姜建軍

動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)是高考試題的?？純?nèi)容之一，同時(shí)也是中學(xué)英語(yǔ)的重點(diǎn)和難點(diǎn)之一。筆者通過(guò)對(duì)近幾年來(lái)各地的高考試卷分析發(fā)現(xiàn)，對(duì)動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)的考查主要集中在一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)與現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)；一般過(guò)去時(shí)與過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)；一般過(guò)去時(shí)、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)等的用法與區(qū)別。本文擬就高考試題中出現(xiàn)頻率較高的考查時(shí)態(tài)的考點(diǎn)予以歸類分析，以期同學(xué)們更好地復(fù)習(xí)和掌握英語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)在具體語(yǔ)境中的運(yùn)用。

一、一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)與現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)

1．一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)

（1）考查表示按時(shí)間表將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或事件

例1—Look at the timetable. Hurry up! Flight 1026 _______ off at 18: 20.

A. takes B. took C. will be taken D. has taken

解析：飛機(jī)起非的時(shí)間是時(shí)間表上的安排，所以無(wú)論將來(lái)什么時(shí)候發(fā)生都用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，答案應(yīng)是A。

（2）考查表示特征、能力或現(xiàn)時(shí)的情況或狀態(tài)

例2 This machine _______. It hasnt worked for years.

A. didnt work B. wasnt working

C. doesnt work D. isnt working

解析：機(jī)器閑置了很多年，所以現(xiàn)在的狀況也是不運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)的，用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示現(xiàn)時(shí)的狀態(tài)，故答案為C。

例3 The house belongs to my aunt but she _______ here any more.A. hasnt lived B. didnt live C. had lived D. doesnt live

解析：句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是現(xiàn)在時(shí)，故不住在這里也應(yīng)該是現(xiàn)時(shí)的情況，答案應(yīng)為D。

（3）考查表示普遍真理、事實(shí)

例4Months ago we sailed ten thousand miles across this open sea, which _______ the Pacific, and we met no storms.

A. was called B. is called

C. had been called D. has been called

解析：盡管我們橫渡太平洋是幾個(gè)月前的事情，但是海洋的名稱是存在的事實(shí)，所以用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，答案是B。

2．現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)

（1）考查表示現(xiàn)在或現(xiàn)階段正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作或發(fā)生的事

例5 I have to go to work by taxi because my car _______ at the garage.

A. will be repaired B. is repaired

C. is being repaired D. has been repaired

句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)，所以現(xiàn)在汽車正在被修理，故答案選C。

例6Since I won the big prize, my telephone hasnt stopped ringing. People _______ to ask how I am going to spend the money.

A. phone B. will phone C. were phoning D. are phoning

解析：因?yàn)槲耀@了獎(jiǎng)，所以這段時(shí)間老有人給我打電話怎樣花這筆錢，答案應(yīng)是D。

（3）考查表示某個(gè)按最近的計(jì)劃或安排將要進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作、即將開始或結(jié)束的動(dòng)作

常用的這類動(dòng)詞有：go, come, leave, arrive, land, meet, move, return, start, stay, stop, give, change, fly, work等。

例7Ladies and gentlemen, please fasten your seat belt. The plane _______.

A. takes off B. is taking off

C. has taken off D. took off

解析：答案是B。用進(jìn)行時(shí)表示飛機(jī)即將起飛。

從歷屆高考題可以看出，命題者在選項(xiàng)的設(shè)置中注重對(duì)一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)和現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)區(qū)別的考查。這兩種時(shí)態(tài)的區(qū)別見下：

一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)：習(xí)慣性、永久性、客觀事實(shí)

現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)：暫時(shí)性、重復(fù)性、感情色彩

二、一般過(guò)去時(shí)與過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)

1．一般過(guò)去時(shí)

主要考查表示過(guò)去某個(gè)特定時(shí)間或某一段時(shí)間發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或情況

例8Its said that the early European playing-cards ________ for entertainment and

education.

A. were being designed B. have designed

C. have been designed D. were designed

句中的the early說(shuō)明以前歐洲撲克牌的設(shè)計(jì)是為了娛樂和教育，用一般過(guò)去時(shí)說(shuō)明過(guò)去某個(gè)特定時(shí)間發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或情況，答案是D。

例9My cousin went to Canada two years ago. He _______ there for a few months and then went to America.

A. worked B. would work

C. would be working D. has been working

此題中的two years ago說(shuō)明是發(fā)生在過(guò)去的事情，所以答案是A。

2．過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)

（1）考查表示過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻或某階段正在發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，強(qiáng)調(diào)未完成

例10—Has Sam finished his homework today?

—I have no idea. He _______ it this morning.

A. did B. has done C. was doing D. had done

解析：從對(duì)話中不知道Sam有沒有完成作業(yè)，所以今天上午他正在做，正確答案為C。

（2）考查表示過(guò)去某一時(shí)間將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作

例11—What were you doing when Tony phoned you?

—I had just finished my work and _______ take a shower. A. had started B. started C. have started D. was starting

解析：“我”剛剛完成手頭的工作，將要去洗澡，所以答案是D。

一般過(guò)去時(shí)與過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)的區(qū)別如下：

一般過(guò)去時(shí)：完成性

過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)：未完成

三、現(xiàn)成完成時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)

1．現(xiàn)成完成時(shí)

（1）考查表示所發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或事情對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響或產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果

例12Although medical science _______ control over several dangerous diseases, what worries us is that some of them are returning.

A. achieved B. has achieved C. will achieve D. had achieved

解析：盡管句中未出現(xiàn)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，我們從句意可以判斷出醫(yī)學(xué)已經(jīng)控制住了一些危險(xiǎn)的疾病，所以答案是B。

（2）考查表示一個(gè)從過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)間開始，延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作

例13My friend, who _______ on the International Olympic Committee all his life, is retiring next month.

A. served B. is serving C. had served D. has served

解析：此題中的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)all his life 說(shuō)明我的朋友從過(guò)去到現(xiàn)在一直在奧委會(huì)工作，答案應(yīng)是D。

例14My brother is an actor. He _______ in several films so far.

A. appears B. appeared C. has appeared D. is appearing

解析：句中的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)so far和現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)連用，意為“到目前為止”，所以答案是C。

2．現(xiàn)成完成進(jìn)行時(shí)

主要考查表示一個(gè)從過(guò)去某時(shí)開始發(fā)生，一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在并可能延續(xù)下去的動(dòng)作。

例15Now that she is out of a job, Lucy _______ going back to school, but she hasnt decided yet.

A. had considered B. has been considering

C. consider D. is going to consider

解析：因?yàn)槭I(yè)，Lucy一直考慮重返校園，但是到現(xiàn)在還沒做出決定,所以答案為B。

現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)的區(qū)別如下：

現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)：完成性強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的結(jié)果

現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)：未完成性動(dòng)作在不久前持續(xù)進(jìn)行的情景