摘要:目的評(píng)估經(jīng)頸靜脈肝內(nèi)門體分流術(shù)(TIPS)預(yù)防肝細(xì)胞癌(HCC)合并食管胃底靜脈曲張破裂出血患者發(fā)生再出血的療效,并探索影響預(yù)后的因素。方法回顧性分析2019年7月—2023年4月南方醫(yī)科大學(xué)南方醫(yī)院增城院區(qū)收治的HCC合并食管胃底靜脈曲張破裂出血并接受TIPS治療的35例患者的臨床資料。Kaplan-Meier曲線評(píng)估TIPS術(shù)后再出血率及生存率。Cox回歸模型分析患者術(shù)后再出血及生存的影響因素。結(jié)果所有患者TIPS手術(shù)均在技術(shù)上成功。中位隨訪時(shí)間16.4個(gè)月。隨訪期間11例(31.4%)患者發(fā)生食管胃底靜脈曲張?jiān)俪鲅?個(gè)月、3個(gè)月和1年再出血率分別為5.7%、17.1%和28.6%。TIPS術(shù)后再出血的獨(dú)立預(yù)測(cè)因子為WBC[風(fēng)險(xiǎn)比(HR)=1.31,95%CI:1.04~1.64,P=0.021]、腫瘤數(shù)目≥3個(gè)(HR=35.68,95%CI:1.74~733.79,P=0.021)和術(shù)前門靜脈壓力梯度(HR=0.85,95%CI:0.73~0.99,P=0.032)。術(shù)后發(fā)生分流道失功5例。隨訪期間,共有19例患者死亡,中位生存期為9.6個(gè)月;TIPS術(shù)后生存的獨(dú)立預(yù)測(cè)因子為門靜脈癌栓(PVTT)(HR=7.04,95%CI:1.31~37.78,P=0.023)、血清TBil(HR=1.02,95%CI:1.00~1.03,P=0.042)和血清Alb水平(HR=0.82,95%CI:0.72~0.94,P=0.004)。結(jié)論TIPS可作為預(yù)防HCC患者食管胃底靜脈曲張?jiān)俪鲅闹委熯x擇;在WBC、TBil較高或伴有PVTT患者中,患者預(yù)后較差,應(yīng)謹(jǐn)慎決定是否進(jìn)行TIPS治療。
關(guān)鍵詞:癌,肝細(xì)胞;門體分流術(shù),經(jīng)頸靜脈肝內(nèi);食管和胃靜脈曲張;出血
基金項(xiàng)目:國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金(82300698,82370614)
Efficacy of transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt in treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma comorbid with esophagogastric variceal bleeding
GAO Xiang1,ZHANG Xiaofeng1,2,CAO Yimin1,CHEN Jinjun1,2,3,LUO Xiaoqin1,2.(1.Hepatology Unit,Nanfang Hospital,Southern Medical University,Guangzhou 510515,China;2.Department of Hepatology,Zengcheng Branch of Nanfang Hospital,Southern Medical University,Guangzhou 511300,China;3.Hepatology Institute of Guangdong Province,Guangzhou 510515,China)
Corresponding authors:LUO Xiaoqin,lingdu618@126.com(ORCID:0009-0002-3907-1087);CHEN Jinjun,chjj@smu.edu.cn(ORCID:0000-0003-4275-9149)
Abstract:Objective To investigate the efficacy of transjugular intrahepatic portosystemicshunt(TIPS)in preventing rebleeding in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)comorbid with esophagogastric variceal bleeding and the influencing factors for prognosis.Methods A retrospective analysis was performed for the clinical data of 35 HCC patients comorbid with esophagogastric variceal bleeding who were admitted to Zengcheng Branch of Nanfang Hospital,Southern Medical University,and were treated with TIPS from July 2019 to April 2023.The Kaplan-Meier curve was used to assess rebleeding rate and survival rate after TIPS,and the Cox regression model was used to investigate the influencing factors for postoperative rebleeding and survival.Results The TIPSprocedure was technically successful in all patients,with a median follow-up time of 16.4 months.During follow-up,11 patients(31.4%)experienced esophagogastric variceal rebleeding,with the 1-month,3-month,and 1-year rebleeding rates of 5.7%,17.1%,and 28.6%,respectively.White blood cell count(WBC)(risk ratio[HR]=1.31,95%confidence interval[CI]:1.04—1.64,P=0.021),number of tumors≥3(HR=35.68,95%CI:1.74—733.79,P=0.021),and portal pressure gradient before TIPS(HR=0.85,95%CI:0.73—0.99,P=0.032)were independent predictive factors for rebleeding after TIPS.Shunt dysfunction was observed in 5 patients after surgery.A total of 19 patients died during follow-up,with a median survival time of 9.6 months.Portal vein tumor thrombosis(PVTT)(HR=7.04,95%CI:1.31—37.78,P=0.023),total bilirubin(TBil)(HR=1.02,95%CI:1.00—1.03,P=0.042),and serum albumin(HR=0.82,95%CI:0.72—0.94,P=0.004)were independent predictive factors for survival after TIPS.Conclusion TIPS procedure can be used as a therapeutic option to prevent esophagogastric variceal rebleeding in patients with HCC.Patients with a relatively high level of WBC or TBil or those with PVTT tend to have a poorer prognosis,and the application of TIPS treatment in such patients should be determined with caution.
Key words:Carcinoma,Hepatocellular;Portasystemic Shunt,Transjugular Intrahepatic;Esophageal and Gastric Varices;Hemorrhage
Research funding:National Natural Science Foundation of China(82300698,82370614)
肝細(xì)胞癌(HCC)和門靜脈高壓是肝硬化兩大并發(fā)癥,兩者交互促進(jìn),呈惡性循環(huán)[1]。肝癌的發(fā)生發(fā)展會(huì)加重門靜脈高壓,而門靜脈高壓失代償事件會(huì)加速HCC患者死亡[2-3]。食管胃底靜脈曲張破裂出血是常見(jiàn)且嚴(yán)重影響預(yù)后的并發(fā)癥[4],經(jīng)頸靜脈肝內(nèi)門體分流術(shù)(transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt,TIPS)是食管胃底靜脈曲張?jiān)俪鲅行У闹委熓侄危?,5]。晚期肝癌生存期較短,并且TIPS治療有可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致肝臟灌注不足進(jìn)一步加速肝功能惡化,因此,肝癌被認(rèn)為是TIPS治療的禁忌證[6]。隨著治療手段的革新,肝癌患者預(yù)后得到大幅改善,總生存期顯著延長(zhǎng)[7],因此,TIPS在HCC患者中的應(yīng)用價(jià)值需要重新探討。本研究旨在評(píng)價(jià)TIPS預(yù)防肝癌患者食管胃底靜脈曲張?jiān)俪鲅挠行院桶踩裕⑦M(jìn)一步探究影響患者預(yù)后的因素。
1資料與方法
1.1研究對(duì)象選取2019年7月—2023年4月因食管胃底靜脈曲張破裂出血于南方醫(yī)院增城院區(qū)行TIPS治療的HCC患者。HCC診斷依據(jù)《原發(fā)性肝癌診療規(guī)范(2022版)》[8]。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):(1)年齡lt;18歲或gt;80歲;(2)已行原位肝移植患者;(3)合并其他惡性腫瘤;(4)合并嚴(yán)重心肺疾??;(5)不可控制的感染;(6)Child-Pugh評(píng)分gt;13分;(7)資料嚴(yán)重缺失。
1.2研究方法收集患者的臨床資料,包括TIPS術(shù)前、術(shù)中及術(shù)后資料,支架參數(shù)、門靜脈壓力梯度(portal pressure gradient,PPG)、實(shí)驗(yàn)室指標(biāo)等。要求最后1例入組患者至少需隨訪3個(gè)月。研究截止日期為2023年7月30日。主要研究終點(diǎn)為再出血,次要終點(diǎn)為死亡、肝性腦病、分流道失功,記錄不良事件的發(fā)生及治療情況。
TIPS手術(shù)方法:用Seldinger技術(shù)穿刺右側(cè)股動(dòng)脈,用RH管插管至腸系膜上動(dòng)脈行間接門靜脈造影。穿刺右側(cè)頸內(nèi)靜脈,以12Fr擴(kuò)張器預(yù)擴(kuò)張,置入10F鞘,測(cè)下腔靜脈壓力、心房壓力并記錄,導(dǎo)絲選入肝右靜脈,置管于肝靜脈,于造影透視下送入TIPS穿刺針(RUPS-100),穿刺門靜脈分叉左右支,成功后引入黃金標(biāo)記導(dǎo)管經(jīng)肝右靜脈進(jìn)入門靜脈主干,測(cè)壓記錄。以6 mm球囊擴(kuò)張肝內(nèi)穿刺道并行標(biāo)志。沿導(dǎo)絲引入8 mm×70 mm TIPS專用支架(Viatorr,美國(guó)Gore公司)建立肝靜脈-門靜脈分流道,并用6 mm或8 mm球囊擴(kuò)張支架。造影復(fù)查門靜脈主干及左右支顯影是否良好及支架分流道內(nèi)血流是否通暢,再次測(cè)量右心房及門靜脈壓力并記錄。
1.3統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法使用SPSS 24.0進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析。計(jì)量資料采用M(P25~P75)表示。采用單因素和多因素Cox回歸分析確定事件發(fā)生的獨(dú)立預(yù)測(cè)因子,單因素分析中Plt;0.05的指標(biāo)以及臨床中已知與相應(yīng)結(jié)局相關(guān)的變量被納入多因素分析。采用受試者工作特征曲線(ROC曲線)及約登指數(shù)確定截?cái)嘀?。Kaplan-Meier方法用于評(píng)估TIPS術(shù)后再出血率及生存率,并用對(duì)數(shù)秩檢驗(yàn)進(jìn)行比較。Plt;0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2結(jié)果
2.1一般資料共納入35例患者,所有患者TIPS手術(shù)均在技術(shù)上成功,TIPS術(shù)后的PPG為9.0(8.0~12.0)mmHg,PPG較術(shù)前下降50%的患者24例(表1)。
2.2安全性分析中位隨訪時(shí)間為16.4(12.2~23.0)個(gè)月。隨訪期間,11例(31.4%)患者發(fā)生食管胃底靜脈曲張?jiān)俪鲅?例接受藥物治療(伴或不伴內(nèi)鏡治療),治療后均未再次出現(xiàn)食管胃底靜脈曲張出血;1例患者成功進(jìn)行支架再通,此后未發(fā)生再出血;4例發(fā)生再出血后因多器官功能衰竭而死亡?;颊?個(gè)月、3個(gè)月和1年再出血率分別為5.7%、17.1%和28.6%。隨訪期間死亡19例,中位生存期為9.6個(gè)月,其中1例患者術(shù)后發(fā)生急性呼吸衰竭,3天內(nèi)死亡;因肝衰竭死亡9例;因HCC進(jìn)展死亡3例;因HCC破裂出血死亡1例,肝外原因死亡5例。1個(gè)月、3個(gè)月和1年生存率分別為88.6%、71.4%和48.6%。1例患者在術(shù)后35天行肝移植。術(shù)后發(fā)生肝性腦病共10例(28.6%),均經(jīng)過(guò)藥物治療后恢復(fù)。術(shù)后分流道失功5例(14.3%),1例再次行TIPS手術(shù)置入裸支架,后未再出現(xiàn)分流道失功情況。
2.3再出血危險(xiǎn)因素分析單因素及多因素Cox分析顯示,TIPS術(shù)后食管胃底靜脈曲張?jiān)俪鲅莫?dú)立預(yù)測(cè)因子為WBC(HR=1.31,95%CI:1.04~1.64,P=0.021)、腫瘤數(shù)目≥3個(gè)(HR=35.68,95%CI:1.74~733.79,P=0.021)和術(shù)前PPG(HR=0.85,95%CI:0.73~0.99,P=0.032)(表2)。通過(guò)ROC曲線分析及約登指數(shù)分別選取WBC及術(shù)前PPG截?cái)嘀担謩e為4.84×109/L、22.5 mmHg,將其調(diào)整為二分類變量,以WBC、術(shù)前PPG和腫瘤數(shù)目≥3個(gè)分組,比較隨訪期間的再出血率及3個(gè)月內(nèi)再出血率(圖1)。WBC較高(≥4.84×109/L)的患者1年累積再出血率顯著高于WBC較低(lt;4.84×109/L)的患者(P=0.026),然而在短期(術(shù)后3個(gè)月)內(nèi)未觀察到WBC較高和WBC較低的患者間有明顯的再出血差異。
2.4死亡風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因素分析單因素及多因素Cox分析顯示,TIPS術(shù)后死亡的獨(dú)立預(yù)測(cè)因子為門靜脈癌栓(portal vein tumor thrombus,PVTT)(HR=7.04,95%CI:1.31~37.78,P=0.023)、TBil(HR=1.02,95%CI:1.00~1.03,P=0.042)和Alb(HR=0.82,95%CI:0.72~0.94,P=0.004)(表3)。通過(guò)ROC曲線分析及約登指數(shù)獲取TBil、Alb截?cái)嘀禐?3.09μmol/L、34.31 g/dL,依據(jù)截?cái)嘀捣纸M(圖2),TBil較低(lt;23.09μmol/L)的患者1年累積生存率顯著高于TBil較高(≥23.09μmol/L)的患者(P=0.005);Alb較高(gt;34.31 g/dL)的患者1年累積生存率顯著高于Alb較低(≤34.31 g/dL)的患者(P=0.013),無(wú)PVTT的患者1年累積生存率顯著高于有PVTT的患者(P=0.003);而在短期(術(shù)后3個(gè)月)內(nèi)僅觀察到無(wú)PVTT的患者3個(gè)月累積生存率顯著高于有PVTT的患者(P=0.012)。
3討論
TIPS是治療門靜脈高壓導(dǎo)致食管胃靜脈曲張破裂出血的有效方法[5,9]。既往肝癌常常被認(rèn)為是TIPS治療的相對(duì)禁忌[6],因?yàn)橥砥诟伟┥嫫谳^短,且TIPS有可能加重肝損傷[10]。近期,一些研究已經(jīng)證實(shí)在HCC患者中行TIPS手術(shù)是安全的[7,11-12],且在部分人群中,TIPS術(shù)后肝功能好轉(zhuǎn)[13-14]。肝硬化患者合并HCC,尤其是合并PVTT,可能會(huì)增加TIPS手術(shù)操作難度,降低手術(shù)成功率。本研究合并PVTT的患者為12例,且合并門靜脈血栓的患者有10例,TIPS手術(shù)成功率為100%,因此初步認(rèn)為,有經(jīng)驗(yàn)的操作醫(yī)生可以降低HCC帶來(lái)的操作壁壘。
HCC患者的門靜脈高壓癥相關(guān)并發(fā)癥不容忽視。積極有效的治療不但可以降低死亡風(fēng)險(xiǎn),改善預(yù)后,還可為腫瘤的進(jìn)一步治療提供時(shí)機(jī)[7,15]。既往研究[16-18]提示,普通肝硬化患者TIPS治療后,1個(gè)月、3個(gè)月、1年再出血率為1.6%~5.1%、6%、12%~18.0%。本研究納入的35例患者,1個(gè)月、3個(gè)月和1年再出血率分別為5.7%、17.1%和28.6%,再出血率稍高。一些預(yù)后研究[19-20]也證實(shí)HCC的存在是靜脈曲張破裂出血的一個(gè)負(fù)面預(yù)后因素。有研究[21-24]報(bào)道,在內(nèi)鏡治療食管胃底靜脈曲張破裂出血且伴有HCC的患者中,1個(gè)月、3個(gè)月、1年再出血率為21.6%~29.6%、32.8%~39.3%、49.3%~54.4%。在Chen等[21]的一項(xiàng)針對(duì)HCC合并食管胃底靜脈曲張破裂出血患者的回顧性研究中,53.1%(102/192)患者在內(nèi)鏡治療后出現(xiàn)再出血(中位隨訪時(shí)間17個(gè)月),6個(gè)月、1年和5年的累積再出血率分別為40.9%、49.3%和71.2%。Chang等[25]的一項(xiàng)前瞻性研究指出,HCC患者首次食管胃底靜脈曲張出血后5天內(nèi)門靜脈高壓相關(guān)再出血的發(fā)生率較高,達(dá)13.1%,可能是因?yàn)榛钴S的新血管生成在HCC發(fā)展的初始階段和腫瘤進(jìn)展的早期階段會(huì)影響門靜脈壓力和靜脈曲張壁張力,進(jìn)而誘導(dǎo)早期再出血。本研究中TIPS置入后5天內(nèi)無(wú)再出血發(fā)生,這可能是因?yàn)門IPS迅速降低了門靜脈壓力,從而降低了新血管生成對(duì)靜脈曲張壁張力的影響。TIPS通常在緊急情況才被批準(zhǔn)用于HCC患者食管胃底靜脈曲張破裂出血的治療[11],本研究行急診TIPS患者10例,術(shù)后1個(gè)月和3個(gè)月再出血率為10%和30%,較其他研究[12]再出血率更低。
在HCC患者中行TIPS的其他問(wèn)題是預(yù)期壽命可能較短(特別是在PVTT患者中)[26]。本研究提示,合并PVTT以及TBil較高(≥23.09μmol/L)患者,1年生存率更低。伴有PVTT的患者3個(gè)月內(nèi)生存率則明顯更低。因此,在伴有PVTT和TBil較高患者中,應(yīng)謹(jǐn)慎決定是否進(jìn)行TIPS。而對(duì)于Alb水平gt;34.31 g/dL的患者,預(yù)后更佳。本研究中,WBC和腫瘤數(shù)目是再出血的陽(yáng)性預(yù)測(cè)因子(HR分別為1.31和35.68),TIPS術(shù)前PPG為再出血的保護(hù)因素(HR=0.85),這可能提示術(shù)前門靜脈壓力越高的患者,越能從TIPS中獲益。
肝性腦病是TIPS后最主要的并發(fā)癥之一,發(fā)生率為30%~50%,25%的患者可能會(huì)發(fā)生慢性肝性腦?。?7-28]。在靜脈曲張出血患者中,和內(nèi)鏡治療相比,TIPS術(shù)后更容易發(fā)生肝性腦病(OR=2.21,95%CI:1.61~3.03)[29]。本研究中,TIPS術(shù)后發(fā)生肝性腦病的患者共10例(28.6%),與大多數(shù)研究相仿,均經(jīng)過(guò)藥物治療后恢復(fù)。有研究[30-32]指出,既往有肝性腦病、年齡較大以及術(shù)前肌酐較高患者,術(shù)后肝性腦病發(fā)生率更高。本研究中,既往肝性腦病患者共2例,在TIPS后1個(gè)月內(nèi)均再次出現(xiàn)肝性腦病,年齡與術(shù)前肌酐水平對(duì)肝性腦病發(fā)生率無(wú)明顯影響,可能是因本研究中樣本量較少。
本研究仍存在一定的局限性:(1)樣本量較少,仍需更大樣本的隊(duì)列進(jìn)一步驗(yàn)證;(2)由于缺乏對(duì)照組,不能比較TIPS與傳統(tǒng)療法在有癥狀的門靜脈高壓或食管胃底靜脈曲張破裂出血的HCC患者中的結(jié)果,以及決定進(jìn)行TIPS的時(shí)機(jī)是否準(zhǔn)確。
總之,TIPS術(shù)可作為部分肝癌合并食管胃底靜脈曲張出血患者的治療手段。應(yīng)根據(jù)患者治療前的相關(guān)檢驗(yàn)檢查進(jìn)行個(gè)體化分析,優(yōu)先對(duì)可能獲益人群行TIPS治療。
倫理學(xué)聲明:本研究方案經(jīng)由南方醫(yī)科大學(xué)南方醫(yī)院倫理委員會(huì)審批,批號(hào):NFEC-2021-005。所有患者均知情并簽署知情同意書。
利益沖突聲明:本文不存在任何利益沖突。
作者貢獻(xiàn)聲明:高翔負(fù)責(zé)數(shù)據(jù)收集,統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析,繪制圖表,撰寫文稿;張曉豐負(fù)責(zé)指導(dǎo)研究思路,設(shè)計(jì)論文框架,論文修改;曹伊敏負(fù)責(zé)隨訪患者,數(shù)據(jù)收集;羅小琴負(fù)責(zé)數(shù)據(jù)收集,指導(dǎo)研究思路,指導(dǎo)文章撰寫;陳金軍負(fù)責(zé)確定寫作思路,指導(dǎo)文章撰寫及最后定稿。
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收稿日期:2024-01-12;錄用日期:2024-03-04
本文編輯:朱晶
引 證 本 文 : GAO X, ZHANG XF, CAO YM, et al. Efficacy of transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt in treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma comorbid with esophagogastric variceal bleeding[J]. J Clin Hepatol, 2024, 40(10): 2027- 2033.
高翔, 張曉豐, 曹伊敏, 等 . 經(jīng)頸靜脈肝內(nèi)門體分流術(shù)治療肝細(xì)胞 癌合并食管胃底靜脈曲張破裂出血的效果分析[J]. 臨床肝膽病 雜志, 2024, 40(10): 2027-2033.