Interpretation of "Guidelines for Monitoring and Management of Adverse Reactions Associated with Trastuzumab" issued by the Asia-Pacific Oncology Expert Group
TANG Xueqin,ZHENG Xueyan,WANG Qiaoling,LIU Li,LI Ben*Chongqing Health Center for Women and Children/Women and Children′s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University,Chongqing 401147 China*Corresponding Author LI Ben,E-mail:2019111189@stu.cqmu.edu.cn
Abstract This article interpreted "Guidelines for Monitoring and Management of Adverse Reactions Associated with Trastuzumab" issued by the Asia-Pacific Oncology Expert Group in August 2023.It aimed to provide practical suggestions for clinical medical staff to monitor and manage adverse events associated with trastuzumab.
Keywords breast cancer;trastuzumab deruxtecan;adverse reactions;human epidermal growth factor receptor 2;targeted therapy;nursing
摘要 對(duì)2023年8月亞太地區(qū)腫瘤專家小組發(fā)布的《德曲妥珠單抗相關(guān)不良反應(yīng)的監(jiān)測和管理指南》進(jìn)行解讀,旨在為臨床醫(yī)務(wù)人員監(jiān)測和管理德曲妥珠單抗相關(guān)不良事件提供實(shí)用建議。
關(guān)鍵詞 乳腺癌;德曲妥珠單抗;不良反應(yīng);人表皮生長因子受體2;靶向治療;護(hù)理
doi:10.12102/j.issn.2095-8668.2024.21.001
乳腺癌是女性最常見的惡性腫瘤,也是全球范圍內(nèi)導(dǎo)致女性死亡的主要原因之一[1]。預(yù)計(jì)到2070年,新發(fā)乳腺癌病例將達(dá)到440萬例[2],尤其是中國在內(nèi)的發(fā)展中國家的乳腺癌發(fā)病率和死亡率迅速上升[3]。人表皮生長因子受體2(human epidermal growth factor receptor-2,HER-2)不僅是乳腺癌的預(yù)后指標(biāo),也是抗HER-2藥物治療的主要療效預(yù)測指標(biāo)[4]。研究表明,20%~30%的女性乳腺癌病人呈現(xiàn)HER-2過度表達(dá)或增強(qiáng)[5-6],HER-2決定了乳腺癌病人是否能進(jìn)行靶向治療[7]。但有臨床研究報(bào)道,新型抗HER-2抗體-藥物偶聯(lián)物(antibody-drug conjugates,ADC)對(duì)傳統(tǒng)意義上被定義為HER-2陰性亞型的病人也具有抗腫瘤活性[8]。德曲妥珠單抗(trastuzumab deruxtecan,T-DXd)是一種新型靶向HER-2的ADC,由曲妥珠單抗與有效載荷拓?fù)洚悩?gòu)酶Ⅰ抑制劑通過可裂解連接子構(gòu)成,用于治療既往接受過1種或1種以上抗HER-2藥物治療的不可切除或轉(zhuǎn)移性HER-2陽性成年乳腺癌病人[9]。但T-DXd的療效并不局限于HER-2陽性的病人,在DESTINY Breast-2[一項(xiàng)針對(duì)既往接受過恩美曲妥珠單抗(T-DM1)治療的HER-2陽性不可切除和/或轉(zhuǎn)移性乳腺癌病人的多中心、開放標(biāo)簽、3期試驗(yàn)];DESTINY Breast-3(一項(xiàng)針對(duì)既往接受過曲妥珠單抗和一種紫杉烷類藥物治療的HER-2陽性不可切除/轉(zhuǎn)移性乳腺癌病人的多中心、隨機(jī)、開放標(biāo)簽、3期試驗(yàn));DESTINY Breast-4(一項(xiàng)針對(duì)HER-2低表達(dá)的不可切除和/或轉(zhuǎn)移性乳腺癌病人的多中心、隨機(jī)、開放標(biāo)簽、3期試驗(yàn))試驗(yàn)中,HER-2低表達(dá)轉(zhuǎn)移性乳腺癌病人也能受益[10-11]。這也是國內(nèi)首個(gè)有助于HER-2低表達(dá)轉(zhuǎn)移性乳腺癌病人延緩疾病進(jìn)展和延長生命周期的治療方法。在DESTINY Breast-1、Breast-3、Breast-4一系列試驗(yàn)中,亞洲女性分別占研究人群的38.0%、59.9%和40.0%[10-11]。試驗(yàn)過程中,病人的醫(yī)療更有保障,并發(fā)癥監(jiān)測的頻率也更加頻繁,但在現(xiàn)實(shí)生活中對(duì)并發(fā)癥的監(jiān)測頻率可能會(huì)受到社會(huì)文化因素、醫(yī)療基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施及醫(yī)療保健報(bào)銷等因素的限制[12-15]。因此,亞洲腫瘤專家小組根據(jù)現(xiàn)有證據(jù),從亞太地區(qū)的角度對(duì)T-DXd相關(guān)不良事件的主動(dòng)監(jiān)測和管理提出建議。
1 不良反應(yīng)的監(jiān)測與管理
1.1 間質(zhì)性肺炎
間質(zhì)性肺炎/肺炎是表現(xiàn)為纖維化和/或炎癥的一組不同的肺實(shí)質(zhì)疾病[16]。T-DXd與間質(zhì)性肺炎/肺炎相關(guān)[11],間質(zhì)性肺炎/肺炎分為1~5級(jí)[17]。相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)表明,T-DXd相關(guān)間質(zhì)性肺炎/肺炎幾乎均發(fā)生于用藥后1年內(nèi),隨著隨訪時(shí)間延長和暴露量增加,間質(zhì)性肺炎/肺炎的發(fā)生率從10.5%增加至15.0%[18]。雖然已經(jīng)發(fā)表了與T-DXd和其他藥物相關(guān)的間質(zhì)性肺炎/肺炎管理指南[19-21],但亞太地區(qū)專家小組《德曲妥珠單抗相關(guān)不良反應(yīng)的監(jiān)測和管理指南》(以下簡稱《指南》)考慮到地域因素、醫(yī)療報(bào)銷和實(shí)用性,提出了更適合亞太地區(qū)的建議。
1.1.1 監(jiān)測間質(zhì)性肺炎/肺炎
1.1.1.1 主動(dòng)評(píng)估間質(zhì)性肺炎/肺炎的危險(xiǎn)因素
本《指南》認(rèn)為在T-DXd治療前應(yīng)該對(duì)病人進(jìn)行獲益-風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),使用T-DXd后發(fā)生間質(zhì)性肺炎/肺炎的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因素包括年齡<65歲、曲妥珠劑量>6.4 mg/kg、氧飽和度<95%、中度/重度腎損害、存在肺部合并癥和自初次確診起時(shí)間>4年[17]。醫(yī)護(hù)人員應(yīng)通過胸部CT掃描確認(rèn)病人無當(dāng)前、疑似或既往間質(zhì)性肺炎/肺炎或重大肺部疾病病史,仔細(xì)評(píng)估T-DXd的合格性。
1.1.1.2 病人自我監(jiān)測
在T-DXd治療期間,教會(huì)病人主動(dòng)監(jiān)測間質(zhì)性肺炎/肺炎的體征和癥狀。監(jiān)測內(nèi)容包括勞力性呼吸困難(通常是間質(zhì)性肺炎/肺炎的早期癥狀)、咳嗽、發(fā)熱或其他呼吸道癥狀,如胸痛或胸悶、虛弱和疲勞[21]。如果病人有以上癥狀,應(yīng)立即向醫(yī)生報(bào)告。
1.1.2 監(jiān)測方法
1.1.2.1 CT掃描
間質(zhì)性肺炎/肺炎可以分為1級(jí)無癥狀和2級(jí)以上的癥狀性間質(zhì)性肺炎/肺炎,1級(jí)間質(zhì)性肺炎/肺炎只能通過放射掃描診斷,癥狀性間質(zhì)性肺炎/肺炎應(yīng)永久停止T-DXd治療[19,21-22]。CT掃描的頻率必須考慮間質(zhì)性肺炎/肺炎起病的中位時(shí)間[5.6(1.1,20.8)個(gè)月]、醫(yī)保報(bào)銷額度、實(shí)用性或可及性[22]。建議治療期間每6周檢查1次,最長間隔不超過12周,檢查開始時(shí)間在開始治療后的6~12個(gè)月規(guī)律進(jìn)行,如果選擇更長的間隔時(shí)間(9周或12周),建議使用其他措施監(jiān)測間質(zhì)性肺炎/肺炎。
1.1.2.2 胸部X線檢查
與CT掃描相比,胸部X線具有價(jià)格實(shí)惠、使用范圍廣、電離輻射風(fēng)險(xiǎn)較低的優(yōu)點(diǎn)[19]。連續(xù)胸部X線檢查可用于識(shí)別肺部異常,如彌漫性網(wǎng)狀結(jié)節(jié)或毛玻璃樣陰影,并可用于確認(rèn)進(jìn)展性肺部疾?。?3]。然而,反復(fù)胸部X線檢查可能不適用于有肺轉(zhuǎn)移的病人,故需定期CT掃描評(píng)估病人情況。
1.1.2.3 脈搏血氧飽和度測定和運(yùn)動(dòng)耐量
每次治療時(shí)可進(jìn)行脈搏血氧飽和度測定或6 min步行試驗(yàn)(6-min walk test,6MWT),以加強(qiáng)間質(zhì)性肺炎/肺炎監(jiān)測,脈搏血氧飽和度測定是監(jiān)測間質(zhì)性肺炎/肺炎的1種無創(chuàng)且方便的方法,T-DXd治療病人氧飽和度下降應(yīng)懷疑是否患有間質(zhì)性肺炎/肺炎[19-20]。但需要注意的是,間質(zhì)性肺炎/肺炎病人休息時(shí)可能不存在低氧血癥,因此可以考慮進(jìn)行6MWT[20]。6MWT是測量各種慢性肺病病人運(yùn)動(dòng)耐量和運(yùn)動(dòng)誘導(dǎo)的去飽和的成熟方法,但6MWT在常規(guī)臨床實(shí)踐中可能不可行,因?yàn)楹臅r(shí)長、場地限制且不適用于身體性能較差的病人[24]。因此,1 min坐立測試和脈搏血氧飽和度測定有無創(chuàng)、便捷、操作簡單的優(yōu)點(diǎn),可能更適用于病人日常自行監(jiān)測,幫助早期發(fā)現(xiàn)低氧血癥[25]。
1.1.2.4 肺功能檢查
雖然肺功能檢查可準(zhǔn)確評(píng)估病人的呼吸狀態(tài),但由于資源負(fù)擔(dān)、交叉感染可能性[26]和病人不便[27]等因素,不推薦將肺功能檢查作為常規(guī)檢查,但可以用來監(jiān)測原有肺部疾病的病人,并幫助其識(shí)別間質(zhì)性肺炎/肺炎的易感人群[19-20]。
1.1.2.5 高分辨率CT
診斷間質(zhì)性肺炎/肺炎的金標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是非增強(qiáng)高分辨率CT[19-20,28]。
1.1.2.6 支氣管鏡檢查、支氣管肺泡灌洗
對(duì)于發(fā)熱、影像學(xué)檢查不典型或開始使用類固醇但仍需要住院治療的嚴(yán)重間質(zhì)性肺炎/肺炎病人,可考慮進(jìn)行支氣管鏡檢查和支氣管肺泡灌洗。當(dāng)病人發(fā)熱,懷疑有轉(zhuǎn)移或肺泡出血,或者高分辨率CT掃描未發(fā)現(xiàn)間質(zhì)性肺炎/肺炎時(shí),支氣管鏡和支氣管肺泡灌洗可用于排除感染性病因[21,29]。歐洲腫瘤內(nèi)科學(xué)會(huì)(European Society for Medical Oncology,ESMO)和本《指南》均建議,針對(duì)接受皮質(zhì)類固醇治療,但停用T-DXd后仍無好轉(zhuǎn)的病人可以考慮支氣管肺泡灌洗[21]。
1.1.3 間質(zhì)性肺炎/肺炎管理措施
間質(zhì)性肺炎/肺炎的治療可遵循T-DXd的說明書和相關(guān)指南[19-20,30]。根據(jù)間質(zhì)性肺炎/肺炎的嚴(yán)重程度,建議中斷或永久停用T-DXd,并同步使用皮質(zhì)類固醇和相關(guān)支持性治療控制該不良事件[19-20,30]。本《指南》針對(duì)間質(zhì)性肺炎/肺炎管理措施:1)1級(jí)無癥狀間質(zhì)性肺炎/肺炎采取中斷治療,啟用皮質(zhì)類固醇[≥0.5 mg/(kg·d)潑尼松龍或等效藥物]維持治療至少4周左右后逐漸減量,視具體病例情況加用經(jīng)驗(yàn)性抗感染藥物,如果在28 d內(nèi)病情恢復(fù)正常,下一個(gè)療程T-DXd正常給藥,如超出28 d,后續(xù)治療應(yīng)減量。2)反復(fù)發(fā)生1級(jí)間質(zhì)性肺炎/肺炎的病人應(yīng)遵循1級(jí)管理策略,停用T-DXd直至消退至0級(jí),并開始應(yīng)用全身性皮質(zhì)類固醇和/或經(jīng)驗(yàn)性抗感染藥物,再次使用T-DXd 可能需要評(píng)估各種因素,如對(duì)T-DXd的反應(yīng)和其他療法的適用性。3)≥2級(jí)間質(zhì)性肺炎/肺炎,應(yīng)考慮永久停藥,開始全身類固醇治療,持續(xù)治療至癥狀完全消失,并在≥4周逐漸減量,在大劑量脈沖式治療時(shí),應(yīng)當(dāng)聯(lián)合用藥預(yù)防肺孢子菌肺炎的發(fā)生。
1.2 惡心嘔吐
德魯替康曲妥珠單抗已被美國臨床腫瘤學(xué)會(huì)(American Society of Clinical Oncology,ASCO)歸類為中度致吐藥物,美國國家綜合癌癥網(wǎng)絡(luò)(National Comprehensive Cancer Network,NCCN)指南最近將該藥物重新分類為高嘔吐風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[31]?;熞鸬膼盒暮蛧I吐會(huì)影響病人的依從性,故應(yīng)積極管理[32]。
1.2.1 預(yù)防性止吐藥物
惡心嘔吐的危險(xiǎn)因素包括女性、有惡心嘔吐史、晨吐史或焦慮、年齡較小和非習(xí)慣飲酒者等[33]。本《指南》建議在治療開始的第1周期使用5-羥色胺-3受體拮抗劑+地塞米松聯(lián)合或不聯(lián)合神經(jīng)激肽-1受體拮抗劑(NK-1)的二聯(lián)或三聯(lián)方案[20,34],而NCCN建議聯(lián)用NK-1的三聯(lián)方案,并在給藥后的2~4 d聯(lián)用奧氮平(5~10 mg)[35]。
1.2.2 暴發(fā)性惡心嘔吐止吐藥物
在原有止吐方案基礎(chǔ)上聯(lián)用NK-1受體拮抗劑及每個(gè)T-DXd周期后1~4 d加用奧氮平(5~10 mg),必要時(shí)可根據(jù)病人需要給予甲氧氯普胺或格雷司瓊透皮貼[35]。
1.2.3 延遲性惡心嘔吐止吐藥物
對(duì)延遲性惡心嘔吐的病人建議使用低劑量奧氮平(5 mg)[20,30]。
1.3 血液毒性反應(yīng)
T-DXd治療乳腺癌過程中主要血液毒性反應(yīng)包括中性粒細(xì)胞減少、貧血和血小板減少[18]。
1.3.1 中性粒細(xì)胞減少的管理措施
《指南》認(rèn)為,多數(shù)剛開始應(yīng)用T-DXd治療的病人不需要粒細(xì)胞集落刺激因子(granulocyte colony stimulating factor,G-CSF)預(yù)防,但對(duì)于年齡≥65歲、疾病分期晚、既往化療中存在發(fā)熱性中性粒細(xì)胞減少,或反復(fù)發(fā)生的≥3級(jí)不良事件的人群,給予G-CSF預(yù)防性應(yīng)用,以維持正常的給藥間隔和治療劑量[36]。ASCO和ESMO指南建議,如果發(fā)熱性中性粒細(xì)胞減少癥的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)≥20%,則應(yīng)預(yù)防性使用G-CSF[37] 。因此,本《指南》建議給予短效G-CSF 2 d或3 d達(dá)到升高白細(xì)胞且不會(huì)延遲下次治療的目的,或者在治療第2日給予長效G-CSF,如聚乙二醇非格司亭[20]。
1.3.2 貧血的管理措施
《指南》建議,病人每次就診時(shí)應(yīng)檢測全血細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù)以監(jiān)測是否發(fā)生貧血,并根據(jù)貧血的體征和癥狀進(jìn)行全面檢查。若貧血原因不明,則檢測血清鐵、維生素B12和葉酸水平,排除消化道出血的可能,明確貧血原因,方便后續(xù)治療干預(yù)[38-39]?!吨改稀方ㄗh對(duì)≥3級(jí)的貧血(血紅蛋白<60 g/L)病人,中斷T-DXd治療,可采用輸血的方式使貧血等級(jí)降至2級(jí)或更低,也可以考慮口服或靜脈鐵劑治療[39-40]。當(dāng)補(bǔ)鐵治療效果不理想或需要頻繁輸血時(shí),可以使用促紅細(xì)胞生成劑,有效降低輸血頻率,但需要警惕與之相關(guān)的血栓栓塞風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[40]。
1.3.3 血小板減少癥的管理措施
《指南》建議≥3級(jí)血小板減少癥,延長T-DXd給藥間隔和/或減量,如果有臨床指征,應(yīng)考慮支持性血小板輸注[41]。其他證據(jù)表明,羅米洛司汀和艾曲波帕等血小板生成素受體激動(dòng)劑可有效緩解血小板減少癥[42]。
1.4 疲勞
醫(yī)務(wù)人員應(yīng)分辨導(dǎo)致病人疲勞的原因。根據(jù)具體原因鼓勵(lì)病人適度進(jìn)行低強(qiáng)度運(yùn)動(dòng),了解其可防可控的特性。癌癥病人疲勞的原因多種多樣[43]。在行T-DXd治療前,應(yīng)對(duì)病人進(jìn)行相關(guān)的健康教育[44]。非藥物療法(包括支持性護(hù)理)、低強(qiáng)度運(yùn)動(dòng)(如太極拳和氣功)可減少癌癥相關(guān)疲勞[44-45];對(duì)于行動(dòng)不便的病人,冥想已被證明可以改善接受化療的轉(zhuǎn)移性乳腺癌病人的生活質(zhì)量[46]。
1.5 脫發(fā)
《指南》建議,為了提高治療的可接受性,病人在開始T-DXd治療前應(yīng)了解脫發(fā)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。脫發(fā)在亞裔病人中的發(fā)生率達(dá)38.2%,T-DXd的脫發(fā)發(fā)生率似乎比T-DM1更常見[18]。雖然脫發(fā)很少引起嚴(yán)重的醫(yī)學(xué)問題,但會(huì)對(duì)病人的心理產(chǎn)生較大的消極影響[47]。針對(duì)脫發(fā)可以鼓勵(lì)病人保持短發(fā),或者使用帽子或圍巾等修飾。雖然頭皮降溫已經(jīng)被證實(shí)可以在一定程度上緩解紫杉類藥物導(dǎo)致的脫發(fā)情況,但會(huì)誘發(fā)惡心、嘔吐,頭皮、頭頸部疼痛及亞洲文化接受度較差且缺乏數(shù)據(jù)支持。因此,本指南目前還不足以納入推薦[48]。
1.6 心臟毒性
與其他HER-2靶向治療相似,T-DXd與左心室功能障礙風(fēng)險(xiǎn)相關(guān),主要表現(xiàn)為左室射血分?jǐn)?shù)下降[49]。本《指南》及歐洲心臟病學(xué)會(huì)建議每3個(gè)月復(fù)查1次超聲心動(dòng)圖,尤其是既往有蒽環(huán)類化療藥物暴露史、合并高血壓或左室射血分?jǐn)?shù)處于邊緣低水平的人群,對(duì)于無以上風(fēng)險(xiǎn)且無自覺癥狀的病人,可以將復(fù)查間隔調(diào)整至6個(gè)月,當(dāng)超聲心動(dòng)圖無法明確診斷時(shí),可以考慮行心臟核磁共振,必要時(shí)聯(lián)合心內(nèi)科確定治療策略[50]。
2 小結(jié)
本《指南》提供了使用T-DXd治療后發(fā)生間質(zhì)性肺炎、惡心嘔吐、血液毒性、疲勞、脫發(fā)和心臟毒性6個(gè)方面不良反應(yīng)監(jiān)測和管理的具體措施,可以提高臨床醫(yī)務(wù)人員對(duì)該不良事件的重視,同時(shí)為臨床護(hù)理人員管理HER-2陽性及低表達(dá)人群提供理論依據(jù)。
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(收稿日期:2024-03-01;修回日期:2024-10-10)
(本文編輯張建華)