沈 楊
1. clothes,clothing,cloth,dress
clothes意為“衣服”,包括上衣、內(nèi)衣、褲子、外衣等。 clothes不能用this/that或數(shù)詞來修飾,但可以用many,these,those,a lot of,a few,the,some和my等詞語修飾。 clothes在句中作主語時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞應(yīng)為復(fù)數(shù)形式。例如:
I always wash my clothes on Sundays. 我總是在星期天洗衣服。
She spends a lot of money on clothes. 她花了很多錢買衣服。
clothing是服裝的總稱,是集合名詞,只有單數(shù)形式。 clothing指的范圍比clothes廣,它可以包括clothes指的東西,也可以包括手套、鞋、帽等。例如: winter clothing冬裝,childrens clothing童裝,a piece of clothing一件衣服。
cloth指做衣服用的材料(棉、麻、絲、毛料),即“布、布料”,是不可數(shù)名詞。例如:
How much cloth is needed to make a skirt? 做一件裙子需要多少布料?
dress意為“服裝、女裝、童裝、禮服”,尤指兒童日常服裝和連衣裙等。例如:
I have a light green dress. 我有一件淺綠色的連衣裙。
[練習(xí)] 用clothes,clothing,cloth或dress填空。
(1) Her______are very expensive.
(2) The coat is made of thin______ .
(3) Our school is between a bookshop and a______shop.
(4) Look! Sheila is wearing a long red______ .
Key: (1) clothes (2) cloth (3) clothing (4) dress
2. aloud,loud,loudly
aloud是副詞,意為“出聲地、大聲地”,相對(duì)于默讀而言,強(qiáng)調(diào)出聲,但聲音不一定很大,常與read等動(dòng)詞連用。 aloud修飾call,cry等動(dòng)詞時(shí),可作“高聲地”解。例如:
Please read the text aloud. 請(qǐng)朗讀課文。
The boy called for help aloud. 這個(gè)男孩高聲求救。
loud作形容詞時(shí),意為“響亮的,大聲的”,可用作定語或表語; loud作副詞時(shí),意為“大聲,高聲”,側(cè)重給人的感覺,常與speak,shout,laugh,talk等動(dòng)詞連用。例如:
Suddenly we heard a loud cry. 突然我們聽到一聲大叫。
Speak loud while answering the teachers question. 回答老師的問題時(shí)要大聲一點(diǎn)。
loudly是副詞,意為“大聲地、響亮地”,多含有噪音或喧擾聲的意味,有時(shí)也含有“有目的地”提高音量,以便讓人聽見之意,可置于所修飾的動(dòng)詞之前或之后。例如:
Someone is knocking loudly at the door. 有人在大聲地敲門。
She cried loudly. 她嚎啕大哭。
[練習(xí)] 用aloud,loud或loudly填空。
(1) Sorry,I cant hear you. Please speak a little______ .
(2) Its good for your English learning to read______every morning.
(3) They______praised the boys behavior. 他們高聲贊揚(yáng)那個(gè)男孩的行為。
Key: (1) louder (2) aloud (3) loudly
3. sound,voice,noise
sound指人們聽到的各種聲音,包括音樂、嗓音、噪聲、有意義或無意義的聲音。例如:
Did you hear the sound of music? 你聽到音樂聲了嗎?
voice指人在說話或唱歌時(shí)發(fā)出的聲音,也指“嗓音”。例如:
He is not in good voice. 他現(xiàn)在嗓子不好。
noise指不悅耳、令人討厭的喧鬧聲、噪聲。例如:
The old man enjoyed the holiday far away from city noise. 這位老人喜歡在遠(yuǎn)離城市喧鬧的地方度假。
Dont make a noise. The baby is sleeping now. 不要弄出響聲來,小孩正在睡覺。
[練習(xí)] 用sound,voice或noise填空。
(1) Dont make so much______ . We are having a meeting.
(2) Light travels faster than______ .
(3) The teacher raised her______so that every student in the classroom could hear her.
(4) We heard nothing but the______of running water.
Key: (1) noise (2) sound (3) voice (4) sound
4. put out,put off
put out意為“關(guān)掉、熄滅”,除了指電燈熄滅之外,還指火熄滅。此外還有“生產(chǎn)、出版、發(fā)表”等意義。例如:
Put out the light at once. 請(qǐng)立即熄燈。
put off也可作“關(guān)掉、熄滅”解,但主要指用按開關(guān)、旋鈕等機(jī)械手段關(guān)電燈、收音機(jī),此外它還有“推遲”的意思。例如:
I forgot to put off the radio when I went out. 我出去時(shí)忘記關(guān)收音機(jī)了。
[練習(xí)] 用put out或put off填空。
(1) Please______all the lights when you leave the building.
(2)______ all fires before leaving the camping ground.
(3) Tonights concert will be______till next week.
(4) Youll have to______your cigarette(香煙).
Key: (1) put off/put out (2) Put out (3) put off (4) put out
5. accept,receive
accept意為“接受”,是指主語經(jīng)過考慮而“答應(yīng)收下”,表示動(dòng)作是主動(dòng)的,它的反義詞是refuse(拒絕)。例如:
Please accept my invitation. 請(qǐng)接受我的邀請(qǐng)。
receive意為“收到、接到”,它僅指“收到”這一事實(shí),并不含本人愿不愿意接受的意思。它是動(dòng)詞send(寄、送)的結(jié)果,當(dāng)表示“收到(信件)、接見、接待及接納(某人)”時(shí),都要用receive,不用accept。 例如:
He received a gift,but he didnt accept it. 他收到了一個(gè)禮物,但他沒有接受。
Have you received a letter from her? 你收到她的來信了嗎?
[練習(xí)] 用accept或receive填空。
(1) Though the work was difficult,we decided to______it.
(2) Mary______a gift from a friend of hers,but she didnt agree to______it.
(3) Did you______my presents on your birthday?
Key: (1) accept (2) received,accept (3) receive
6. cost,pay,spend,take
這四個(gè)動(dòng)詞都有“花費(fèi)”之意,但在用法上有所不同。
cost作“花費(fèi)”解時(shí),相當(dāng)于口語中的“值或價(jià)值”,通常以“物”或“事”為主語。常用句式為“sth costs sb some time/money”。 例如:
This dictionary costs me fifty yuan. 我花50元買了這本字典。
Reading English costs him two hours every day. 他每天花兩個(gè)小時(shí)讀英語。
pay的意思是“給……報(bào)酬、付錢、支付、付出代價(jià)”,主語為“人”。常見句式為“sb + pays + (sb) + some money + for sth”。 例如:
I paid much money for the computer. 我買這臺(tái)電腦花了很多錢。
You will pay me 20 yuan for the skirt. 這條裙子你得付給我20元。
spend的意思是“花費(fèi)(金錢、時(shí)間等)”,主語為“人”。其常見句式為“sb + spends + some money/time + on sth”或“sb + spends + some money/time + (in) doing sth”。 例如:
I spend much money on books every year. 我每年花好多錢買書。
I usually spend an hour(in) reading English every morning. 每天早上我通?;ㄒ粋€(gè)小時(shí)讀英語。
take表示“花費(fèi)”這一意思時(shí),通常用it作形式主語,真正的主語是后面的動(dòng)詞不定式(短語)。其常見句式為“It takes sb some time/money to do sth”或“sb takes some time/money to do sth”,意為“某人花費(fèi)一些時(shí)間(金錢)去干某事”。例如:
It takes me 15 minutes to go to school by bus. 我上學(xué)乘公共汽車需要花費(fèi)15分鐘時(shí)間。
I took 10 years to learn English. 我花了10年的時(shí)間學(xué)英語。
[練習(xí)] 用cost,pay,spend或take填空。
(1) The suit______him 200 yuan.
(2) My brother______200 yuan on the suit.
(3) She______half an hour reading the letter.
(4) The woman took out some money and______for the dress.
(5) It______him 20 minutes to go to work on foot.
Key: (1) cost (2) spent (3) spent (4) paid (5) takes
7. sleep,asleep,sleeping
sleep作名詞用時(shí),意為“睡眠,睡覺”。例如:
He didnt get enough sleep last night. 昨晚他沒有睡足覺。
sleep作動(dòng)詞用時(shí),強(qiáng)調(diào)入睡后的睡眠狀態(tài)。例如:
He usually sleeps six hours each night. 他通常每晚睡六個(gè)小時(shí)。
asleep是形容詞,意為“睡著的”,強(qiáng)調(diào)狀態(tài),通常在句中作表語,不可用在名詞前作定語。例如:
The boy was asleep with his head on his arms. 那個(gè)男孩頭枕著胳膊睡著了。
sleeping是動(dòng)詞sleep的現(xiàn)在分詞或動(dòng)名詞,可放在名詞前面作定語,表示“睡著的、睡覺的”,或表示“睡覺用的”。例如:
The sleeping baby is her son. 這個(gè)睡著的小孩是她的兒子。
He bought a sleeping bag before going camping. 去露營(yíng)前,他買了一個(gè)睡袋。
[練習(xí)] 用sleep,asleep或sleeping填空。
(1) He fell______during the lecture.
(2) She is still______now.
(3) He often talks in his______ .
(4) Dont wake up the______boy.
Key: (1) asleep (2) sleeping (3) sleep (4) sleeping
8. too many,too much,much too
too many表示“太多的……”,用來修飾可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)。例如:
There are too many cars running in Beijing. 在北京,來來往往的汽車太多。
too much意為“太多的……”,可用作形容詞詞組,修飾不可數(shù)名詞。例如:
If you eat too much sweet food,you will get fat. 如果你吃太多的甜食,就會(huì)發(fā)胖的。
too much也可用作副詞詞組,修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞或其他副詞。例如:
Dont speak too much at the meeting. 會(huì)上不要講得太多。
much too表示“太……”之意,用來修飾形容詞或副詞。例如:
The coat is much too big for me. 這件外套對(duì)我來說太大了。
Im afraid you are driving much too fast. 恐怕你開車開得太快了。
[練習(xí)] 用too many,too much或much too填空。
(1) There is______rain in the south in summer.
(2) There are______people waiting at the bus stop now.
(3) Its______hot this summer.
(4) We have______homework to do every day.
(5) If you miss______lessons,you may fail your exam.
Key: (1) too much (2) too many (3) much too (4) too much
(5) too many
9. instead of,instead
instead是副詞,意為“代替、頂替、反而、卻”。 instead位于句末時(shí),其前不用逗號(hào)。 instead位于句首時(shí),其后可用逗號(hào),也可不用。例如:
Give me a red one instead. 給我換個(gè)紅的吧。
Last year I went to Qingdao. This year Im going to Shanghai instead. 去年我去了青島,今年我不去青島了,打算去上海。
instead of是短語介詞,意為“代替,而不是”,后跟名詞、代詞、動(dòng)名詞或介詞短語。例如:
Please give me the red box instead of the yellow one. 請(qǐng)把那個(gè)紅盒子給我,我不要那個(gè)黃的。
They went there on foot instead of by bus. 他們沒有乘公共汽車而是步行到那里去的。
[練習(xí)] 用instead或instead of填空。
(1) He is tired. Let me do it______ .
(2) She will come to the meeting______him.
(3) She will give the class______Mr Li.
(4) If you cant go to play basketball,let him go______ .
Key: (1) instead (2) instead of (3) instead of (4) instead
10. nearly,almost
nearly,almost都表示“幾乎、將近、差不多”,可與動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞、名詞等連用,在肯定句中一般可互換使用。例如:
He is almost/nearly as tall as I. 他幾乎和我一樣高。
It is nearly/almost eleven oclock. 差不多11點(diǎn)了。
I almost/nearly didnt hear what she said. 我?guī)缀鯖]聽清她說些什么。
但兩者有如下區(qū)別: ① almost能和anything/nothing/anyone/anybody/nobody以及 more than,too連用,而nearly則不能。例如:
Almost none of us knew the animal. 我們中幾乎沒一個(gè)人認(rèn)識(shí)那動(dòng)物。
I have almost nothing to do today. 我今天幾乎無事可做。
② 在表示感情或思想狀況時(shí),用almost,不能用nearly。 例如:
I almost wish I could fly. 我?guī)缀跸M視?huì)飛。
③ 在not,pretty,very之后只能用nearly,不用almost。 例如:
The car hit the child very nearly. 汽車差一點(diǎn)撞著那孩子。
④ 在具體數(shù)字前面,用nearly,不用almost。 例如:
The building is nearly thirty meters high. 這座大樓幾乎有30米高。
[練習(xí)] 用almost或nearly填空。
(1) The old couple have got______no help from their sons.
(2) The room is not______ready for the guest.
(3) The seasons of the year in England and the USA are______the same.
Key: (1) almost (2) nearly (3) nearly/almost