馮發(fā)昌
一、詞語例解
1. intend vt. 1)想要;打算;計劃
I intend to get there as soon as I can.我打算盡快趕到那里。
The writer clearly intends his readers to identify with the main character 作者顯然想讀者同情主人公。
2) 意指
He hadnt intended that we should all be there. 他沒想要讓我們都到那里。
What do you intend by this word? 你說這話是什么意思?
【聯(lián)想拓展】intend to do sth打算做某事 intend sb to do sth 打算要某人做某事intend that計劃had intended to do sth.= intended to have done sth本想或打算做某事(而實際上沒做) be intended for 為……而;供……用
【辨析】intend,mean 和 design
這組動詞的一般含義是“意欲”或“打算”。intend 強調(diào)“意欲”做某一件確定的事,或者“決定”達到某一確定的目的,此外還常用于表達“意欲”使某人從事某職業(yè),或“打算”某物用作何種目的;mean 常??梢院?intend 互換使用,但不強調(diào)決心達到某一目的;design 強調(diào)為達到某目的,事先作過精心安排和仔細考慮,包含“預謀”、“策劃”以達到自己的目的這一意義。例如:
The dictionary is intended for the beginners. 這本詞典是為初學者編的。
He always meant to go back one day,but not to stay.他總想某一天回去,但不住下。
Did you design this, or did it just happen itself ?這件事是你有意圖安排的還是它自行發(fā)生的?
2. certain adj.確定的;無疑的
I am certain hell come, in spite of the bad weather. 盡管天氣不好,我還是確信他會來的。
Are you certain about (of) it? 你對此有把握嗎?
He is certain of success. 他必然會成功。
He is certain to come. 他一定會來。
2) 某一;一些
A certain person called on you yesterday. 昨天有個人來探訪你。
Certain things are not openly spoken about. 有些事是不能公開說的。
【拓展】for certain確定;確保 be certain of確信;深信 be certain to必然;一定 be not certain whether…不能確定是否…… make certain of / that把……弄清楚;把……弄確實, 保證 It is certain that …某事是確定無疑的
3. actuallyadv. 1)(無比較級、最高級)實際上;事實上
He looks unpleasant, but actually he is very kind.他看起來板著面孔,但事實上心地很好。
She looks young, but shes actually 50. 她看上去年輕,可是實際上已五十歲了。
2)(這樣說也許令人難以置信,不過) 真地;竟然;居然
He actually refused!他竟然拒絕了!She was so angry that she actually tore up the letter.她一氣之下竟然將信撕碎了。
4. appreciate v. 1) 感謝;感激
I appreciate your help.我感激你的幫助。They deeply appreciated his kindness.他們對他的好意深表感謝。
2)重視;賞識;欣賞
She was appreciated everywhere. 她到處受到賞識。
Her talent for music was not appreciated.她的音樂才能無人賞識。
【辨析】appreciate一詞尤指高度看重,是以批評式的評價、比較和判斷為基礎的;value意指對事物重要性和價值的高度評價;cherish強調(diào)對珍貴事物的關切并常帶有摯愛之情。
I really appreciate your help. 我真的很感激你的幫助。
We treasure our freedom. 我們珍視自由。
I value your advice. 我尊重你的勸告。
He cherished the memory of his departed youth.他緬懷他那一去不復返的青春年華。
【聯(lián)想拓展】appreciationn. 欣賞;體諒appreciate doing sth. 感激做…… would appreciate it if…假如……我將不勝感激
5. suffer v. 1) experience something painful or unpleasant遭受(痛苦、不幸等)
He has suffered a lot of pain. 他痛得很厲害。
He is suffering from toothache.他正在遭受牙痛的折磨。
2) experience sorrow or grief 經(jīng)歷不幸、痛苦
We all have to suffer at some time in our lives.在人生的道路上我們都時而要受苦的。
She had learnt to suffer without complain-ing. 她已經(jīng)學會了吃苦的時候不抱怨。
3) be injured受害;受損失
The train fell over the edge, but no one suffered much in the accident. 火車翻到路基下面去,但在這場事故中沒人受重傷。
【聯(lián)想拓展】 sufferingn. 苦難suffer loss / defeat遭受損失/失敗suffer from 患……?。皇堋目嗤?/p>
6. directionn. 1)方向
When the police arrived, the crowd scattered in all directions. 警察趕到后,人群向四面八方散去了。
I dont know which is the right direction. 我不知道哪個方向對。
2)(常用復數(shù))指示;說明書
He gave me full directions to enable me to find his house.他對我詳細說明如何去他家。
Follow the directions that your doctor gives you.請遵醫(yī)囑。
3)指導;命令;指示
We study English under his direction. 我們在他的指導下學習英語。
He did not give me any directions. 他沒有給我任何指示。
【聯(lián)想拓展】directv. 指導;命令adj.直接的;徑直的directlyadv. 直接地;正好地 directorn經(jīng)理;導演in the direction of 向著……方向 in all directions向四面八方under ones direction 在……的指導下
7. confusev. 使迷惑;打亂;混淆
Dont give me so much information —Youre confusing me! 別告訴我這么多,你會把我弄糊涂的。
His granddaughter confused the papers on his desk. 他的孫女把他書桌上的文件弄亂了。
Dont confuse Austria and/with Australia. 不要把奧地利跟澳大利亞弄混淆了。
【辨析】confusedadj.困惑的;煩惱的 confusingadj.令人混淆的;令人困惑的
The speaker suddenly changed tack and left us all rather confused. 演講人突然改變了論調(diào),把我們都搞糊涂了。
The instructions on the box are very confusing. 盒子上的使用說明含混不清。
二、短語精析
1. make fun of 取笑,嘲笑
People make fun of her because she always speaks foolishly. 人們嘲笑她,因為她常說傻話。
James often made fun of the new pupil because her speech was not like the other pupils. 詹姆斯經(jīng)常嘲笑這個新學生,因為她說的話與眾不同。
2. date back to = date from 追溯到……
This town dates back to Roman times. 這個小鎮(zhèn)的歷史可以追溯到羅馬時期。
This manuscript dates back to the 18th century. 這部手稿是十八世紀的。
3. be on good terms with sb.同某人關系好
He is on good terms with his employer. 他和雇主的關系很好。
Shes so boring a girl that our class-mates around her cant be on good terms with her.她太讓人煩了,周圍的同學都不能和她好好相處。
【拓展】be on bad terms with sb. 與某人關系不好;keep on good terms with sb. 與某人保持友好關系;make terms with sb.與某人達成協(xié)議come to terms with sb 與某人達成協(xié)議
4. look on … as … 將……看作……
She is looked on as the leading authority on the subject. 她被認為是該問題的權威人士。
I decided to look on the whole matter as a great joke! 我決定將整件事情當作一個大笑話!
He looked on the old couple as his parents.他把這對老夫婦當作自己的父母。
【拓展】look after 照料 look down on 輕視,看不起look forward to 盼望;期待
look in 順便看望;短暫訪問
5. pick up撿起,拾起;順便用車來接;接收,收聽(節(jié)目);偶然獲得、學會
Then I picked up the little girl and walked off. 然后我把小女孩抱起來就離開了。
I plan to pick you up at your office at six. 我打算6點來你辦公室接你。
I often pick up the programs of BBC. 我經(jīng)常收聽BBC電臺的節(jié)目。
She picked up a valuable first edition at a village book sale. 她在鄉(xiāng)村圖書展銷會上買到一本珍貴的首版書。
三、句式點睛
1. The actors make us laugh by making fun of somebodys way of dressing or telling an amusing story.表演者通過取笑某人的著裝方式,講述有趣的故事,引我們發(fā)笑。
make sb. do sth.的意思是“使某人做某事”,其中的do sth.為不帶to的動詞不定式作賓語補足語,這一結構變?yōu)楸粍咏Y構時,原來的賓語變成了主語,賓語補足語變成了主語補足語,這時的不定式要帶to,除make外,see,hear等動詞也可接不帶to的動詞不定式作賓語補足語。例如:
A funny movie often makes us laugh. 滑稽的影片常逗得我們捧腹大笑。
介詞by與動名詞或名詞連用,表示方式、手段或原因,意為“通過,憑借,因為”。例如:He caught a cold by playing soccer in the rain.他在雨中踢足球而感冒了。
Dont judge a person by appearance. 不要以貌取人。
注意by多用于動作,表示通過做什么事情以取得預期的結果;with多用于一件東西、工具等,表示我們用的是什么工具。例如:
He got what he wanted by talking very cleverly. 他話說得很乖巧,因而得到了他想要的東西。
He got what he wanted with flowers and chocolates. 他靠花束和巧克力糖得到了他想要得到的東西。
2. Typical for China is the crosstalk show, where a pair of comedians enter-tains the audience with word play.中國的代表是相聲,在相聲表演中,兩個喜劇演員用文字游戲來娛樂觀眾。
這是一個倒裝句,將表語typical提前,其主語是the crosstalk show,正常語序是
The crosstalk show, where a pair of comedians entertains the audience with word play, is typical for China. 由于show后接一較長的定語從句,為避免句子結構不平衡,所以把表語和系動詞前置。
3. Dating back to the Qin Dynasty(221-207 BC), the traditional crosstalk shows, or xiangsheng shows, have made people all over China roar with laughter for centuries. 傳統(tǒng)的相聲表演從秦朝(公元前221~207年)開始有,已經(jīng)讓中國人快樂了若干個世紀。
句中Dating back to the Qin Dynasty是動詞-ing形式作狀語,表示時間。動詞-ing形式作狀語可以表示動作發(fā)生的時間、原因、結果、條件、方式或表示主要動作發(fā)生的伴隨情況,通常相當于一個狀語從句或并列分句。一般說來,這種結構的邏輯主語就是句子的主語。例如:
Being ill, she had to stay at home.因為病了,她只好呆在家里。
They came home smiling and singing.他們笑著、唱著回了家。
Her husband died ten years ago, leaving her with three children to look after. 她丈夫十年前去世了,撇下她和三個要照料的孩子。
Taking the path that leads out of the town,you will come to a dense wood. 如果你沿著通向郊外的小道前進,就會走到一片密林處。
四、語法細解
V-ing形式作定語和賓語補足語
1. V-ing形式做定語可表示被修飾名詞的作用、用途、性質和特點,也可表示被修飾名詞正在進行的主動動作。單個V-ing作定語時,通常放在被修飾的名詞前面;如果是短語,就位于其所修飾的名詞之后,它的作用相當于一個定語從句。V-ing形式與邏輯主語之間是主動關系。例如:
The pot is full of boiling water. 壺里裝滿了沸騰的水。
Do you know the boy lying under the big tree? 你認識躺在大樹底下的那個男孩嗎?
V-ing作定語所表示的動作或行為是其所修飾的名詞發(fā)出的,在意義上表示主謂關系;或者表示名詞的用途,相當于for短語。例如:a sleeping baby=a baby who is sleeping 一個睡著的嬰兒
a sleeping car=a car for sleeping臥車
working people=people who are working在工作的人們
a working method=a method for working 工作方法
2. V-ing形式做賓語補足語,對句子的賓語起補充或說明作用,常表示某一特定動作正在進行,而且強調(diào)一個過程。例如:
We found the story very interesting. 我們覺得這個故事很有趣。
I heard somebody breaking the windows. 我聽到有人打破了窗戶。
V-ing作賓語補足語,可帶這種復合賓語的動詞有:see, observe, hear, notice, find, have, get, keep, catch, leave等。它強調(diào)賓語的動作是主動的,又是正在進行的;賓語和賓語補足語之間是邏輯上的主謂關系。例如:
We heard her singing in her room. 我們聽見她在她的房間里唱歌。
The salesman caught the boy stealing in the shop. 那個男售貨員發(fā)現(xiàn)這個男孩正在商店里偷東西。
注意區(qū)別V-ing與不定式、過去分詞作賓語補足語:
V-ing強調(diào)動作的主動、正在進行;不定式強調(diào)動作的全過程;過去分詞強調(diào)動作的被動、完成。比較:
I heard them singing that song. 我聽見他們正在唱那首歌。
I heard them sing that song. 我聽見他們唱了那首歌。
I heard that song sung.我聽人唱過那首歌。
【典型考例】
1. A cook will be immediately fired if he is found _______ in the kitchen.
A. smokeB. smoking
C. to smoke D. smoked
解析:選B。該空含義應為正在吸煙,所以應填現(xiàn)在分詞作主語補足語。
2. Mr Smith, _______ of the______ speech, started to read a novel.
A. tired; boringB. tiring; bored
C. tired; bored D. tiring; boring
解析:選A。第一空應填 tired ,構成 tired of (來源于系表結構 be tired of )短語作非限制性定語。第二空表示令人厭煩的演講,應填 boring 。
3. There was a terrible noise _______ the sudden burst of light.
A. followedB. following
C. to be followed D. be followed
解析:選B。該句含義為:有一陣可怕的噪音正隨著光的突然閃動而出現(xiàn)。所以應用 V-ing 形式作定語,表示動作正在進行,并表示噪音主動伴著光的突然閃動而出現(xiàn)。 Following 可轉換成定語從句 which was following 。