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談?wù)劕F(xiàn)在完成時(shí)

2008-06-06 09:50丁紅艷
關(guān)鍵詞:助動(dòng)詞延續(xù)性答語(yǔ)

丁紅艷

現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)是初中學(xué)生語(yǔ)法學(xué)習(xí)的一個(gè)難點(diǎn)。為了幫助同學(xué)們更好地學(xué)習(xí)、掌握這一時(shí)態(tài),本文擬從五個(gè)方面對(duì)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)進(jìn)行總結(jié)。

1. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的構(gòu)成

現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)由“助動(dòng)詞have(has) + 動(dòng)詞的過去分詞”構(gòu)成。

1) 肯定句結(jié)構(gòu)為“主語(yǔ) + 助動(dòng)詞have/has + 動(dòng)詞的過去分詞 + 其他成分”。例如:

She has finished her homework. 她已做完作業(yè)了。

We have cleaned our classroom. 我們已把教室打掃過了。

2) 否定句結(jié)構(gòu)為“主語(yǔ) + 助動(dòng)詞have/has + not + 動(dòng)詞的過去分詞 + 其他成分”。其中的have not與has not可分別縮寫成havent 與hasnt。 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)肯定句中的already表示“已經(jīng)”。否定句中用yet和not搭配,表示“還沒有”。例如:

I have already read the book. 我已經(jīng)看過這本書了。

Miss Gao hasnt come back yet. 高老師還沒有回來。

They havent spoken to a foreigner. 他們還沒有與外國(guó)人說過話。

3) 一般疑問句結(jié)構(gòu)為“助動(dòng)詞Have/Has + 主語(yǔ) + 動(dòng)詞的過去分詞 + 其他成分 + ?”。

對(duì)這種一般疑問句,肯定的答語(yǔ)為:“Yes,主語(yǔ) + have/has.”,有時(shí)也可用“Yes,already.”作答;否定的答語(yǔ)為:“No,主語(yǔ) + havent/hasnt.”,有時(shí)也可用“No,not yet. /No,never. /Not yet.”等作答。例如:

—Have you returned the book? 你把那本書還了嗎?

—Yes,I have. 是的,我還了。

—Have you found your lost bike yet? 你找到你丟失的自行車了嗎?

—No,not yet. 還沒有。

2. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的基本用法

1) 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)著重強(qiáng)調(diào)過去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果,不強(qiáng)調(diào)這種動(dòng)作的本身。這時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞一般為終止性動(dòng)詞(也稱非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞),并且常與just,ever,never,yet,already,before等副詞連用。例如:

I have already seen the film. 我已看過那部電影了。(這表示現(xiàn)在“我”已經(jīng)知道電影的內(nèi)容。)

She has just closed the door. 她剛把門關(guān)上。(這表示現(xiàn)在“門”是關(guān)著的。)

2) 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示發(fā)生在過去的動(dòng)作,一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在,甚至還可能繼續(xù)下去。這種動(dòng)作常與for或since引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。這時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞一般為延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞或含否定意義的終止性動(dòng)詞。例如:

I have known Jim for two years. 我認(rèn)識(shí)吉姆兩年了。

They have lived there since 1995. 從1995年以來他們就住在那兒。

Uncle Wang has worked in the factory since he came here in 1998. 王叔叔自從1998年來這兒就一直在這個(gè)工廠工作。

I havent seen him for a long time. 我很長(zhǎng)時(shí)間沒見到他了。

3. 與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)連用的狀語(yǔ)

1) 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)可以和不確定具體時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)連用,如: just,before,already,yet,recently(近來)等。例如:

Ive just washed my clothes. 我剛洗完衣服。

She has already bought an English-Chinese Dictionary. 她已經(jīng)買了一本《英漢詞典》。

2) 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)可以和包括“現(xiàn)在”時(shí)間在內(nèi)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用,如: now,today,these days,this month,in the past/last few years,so far等。例如:

We have worked on the farm these days. 這些天來我們就在這個(gè)農(nóng)場(chǎng)勞動(dòng)。

Great changes have taken place in my hometown in the past ten years. 十年來,我的家鄉(xiāng)發(fā)生了巨大變化。

So far we have learned more than two thousand English words. 到目前為止,我們已經(jīng)學(xué)了2,000多個(gè)英語(yǔ)單詞。

3) 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)常和由“for + 時(shí)間段”或“since + 時(shí)間點(diǎn)”構(gòu)成的狀語(yǔ)連用。例如:

We have learned English for two years. 我們學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)已有兩年了。

Ive lived here since 1998. 自從1998年以來我一直住在這里。

注意: for為介詞,后面只能跟一段時(shí)間作賓語(yǔ),不能引導(dǎo)從句,而since既可用作介詞,后面可跟時(shí)間點(diǎn),也可用作連詞,引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句。 since從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞通常為終止性動(dòng)詞的一般過去時(shí)。

4) 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)有時(shí)還可以和ever,never,once,twice等詞連用。例如:

Have you ever been to Hong Kong? 你去過香港嗎?

He has been to Hangzhou once. 他去過杭州一次。

4. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與一般過去時(shí)的區(qū)別

現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與一般過去時(shí)都可以表示過去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作,但二者的側(cè)重點(diǎn)不同。

一般過去時(shí)表示過去某個(gè)時(shí)間發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài),也可表示過去習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作。這種動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)不涉及與現(xiàn)在的關(guān)系。與之連用的是表示過去時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ),如: yesterday,last year,in 1998,three years ago等。而現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)則強(qiáng)調(diào)過去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果。現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)不能與表示過去時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)連用。試比較:

1) A. I posted the photos yesterday. 昨天我郵寄了那些照片。(只說明郵寄的動(dòng)作是昨天發(fā)生的,與現(xiàn)在沒有關(guān)系。)

B. I have already posted the photos. 我已把那些照片寄走了。(說明“郵寄”動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過去,強(qiáng)調(diào)“現(xiàn)在照片已不在我手里了”。)

2) A. She lived here in 1995. 1995年她住在這兒。(只說明她1995年“住在這兒”,不涉及現(xiàn)在她是否還住在這兒。)

B. She has lived here since 1995. 她從1995年以來就住在這兒。(說明她從1995年開始就住在這兒,現(xiàn)在還住在這兒,還可能繼續(xù)住下去。)

5. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)中的終止性動(dòng)詞與延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞

終止性動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作是不可延續(xù)的,如: come,go,put,take,open,leave,give,die,finish,become等,終止性動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)不能和表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)連用,也不能用在how long引起的特殊疑問句中。延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)詞和狀態(tài)是可以延續(xù)的,如: keep,live,study,read,ride,play,wait等。延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞可以和表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)連用。

注:雖然終止性動(dòng)詞不能與表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)連用,但將終止性動(dòng)詞作適當(dāng)轉(zhuǎn)換后,就能與表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)連用了。試譯:

1) 他回來三天了。

誤: He has come back for three days.

正: He has been back for three days.

2) 他奶奶去世五年了。

誤: His grandma has died for five years.

正: His grandma has been dead for five years.

3) 這本詞典我已經(jīng)買了半年了。

誤: I have bought the dictionary for half a year.

正: I have had the dictionary for half a year.

4) 你入黨多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間了?

誤: How long have you joined the Party?

正: How long have you been a Party member?

[鞏固練習(xí)] 從A,B,C,D中選出正確答案。

1. John______many friends since he came to Hangzhou last year.

A. made B. makes C. is making D. has made

2. Who______the classroom? Its so clean.

A. has cleaned B. is cleaning C. are cleaning D. cleaned

3. Mr Smith______for two weeks. He doesnt work at all.

A. had a cold B. has had a cold

C. has got a cold D. has caught a cold

4. —______ you______a ticket for the film?

—Not yet.

A. Is; bought B. Are; bought

C. Has; bought D. Have; bought

5. I______my uncle four times today but his line is always busy.

A. will call B. call C. am calling D. have called

6. —Im sorry to have kept you waiting.

—Oh,it doesnt matter. As a matter of fact,I______here only a few minutes.

A. have been B. had been C. was D. will be

7. What is the best gift Tom______since he came to China?

A. received B. is receiving

C. had received D. has received

8. —How long______you______this bike?

—For three years.

A. do; you B. do; buy

C. have; had D. have; bought

9. Our city______a lot since I left it three years ago.

A. is changing B. changes

C. changed D. has changed

10. I cant find the book I______from the library a week ago.

A. borrowed B. have borrowed

C. am borrowing D. borrow

Key: 1-5 DABDD6-10 ADCDA

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