎沒有多少朋友。
本句為sb. seem to do sth.句型,該句型通??膳cIt seems that…句型轉(zhuǎn)換。例如:
He seems to know everything.
=It seems that he knows everything. 他好像什么都知道。
He seems to have a lot of money.
=It seems that he has a lot of money. 他好像有很多錢。
5.They talk instead of doing homework. 他們光說話而不做功課。
instead of “代替”、“而不”,后面接名詞、代詞或動詞-ing 形式。例如:
He will go instead of me.
他將代替我去。
She went to school instead of staying at home.
她沒有呆在家里而是上學(xué)去了。
instead of可用來連接兩個對等的語法成分,也就是說,它后面可以接形容詞、副詞或介詞短語等。例如:
You should be out instead of (sitting) in.
你應(yīng)該出去走走,不要坐在家里。
The situation is better instead of worse.
形勢是更好了,而不是更壞了。
They went there on foot instead of by bus.
他們沒有乘公共汽車而是步行到那里去的。
Well have tea in the garden instead of in the house.
我們將改在花園喝茶,而不在屋里喝。
6.——We have a lot of rules at my house.
在家里我們有許多限制。
——So do we. 我們也有。
本句是“So+動詞+主語”句型。這一句型譯為“某人(物)也如此”,指上一句所說的情況,同樣也適合另一個人或事物。要注意的是:(1)該句型中的“動詞”是指系動詞、助動詞或情態(tài)動詞;(2)動詞在時態(tài)上與前句呼應(yīng);(3)動詞在數(shù)上要與本句主語保持一致。例如:
——Ive got a new car.
我有一輛新車。
——So has John. 約翰也有。
A: What do people eat in England? 英國人吃什么?
B: They eat a lot of potatoes.
他們吃許多土豆。
A: So do we. 我們也是。
注意區(qū)別“So+主語+動詞”結(jié)構(gòu)。該結(jié)構(gòu)意為“確實(shí)如此”、“的確這樣”,是用于對上一句所說的情況進(jìn)一步加以肯定。該結(jié)構(gòu)的主語與上一句的主語指同一人或物,動詞的使用上也要注意“So+動詞+主語”句型中的三點(diǎn)要求。例如:
——John smokes a lot.
約翰抽煙太厲害了。
——So he does.(=He smokes a lot indeed.)的確如此。
A: I cant find my geography book. 我找不到地理書了。
B: It may be in that bag.
它也許在那個包里。
A: Ah, so it is. 噢,是在那兒。
7.But sometimes Im allowed to study at a friends house.
但有的時候我被允許在朋友家學(xué)習(xí)。
當(dāng)謂語動詞帶有不定式(短語)作賓語補(bǔ)足語的句子變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)時,原賓語變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)的主語,而原來作賓語補(bǔ)足語的不定式(短語)就成為主語補(bǔ)足語。本句中的to study at a friends house就是主語補(bǔ)足語。再如:
Someone asked me to help them with their task.
有人讓我去幫助他們做那項(xiàng)工作。
→I was asked to help them with their task.
值得注意的是,當(dāng)賓語補(bǔ)足語是省去to的不定式(短語)時,句子變?yōu)楸粍雍螅髦髡Z補(bǔ)足語的不定式(短語)要加上原來省去的to。常見的動詞有make, hear, see, watch等。例如:
I often heard Danny play the guitar in his bedroom.
我經(jīng)常聽到丹尼在臥室里彈吉他。
→Danny was often heard to play the guitar in his bedroom.
8.Its also probably a good idea for parents to allow teenagers to study in groups during the evening.
父母允許青少年在晚上一起學(xué)習(xí)也可能是個好主意。
本句是“It be+名詞+to do sth.”句型。it為形式主語,代替真正的主語動詞不定式短語,以避免因主語太長而引起的“頭重腳輕”現(xiàn)象。例如:
It is our duty to help the old and weak.
幫助年老體弱者是我們的責(zé)任。
It was not his habit to ask people for things.
向別人開口要東西不是他的習(xí)慣。
在這個句型中,當(dāng)動詞不定式的邏輯主語需要表示出來時,通常在不定式前加for sb.,如果是代詞,要用賓格形式。例如:
It was a pity for Danny not to go there with us that day.
很遺憾,丹尼那天沒有和我們一起去那兒。
It is hard work for them to keep the grass green at this time of year.
在一年的這個時候要他們保持草坪綠油油的實(shí)屬不易。
9.Some students should be allowed to have Friday afternoons off to volunteer and help others.
應(yīng)當(dāng)允許部分學(xué)生星期五下午放假,去做義工幫助他人。
have Friday afternoon off為have…off句型,意為“放……假”,其中的have可以用take替換,off表示“不上班、不值班、不工作”的意思。例如:
Ive got three days off next week. 下星期我有三天假。
The manager gave the staff the day off. 經(jīng)理放員工一天假。
Unit 4
10.What if everyone else brings a present?
要是還有別的人帶來了禮物,該怎么辦呢?
句中的what if表示“要是……,又怎么樣”的意思,相當(dāng)于what would happen if…的省略形式。例如:
What if we should fail?
倘若我們失敗了怎么辦?
What if they didnt come here on time?
要是他們不能按時到達(dá)怎么辦呢?
What if it rains when we cant get under shelter?
假若下起雨來,我們又沒處避雨可怎么辦?
11.I get nervous before big parties and then I get pimples.
在大型晚會前我特別緊張,然后(身上)長出小濃皰。
句中兩個get的用法和表示的意思有所不同。動詞get既可作行為動詞,也可作系動詞。本句中的第一個get是系動詞,意為“變得”,后接形容詞作表語;第二個get則是行為動詞,可以是及物動詞,也可以是不及物動詞,在不同的語境中意思不同。在本句中是及物動詞,表示“長出”的意思。試比較:
The boy is getting taller and taller after he gets that kind of medicine. 那個男孩吃了這種藥后,個子越長越高。
句中第一個get是連系動詞,表示“變得”,第二個get是行為動詞,表示“吃”。再如:
Did you get my telegram?
你收到我的電報了嗎?
I must get some fruit in the market. 我得在市場上買點(diǎn)水果。
This skirt is getting dirty; it needs washing.
這件短裙臟了,該洗一洗了。
12.Then Im too tired to do well. 因而我太累了以致做不好。
本句為too…to…句型,表示“太……以致不”的意思。例如:
He is too young to go to school. 他年齡太小,不能上學(xué)。
He went too late to see the teacher. 他去得太遲以致沒有看見老師。
這一句型應(yīng)注意以下幾點(diǎn):
(1)當(dāng)句中的主語與不定式有邏輯動賓關(guān)系時,不定式后不能接賓語。例如:
Tom spoke too quickly for us to understand.
湯姆講得太快了,我們聽不懂。
(2)當(dāng)句中的主語與不定式有邏輯動賓關(guān)系,而不定式又是不及物動詞時,要加相應(yīng)的介詞。例如:
The ice is too thin for you to skate on. 這冰太薄了,經(jīng)不起你在上面滑冰。
(3)當(dāng)不定式的邏輯主語需要表示出來時,用介詞for加表示人的名詞或代詞的賓格。例如:
The apple is too high for Danny to reach.
那蘋果太高了,丹尼夠不著。
The text is too difficult for me to understand.
這篇課文對我來說太難了。
(4)中考對這一知識點(diǎn)的考查常以句型轉(zhuǎn)換形式出現(xiàn),如與so…that…結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)換。在解題過程中特別要注意(1)提到的語法現(xiàn)象。例如:
The little boy walked so fast that his parents couldnt catch up with him.
→The little boy walked too fast for his parents to catch up with.
這個小男孩走得太快了,他父母跟不上。
13.I really want a dog, but my parents wont let me have one.
我真想要一條狗,可父母不讓。
動詞let表示“讓”后接動詞不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語時,不定式符號to通常省去。let的同義詞allow也可接動詞不定式作賓補(bǔ),但是不定式符號to卻不可省去。試比較:
Let each man decide for himself. 讓每個人自己決定。
My mother wouldnt let me go to the film.
我媽媽不會讓我去看電影的。
Allow me to introduce Mary.
請?jiān)试S我介紹一下瑪麗。
This money allows me to buy a car. 這筆錢可使我買一部小汽車。
14.Id wait for her to introduce herself to me.
我要等她來向我做自我介紹。
(1)句中wait for her to introduce是詞組wait for sb./sth.的延伸。wait for sb./sth.意為“等待某人或某事”,而wait for sb. to do sth.是“等待某人做某事”的意思。例如:
Danny, there is someone waiting for you outside.
丹尼,外面有人在等你。
Could you please wait for a moment? 可以等一會嗎?
The family are waiting for you to have dinner.
家人們正在等著你吃飯呢。
They are waiting for the chairman to come.
他們正在等待主席的到來。
(2)introduce herself to me是introduce sb. to sb.結(jié)構(gòu),意為“向某人介紹某人”表示“自我介紹”為introduce oneself to sb.。例如:
May I introduce Mr. Wang to you? 我可以把王先生介紹給你嗎?
Let me introduce myself to you. 讓我給你做個自我介紹吧。
15.Social situations dont bother you in the slightest.
社會活動一點(diǎn)兒也不會影響你。
句中not…in the slightest意為“一點(diǎn)也不”、“根本不”,其同義表達(dá)形式是not…at all。例如:
You are not wrong in the slightest/at all. 你一點(diǎn)兒也沒有錯。
She doesnt like eggs in the slightest/at all. 她根本不喜歡吃雞蛋。
There is nothing in the room at all. 房間里面根本沒什么東西。
16.Your friends would probably say that you are easy to get along with. 你的朋友們也許會說你很容易相處。
you are easy to get along with是動詞不定式作狀語修飾表語形容詞句型,在這類句型中通常有兩種情況:一是不定式為“動詞+介詞”這類短語動詞,且該句子的主語與不定式在意義上是動賓關(guān)系;另一種情況是,不定式為及物動詞或者不及物動詞,該句子的主語與不定式在意義上是動狀關(guān)系,表示不定式動作的地點(diǎn)、工具等;這兩種情況都需要在不定式后保留或加適當(dāng)?shù)慕樵~。本句屬于第一種情況。再如:
This problem is difficult to deal with. 這個問題不好解決。
The lake is safe to swim in.
在這個湖里游泳是安全的。
No table is long enough for us to play table tennis on.
沒有什么桌子長得夠我們在上面打乒乓球。
17.You have plenty of friends, and you enjoy the company of other people. 你有很多朋友,你也喜歡和別人交往。
句中plenty of是“許多”的意思,與a lot of, much, many同義,但用法上有所不同。
(1)plenty of, a lot of后可接可數(shù)名詞或不可數(shù)名詞,而much只可修飾不可數(shù)名詞,many只可修飾可數(shù)名詞。試比較:
There are plenty/a lot of books on the desk. 桌上有許多書。
Dont worry. There is plenty/a lot of time. 別著急,時間很充裕。
You dont have many apples.
你沒有許多蘋果。
There isnt much rice in the bowl. 碗里沒有多少米飯。
(2)plenty of, a lot of 通常用于肯定句中;否定句及疑問句中通常用many, much或enough。
There is not much time.
沒有足夠的時間。
Is there enough time?
有足夠的時間嗎?
She has a lot of books, but she has not many bookshelves.
她有許多書,但沒有多少書架。
18.You would also rather stay at home and read a good book than go to a party. 你也愿意呆在家,讀本好書,而不愿意參加聚會。
本句為would rather…than…句型,意為“寧愿……而不愿”,rather與than的后面都是接動詞原形。例如:
They would rather watch TV than go out to play soccer.
他們寧愿看電視也不愿意出去踢球。
這一句型與prefer…rather than…意思相近,兩者的用法如下:
(1)would rather…than與prefer…rather than…的后半部分均接省去to的不定式。例如:
He would rather play than do homework. 他寧愿玩也不愿做作業(yè)。
She prefers to be in trouble rather than be taken care of by her parents. 她寧愿有麻煩也不愿讓父母照顧她。
(2)prefer后能接名詞或動名詞作賓語,用動名詞時,表示一個習(xí)慣性的動作。它也可與介詞to搭配,表示“喜歡……而不喜歡”。would rather則不能接名詞及動名詞。例如:
I think I prefer beef rather than mutton.
我想我喜歡吃牛肉,而不愿意吃羊肉。
19.Everyone is sure she will win. 大家都認(rèn)為她會獲勝。
本句為be sure接從句的形式,意為“認(rèn)為……一定會”,主語必須用表示人的名詞或代詞來充當(dāng)。接that引導(dǎo)的從句時,連詞that可以省略。be sure后面還可以接由whether或where, when, who等引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句,這時主句通常為否定形式。例如:
I am sure (that) hell tell you a lot about China.
我相信他會告訴你許多有關(guān)中國的事情的。
Im not sure where I left my notebook.
我不能確定我把筆記本丟在什么地方了。
be sure還可構(gòu)成be sure about/of和be sure to do句型,前者表示“確信對……有把握”,后接名詞、代詞或v-ing形式,表示對客觀事物有肯定的認(rèn)識和判斷,主語必須是人。例如:
As David joined our team, we are sure of winning the game this time. 由于大衛(wèi)參加了我們的球隊(duì),我們這次有把握取勝。
He was not too sure about the grammar.
他在語法方面沒有很大把握。
而be sure to do意為“一定”,“肯定”,往往表示局外人的推測、評論、主語不一定是人。
Its sure to rain tomorrow.
明天一定會下雨。
You are sure to understand much more than before.
你一定比以前懂得更多了。
試比較下面兩句:
He is sure to live to ninety.
他肯定可以活到九十歲。
He is sure of living to ninety.
他自信可以活到九十歲。
20.I cant think of any good advice to give her, but you always come up with good solutions to peoples problems. 我無法給她提供什么好的建議,可你總能幫別人想出解決問題的好方法。
句中think of意思是“想到”、“想出”,常指想到或想出某事、某個主意,come up with 表示“找到”、“想出”什么辦法或主意,與think of意思相近。例如:
Cant you think of a better place for our holiday?
你難道想不出一個更好的度假地方?
How did you think of such a wonderful idea?
你是怎么想到了這么好的主意呢?
Suddenly she came up with an idea. 突然她想出了一個主意。
He couldnt come up with an appropriate answer just at the time.
那時他想不出一個合適的答案。