吳元培

動詞ing分為動名詞與現(xiàn)在分詞。動名詞主要在句中作主語、賓語或表語。而現(xiàn)在分詞主要在句中作定語、表語或狀語。

一、現(xiàn)在分詞

現(xiàn)在分詞的時態(tài)與語態(tài)：

1．現(xiàn)在分詞的主動式。當句子的主語是分詞動作的執(zhí)行者，若與謂語動詞所表示的動作同時發(fā)生或幾乎同時發(fā)生，則用現(xiàn)在分詞一般式的主動式；如果分詞所表示的動作發(fā)生在謂語動作之前，則用現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式。

_______that she didnt do a good job, I dont think I am abler than her. (07陜西卷)

A. To have saidB. Having said. C. To say D. SayingKey: [B]

2．現(xiàn)在分詞的被動式。如果句子的主語是分詞動作的承受者，所表示的動作正在進行，或者與謂語動詞所表示的動作同時發(fā)生，則用現(xiàn)在分詞的被動形式；如果分詞的動作先于謂語動詞所表示的動作，則用分詞完成式的被動形式。

(a)_______ from other continents for millions of years, Australia has many plants and animals not found in any other country in the world.（05湖北卷）

A. Being separated

B. Having separated

C. Having been separated

D. To be separated Key: [C]

(I) 現(xiàn)在分詞作定語

【熱身訓(xùn)練】單項填空

Bluetooth is an internationally standardized technology ______ short distance wireless communication.

A. supporting B. supported

C. to support D. supports

【答案解析】technology與support之間構(gòu)成主謂關(guān)系，所以用現(xiàn)在分詞作定語。故答案選[A] 。

【歸納與辨析】現(xiàn)在分詞作定語時，與邏輯主語之間是主動關(guān)系，所表示的動作：(1) 正在進行的動作 (2) 習(xí)慣性動作或現(xiàn)在（或當時）的狀態(tài) (3) 即將發(fā)生的動作

1．現(xiàn)在分詞用法

(1) 現(xiàn)在分詞短語作定語時，放在被修飾的名詞之后；單個分詞作定語時，放在被修飾的名詞之前。

(a) Peter received a letter just now________ his grandma would come to see him soon. (07四川卷)

A. saidB. says

C. sayingD. to say

Key:[C]

(b) Many frightened people rushed out of the burning building.

(2) 現(xiàn)在分詞作定語主要表示動作和用途。

(a) 表示動作（主動的、正在進行的動作）

The girl standing there is my sister.

(b) 表示用途

the waiting room = the room for waiting

(II) 現(xiàn)在分詞作表語

【熱身訓(xùn)練】單項填空

This news of the successful launch of Change One around the Moon sounds ________.

A. encouragingB. encouraged

C. encourageD. to encourage

【答案解析】表示主語（事、物）所具有的特征或?qū)傩裕硎尽傲钊烁械健摹?，常用現(xiàn)在分詞作表語。故答案選[A]。

【歸納與辨析】現(xiàn)在分詞多表示主語所具有的特征或?qū)傩?，主語通常是事物。

The situation is encouraging.

(III) 現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語

【熱身訓(xùn)練】單項填空

1． One Sunday several former classmates gathered at Toms for dinner, _________their high school reunion the day before.

A. to talk about B. talked about

C. talking about D. having talked about

2． _________nice, the food was all eaten up soon.

A. TastingB. Taste

C. Tasted D. To taste

【答案解析】1．C 。several former classmates與talk about之間構(gòu)成主謂關(guān)系，所以用現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語，表示伴隨的動作。2．A。taste是系動詞，表示伴隨的動作，只能用現(xiàn)在分詞。

【歸納與辨析】(1) 現(xiàn)在分詞或現(xiàn)在分詞短語作狀語時，可表原因、時間、行為方式，伴隨狀況等。

Whenever he was asked why he was late for class, he would answer carelessly, always _____the same thing.(06江蘇卷)__________________ A. sayingB. said

C. to say D. having said Key: [A]

(2) “with (without)+名詞（或代詞賓格）+分詞”的結(jié)構(gòu)，表示伴隨狀況，原因，條件等。

—Come on, please give me some ideas about the project.

—Sorry. With so much work______my mind, I almost break down.(07福建卷)

A. filledB. filling

C. to fillD. being filled Key: [B]

(3) 當現(xiàn)在分詞的邏輯主語與主句的主語不一致時，分詞通常有自己的主語；如果表示的動作先于主句謂語動詞發(fā)生，就應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式。這種結(jié)構(gòu)就是主格獨立結(jié)構(gòu)。

The country has already sent up three unmanned spacecrafts, the most recent______ at the end of last March.(07山東卷)

A. has been launched

B. having been launched

C. being launched

D. to be launchedKey:[B]

(VI) 現(xiàn)在分詞作補足語

When I came in, I saw Dr. Harry _________a patient.

A. examineB. examining

C. to examine D. examined

【答案解析】Dr. Harry與examine之間構(gòu)成主謂關(guān)系，又表示在過去某一時刻正在進行的動作，所以用現(xiàn)在分詞作賓語補足語。故答案選[B]。

【歸納與辨析】在感官動詞：hear, see,look at, notice, observe, feel, find, catch以及使役動詞：have, let, make, leave, keep, get等后既可以用不定式也可以用現(xiàn)在分詞作賓語補足語。感官動詞之后作其賓語補足語的不定式表示動作全過程或動作已完成，現(xiàn)在分詞強調(diào)動作正在進行或當時的情景。

(1) After a knock at the door, the child heard his mothers voice _______ him. (07上海卷)

A. calling B. called

C. being calledD. to call Key: [A]

二、動名詞

(I) 動名詞作主語

【熱身訓(xùn)練】單項填空

______as the most excellent student in her university, as most classmates had expect-ed, made her parents very happy.

A. Mary was chosen

B. Mary s chosen

C. Marys being chosen

D. Mary being chosen

【答案解析】動詞choose與Mary之間構(gòu)成邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系，但卻是被動關(guān)系，所以用動名詞復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)的被動式作主語，即“ones being done”。故答案選[C]。

【歸納與辨析】動名詞具有動詞和名詞的性質(zhì)，在句中起名詞作用。當動名詞帶邏輯主語時（1）如果其邏輯主語是表示人的名詞大多用名詞所有格，但如果不在句首也可用普通格；（2）如果其主語是代詞，則用形容詞性的物主代詞，但如果不在句首也有人用人稱代詞的賓格；（3）如果其邏輯主語是表示無生活的事物則只能用名詞普通格。例如：

At the beginning of class, the noise of desks being opened and closed could be heard outside the classroom.

(1)______ the meeting himself gave them a great deal of encouragement. (03上海春)

A. The president will attend

B. The president to attend

C. The president attended

D. The presidents attendingKey: [D]

(2) _______ to the sunlight for too long a time will do harm to ones skin. (02上海卷)

A. Being exposed

B. Having been exposed

C. Having exposed

D. Exposed

Key: [A]

動名詞作主語常用于下列句型：

(a) It is +名詞/形容詞+ 動名詞

It is + no use/ no good / useless / a waste of time doing sth.

(1) Its no use crying over the spilt milk.

(2) Its a waste of time waiting here.

(b)“There is no +動名詞 ”結(jié)構(gòu)相當于“It is impossible to do sth”。

There is no saying whether the singing contest will be put off or not.

【注意】

(1) 動名詞和不定式都可以作主語，動名詞作主語表示一般或抽象的習(xí)慣性的動作，不定式作主語往往表示具體的或一次性的動作。

Playing with fire is dangerous.（泛指這一動作）

To play with fire will be dangerous.（指一具體動作）

(2) 動名詞作主語，謂語動詞用單數(shù)。

Forgetting the past means betrayal.

(II) 動名詞作賓語

【熱身訓(xùn)練】單項填空

1． In the traffic accident, his father came close to _______.

A. be killed B. being killed C. kill D. killing

【答案解析】題中close to意為“接近、靠近”，其中to是介詞，故后接動名詞作賓語，所以答案選[B] 。

【歸納與辨析】動名詞具有動詞和名詞的性質(zhì)，在句中起名詞作用，可作賓語。

All the staff in our company are con-sidering ____ to the city centre for the fashion show. (07卷上海春)

A. to go B. going

C. to have gone D. having gone

Key: [B]

【注意】作賓語時，有些動詞后要跟動名詞，有些則應(yīng)用不定式，還有的兩者均可，但意義有所不同：

(1)只跟動名詞的有：appreciate; advise; admit; avoid; cant help; delay; enjoy; escape; excuse； finish; forgive; mind; practise;pardon; miss; suggest; consider; risk; imagine; stand; be worth; be busy; object to; listen to; pay attention to; look forward to; stick to; devote to; prefer doing sth to doing sth; set about; give up; spend… (in) doing sth ; waste… (in) doing sth; have difficult / trouble (in) doing sth ; prevent / keep … from doing sth 等 。

It is difficult to imagine his ________the decision without any consideration. (06陜西卷)

A. accept B. accepting

C. to accept D. acceptedKey:[B]

(2) 動名詞與不定式都可作賓語，且意義相同的有：like, love, hate, begin, start, continue, prefer 。

She loves playing tennis (to play tennis).

(3) 動名詞與不定式作賓語意義不同，不定式指要做而還沒有做的事，而動名詞則表示已經(jīng)做過的事。這些詞有：forget , go on , mean , regret , remember , stop , try等。

— Robert is indeed a wise man.

— Oh, yes. How often I have regretted _______ his advice!(07安徽卷)

A. to takeB. taking

C. not to takeD. not takingKey:[D]

She regretted to tell him that he had failed.

(4) 作介詞賓語

What difficulty do you have (in) learning mathematics?

(5) need , want , require , deserve等動詞, 當主語是動作的承受者時，后面的賓語有兩種形式，即：need / want / require + doing / to be done.

The bike needs repairing / to be repaired.

【考點拓展】動名詞復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)作賓語時，其邏輯主語既可用所有格，也可用普通格。

What worried the child most was ______ to visit his mother in the hospital.(98上海卷)

A. his not allowed

B. his not being allowed

C. his being not allowed

D. having not been allowed Key: [B]

(III) 動名詞作表語

【熱身訓(xùn)練】單項填空

1．What worried me most was________ to go abroad alone.

A. my not allowing

B. having not allowed

C. my not been allowed

D. my being not allowed

【答案解析】根據(jù)句意，應(yīng)用動名詞復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)的否定式的被動形式，即“ones not being done”，作主語要用名詞所有格，故答案選[C]。

【歸納與辨析】動名詞具有形容詞和名詞的性質(zhì)，在句中可作表語。

動名詞作表語時，說明主語的內(nèi)容，就此提問，用what；而形容語或分詞當表語則是說明主語的性質(zhì)、特征等，因此針對表語提問要用how。

(1) Her job is sweeping the floor →What is her job?

(2) It is instructive to read one such story. → How is it to read one such story?

鞏固性練習(xí)：從下列選項中選擇最佳答案。

1． —What made his father angry?

______— ________.

A. Because he had failed in the exam

B. Because of his having failed in the exam

C. As he had failed in the exam

D. Failing in the exam

2． What worried the boy most was______ to visit his father in the hospital.

A. his not being allowed

B. his not allowing

C. his not been allowed

D. his being not allowed

3． They suggested ________ the sports meet till next Tuesday.

A. us to put off B. our putting off C. us of putting off D. our put off

4． As the stone was too heavy to move, I left it ________ on the ground.

A. laying B. lay C. lyingD. lain

5． This small seaside village is a perfect place for holidays so that visitors never leave it ________.

A. felt disappointing

B. feeling disappointed

C. feeling disappointing

D. felt disappointed

6． Many early Europeans, ________ the earth to be flat, feared that Columbus would fall off the edge of the earth.

A. believing B. having believed

C. believed D. to believe

7． Attempting to get home before dark, _________ .

A. Toms bike broke down on the way B. it happened that Toms bike hit a car

C. a car knocked Tom off his bikeD. Tom knocked into a tree

8． In my opinion, more attention should be paid_______ the students abilities.

A. to develop B. to developing C. developing D. in developing

9． Research_______ at Peking Univer-sity supports this idea and suggests that if we dont use the sense of direction, well lose it.

A. to carry out B. carrying out

C. having carried outD. being carried out

10． When I caught him________me ,I stopp-ed________things there and started dealing with another shop.

A. cheating; buying B. to cheat; buying

C. cheating; to buy D. to cheat; to buy

Keys for reference：

1——5 DABCB6——10 BDBDA