周道義
短文改錯題是得分率極低的題型,可以說是大家的“軟肋”。命題人一般從詞法、句法、行文邏輯等角度設(shè)計(jì)題目。筆者總結(jié)了這一題型的出題規(guī)律,同學(xué)們只要抓住了這些規(guī)律,定能順利答題。
1. 詞法方面的常見錯誤
(1) 名詞方面:包括單復(fù)數(shù)誤用、可數(shù)與不可數(shù)名詞誤用等錯誤。
例1Nowadays millions of people of all age take pleasure in a hobby which...
解析: age為可數(shù)名詞,復(fù)數(shù)形式應(yīng)為ages。
(2) 動詞方面:包括時態(tài)、語態(tài)、語氣(主要指虛擬語氣的用法)、非謂語動詞等方面的錯誤和主謂不一致、及物動詞和非及物動詞的誤用等錯誤。
例2As we climbed the mountain, we fed monkeys, visiting temples and told stories.
解析: 由句意可知,本句中fed,visited,told為并列謂語,故應(yīng)將visiting 改為visited。
例3During the World Cup in 2002, my dad stays up late just to watch his favorite sport.
解析: 由時間狀語During the World Cup in 2002可知,應(yīng)把stays改為stayed。
例4Soon I began to enjoy talk to myself on paper as I was learning to express myself in simple English.
解析: 此處考查非謂語動詞的用法。enjoy后應(yīng)接動名詞,故將talk改為talking。
(3) 形容詞和副詞方面:包括形容詞與副詞的相互誤用,原級、比較級和最高級之間的誤用,關(guān)系副詞where, when, why等的缺失或錯用等。
例5He looks strong than other boys in his group.
解析: 此句是比較句型,應(yīng)把strong改為stronger。
例6We were expected to meet there stood a tall tree, i.e. at the top of the mountain.
解析: there 前漏掉了關(guān)系副詞where。 where 在此處引導(dǎo)其后的地點(diǎn)狀語從句。
(4) 代詞方面:包括代詞的格與數(shù)的錯用、指代錯誤、關(guān)系代詞的錯用或缺失等。
例7I always thought in Chinese and tried to translate anything into English.
解析: 本句屬于不定代詞的誤用。根據(jù)句意,應(yīng)把a(bǔ)nything改為everything。
(5) 數(shù)詞方面:主要是基數(shù)詞與序數(shù)詞的誤用、基數(shù)詞和序數(shù)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式的錯用等錯誤。
“五百”“數(shù)以萬計(jì)”和“幾百萬”等的英語表達(dá)方式應(yīng)該是five hundred,tens of thousands of和millions of,而不是five hundreds,ten of thousand of 及million of。
例8Two third of the students are interested in playing computer games.
解析: 表示分?jǐn)?shù)時,分子為2以上時,分母的序數(shù)詞要用復(fù)數(shù)。應(yīng)將句中的third改為thirds。
例9On his eighty birthday, his children held a great celebration for him.
解析: 本句錯在把基數(shù)詞作序數(shù)詞用了。應(yīng)把eighty改為序數(shù)詞eightieth。
(6) 冠詞方面:包括冠詞的多余、缺失或錯用。
例10...to discover an interest which can even last lifetime.
解析: 此處的lifetime為可數(shù)名詞,應(yīng)在其前加a。
例11He plays the football as well as a professional football player.
解析: 按照英語的表達(dá)習(xí)慣,表示“打……球”時,球類前不加冠詞,故應(yīng)把football前的the去掉。
(7) 介詞:主要包括介詞的多余、缺失或錯用。
例12Could you share your experience for us?
解析: share sth. with sb. 是慣用語,意為“和某人共享某物或某事”。此句中的介詞for應(yīng)改為with。
(8) 連詞方面:主要包括句中或句與句之間的連詞的錯用。
常見的并列連詞有and, as well as,in the same way, just as等;常見的表示因果關(guān)系的連詞有:because, because of, as a result, therefore, consequently, thus, since, so that等;常見的轉(zhuǎn)折連詞有:although, but, however, instead, nevertheless, on the other hand, rather than, though, otherwise, in spite of, even if, while等。
例13I am trying to improve the situation since it doesnt seem to work.
根據(jù)句意,應(yīng)把表示因果關(guān)系的since改為表示轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系的but。
2. 句子結(jié)構(gòu)方面的常見錯誤
(1) 常見句型的錯用。
例14He was so tired to walk any longer.
解析: 本句是too…to…句型,故應(yīng)把so改為too。
(2) 主謂不一致。
例15Now my picture and the prize is hanging in the library.
解析: 本句的主語為my picture and the prize,故應(yīng)把is改為are。
(3) 常見固定短語的錯用。
例16He is no means a liar as he never tells lies.
解析: 根據(jù)句意,no前應(yīng)加by。 by no means是固定短語,意為“決不”。
3. 邏輯方面的常見錯誤
(1) but, and, so,however等連詞和otherwise等表示連接意義的副詞的相互誤用等。
(2) before, after, when, until, since等狀語從句引導(dǎo)詞的相互誤用等。
例17He didnt stay away from home for long. It was only two days when he came back.
解析: 句意為:“他離家的時間不長,過了兩天就回來了?!备鶕?jù)句子的邏輯,狀語從句he came back的引導(dǎo)詞when應(yīng)改為before。
(3) 肯定和否定的誤用等。
例18They would have to ask their parents for money or for permission to do thingswith the money.
解析: 根據(jù)上文Earning their own money allows them to spend on anything as they please(他們自己掙錢后想花錢買東西可以隨心所欲),本句在would后應(yīng)加上否定詞not才符合邏輯,意為“不用再向父母要錢或請求他們允許才買東西”。
中學(xué)生天地·高中學(xué)習(xí)版2008年1期