摘" " 要" " 附著點(diǎn)炎在健康成人及風(fēng)濕免疫性疾病人群中發(fā)病率均較高,且其與部分風(fēng)濕免疫性疾病患者的疾病活動(dòng)度、生活質(zhì)量均有一定的關(guān)系。目前已有較多共識(shí)建議關(guān)注風(fēng)濕免疫性疾病患者附著點(diǎn)炎,并進(jìn)一步強(qiáng)調(diào)了附著點(diǎn)的臨床作用。肌骨超聲作為目前評(píng)估外周附著點(diǎn)的首選影像學(xué)檢查方法,為研究附著點(diǎn)炎開(kāi)發(fā)了較多超聲評(píng)分系統(tǒng),但均存在一定不足。本文就附著點(diǎn)炎的評(píng)估方法、肌骨超聲評(píng)估附著點(diǎn)炎的應(yīng)用現(xiàn)狀等進(jìn)行綜述,并對(duì)未來(lái)附著點(diǎn)炎超聲評(píng)估研究進(jìn)行了合理的展望。
關(guān)鍵詞" " 肌骨超聲;附著點(diǎn)炎;風(fēng)濕免疫性疾病
[中圖法分類號(hào)]R445.1" " " [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼]A
Application progress of musculoskeletal ultrasound in the evaluation of enthesitis
ZHONG Lin,MA Rong,LI Qingyin,YANG Yujia
Department of Ultrasound,West China Hospital,Sichuan University,Chengdu 610041,China
ABSTRACT" " The incidence of enthesitis is high in healthy adults and patients with rheumatic immune diseases,and it is associated with disease activity and life quality of the patients.Currently,there are many consensus recommendations to focus on enthesitis,and further emphasize the clinical role of enthesitis.Musculoskeletal ultrasound is a preferred imaging method for evaluating of peripheral enthesis,many ultrasound scoring systems have been developed for evaluating enthesitis,but they have certain limitations.This article reviews the assessment methods of enthesitis,the application status of musculoskeletal ultrasound in the evaluation of enthesitis,and makes a reasonable prospect for future study of ultrasound evaluation.
KEY WORDS" " Musculoskeletal ultrasound;Enthesitis;Rheumatic immune diseases
附著點(diǎn)在人體肌骨系統(tǒng)中發(fā)揮著固定、穩(wěn)定、力傳導(dǎo)、力分散等功能[1],是過(guò)度使用損傷最常發(fā)生的部位,也是肌腱韌帶重建手術(shù)需要重點(diǎn)關(guān)注的部位。附著點(diǎn)的概念存在較長(zhǎng)時(shí)間的爭(zhēng)議,部分學(xué)者認(rèn)為附著點(diǎn)即附著部位,為肌腱、韌帶、筋膜、關(guān)節(jié)囊等結(jié)構(gòu)附著于骨皮質(zhì)的部位,另有學(xué)者則認(rèn)為附著點(diǎn)應(yīng)當(dāng)被視作一個(gè)“器官”,包括附著點(diǎn)本身及其相關(guān)的骨小梁、纖維軟骨、滑囊、脂肪墊、深層筋膜等結(jié)構(gòu)[2]。2018年風(fēng)濕病預(yù)后評(píng)估組織(Outcome Measures in Rheumatology,OMERACT)明確了附著點(diǎn)的定義,即附著點(diǎn)為肌腱、韌帶、筋膜、關(guān)節(jié)囊等軟組織結(jié)構(gòu)附著于骨皮質(zhì)、距離骨皮質(zhì)小于2 mm的區(qū)域[3]。人體有超過(guò)1000個(gè)附著點(diǎn)[4],根據(jù)解剖部位可將其分為中軸型和外周型[5]。附著點(diǎn)發(fā)生的炎癥反應(yīng)稱為附著點(diǎn)炎。風(fēng)濕免疫學(xué)領(lǐng)域?qū)Ω街c(diǎn)炎和附著點(diǎn)病做了較為明確的界定,認(rèn)為附著點(diǎn)病的概念更廣,涵蓋了附著點(diǎn)各種病變,包括創(chuàng)傷性、退行性、炎性或代謝性疾病[6]。但在超聲領(lǐng)域則多認(rèn)為附著點(diǎn)病、附著點(diǎn)炎系同一病變的不同名稱。Mascarenhas和Couette[7]認(rèn)為應(yīng)將附著點(diǎn)的炎性改變與退行性改變進(jìn)行區(qū)分,以便能夠精確診斷和更好地進(jìn)行患者管理,并提出附著點(diǎn)的炎性改變用“Enthesitis”描述,附著點(diǎn)的退行性改變則用“Enthesosis表示”。總之,附著點(diǎn)炎與附著點(diǎn)病為同一疾病還是側(cè)重不同的疾病譜,尚待進(jìn)一步的研究證實(shí),也亟須權(quán)威國(guó)際組織制定統(tǒng)一的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。本文就附著點(diǎn)炎的評(píng)估方法、肌骨超聲評(píng)估附著點(diǎn)炎的應(yīng)用現(xiàn)狀等進(jìn)行綜述。
一、附著點(diǎn)炎的臨床意義及流行病學(xué)
附著點(diǎn)炎可在健康人群經(jīng)常受力的部位出現(xiàn),亦可在風(fēng)濕免疫性疾病患者中發(fā)生。其在銀屑病關(guān)節(jié)炎(psoriatic arthritis,PsA)和脊柱關(guān)節(jié)炎(spondyloarthritis,SpA)中常見(jiàn),是該病標(biāo)志性病變,約35%~50%的PsA患者和40%~50%的SpA患者合并附著點(diǎn)炎[8-10]。研究[8]認(rèn)為附著點(diǎn)炎在部分情況下甚至是貫通SpA全病程的唯一病理表現(xiàn),是尋常型銀屑病發(fā)展為PsA亞臨床階段的重要表現(xiàn)。此外,附著點(diǎn)炎在類風(fēng)濕關(guān)節(jié)炎(rheumatoid arthritis,RA)中亦有較高的發(fā)病率[9]。2009年附著點(diǎn)炎被納入國(guó)際脊柱關(guān)節(jié)炎評(píng)估協(xié)會(huì)分類標(biāo)準(zhǔn);2022年我國(guó)發(fā)布的《脊柱關(guān)節(jié)炎患者附著點(diǎn)炎篩查與評(píng)估臨床實(shí)踐指南》[10]強(qiáng)調(diào)了附著點(diǎn)炎在SpA疾病管理中的重要性;PsA分類標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[11]和銀屑病及銀屑病關(guān)節(jié)炎研究和評(píng)估小組(Group for Research and Assessment of Psoriasis and Psoriatic Arthritis,GRAPPA)治療建議[12]均強(qiáng)調(diào)附著點(diǎn)炎在PsA的早期預(yù)測(cè)、識(shí)別及診斷中具有重要作用。
二、附著點(diǎn)炎的評(píng)估方法
附著點(diǎn)炎的評(píng)估方法包括臨床評(píng)估、影像學(xué)檢查和組織學(xué)檢查等。其中組織學(xué)檢查是診斷附著點(diǎn)炎的金標(biāo)準(zhǔn),但由于具有侵入性且并發(fā)癥較多,臨床應(yīng)用受限。附著點(diǎn)炎的主要臨床表現(xiàn)為附著部位自發(fā)性疼痛、腫脹、施加約3~4 kg/cm2壓力時(shí)出現(xiàn)壓痛及相應(yīng)的活動(dòng)功能受限情況。臨床評(píng)估簡(jiǎn)單易行,但影響因素眾多,如評(píng)估者較難控制施加壓力大小、患者的痛覺(jué)感受可能受鄰近關(guān)節(jié)和軟組織炎癥影響等,這些因素均可能導(dǎo)致其評(píng)估結(jié)果與實(shí)際情況存在較大偏差。歐洲抗風(fēng)濕病聯(lián)盟建議應(yīng)用肌骨超聲和MRI檢查附著點(diǎn)。由于附著點(diǎn)處纖維成分較為致密,含水量較少,超聲較MRI能更敏感地檢出膝、踝關(guān)節(jié)附著點(diǎn)纖維結(jié)構(gòu)的早期改變[13]。隨著肌骨超聲的發(fā)展和普及,除交叉韌帶、盆腔及脊柱附著點(diǎn)等超聲無(wú)法探查部位外,其在外周關(guān)節(jié)附著點(diǎn)炎的診斷及評(píng)估中較臨床評(píng)估和MRI更敏感,逐漸成為評(píng)估外周附著點(diǎn)炎的首選影像學(xué)方法[14]。
三、肌骨超聲評(píng)估附著點(diǎn)炎的應(yīng)用現(xiàn)狀
1.肌骨超聲評(píng)估附著點(diǎn)炎的臨床意義
健康成人好發(fā)運(yùn)動(dòng)相關(guān)性附著點(diǎn)炎,常累及的解剖部位包括肩袖、肱骨外上髁、髕骨下極、跟腱插入和足底筋膜,機(jī)械應(yīng)力與運(yùn)動(dòng)相關(guān)的附著點(diǎn)炎有關(guān)。應(yīng)用肌骨超聲評(píng)估附著點(diǎn)炎有助于對(duì)肌骨系統(tǒng)疾病進(jìn)行精確診斷。附著點(diǎn)炎超聲評(píng)分與風(fēng)濕免疫性疾病患者的疾病活動(dòng)度、生活質(zhì)量均有關(guān),即評(píng)分越高,患者生活質(zhì)量越差,更易出現(xiàn)臨床癥狀,如銀屑病甲損害、附著點(diǎn)炎鄰近關(guān)節(jié)的損害等[15-17]。Smerilli等[15]對(duì)104例PsA患者的關(guān)節(jié)情況與附著點(diǎn)超聲表現(xiàn)的關(guān)系進(jìn)行分析,發(fā)現(xiàn)附著點(diǎn)的血流情況與關(guān)節(jié)損傷有關(guān);研究[16]表明超聲所測(cè)附著點(diǎn)厚度可用于鑒別PsA與銀屑病。肌骨超聲可以早期敏感地檢測(cè)附著點(diǎn)亞臨床病變,在評(píng)估附著點(diǎn)炎以預(yù)測(cè)銀屑病患者疾病進(jìn)展方面具有重要價(jià)值。目前已有較多研究[12,15-16]證實(shí)及早關(guān)注并對(duì)附著點(diǎn)炎進(jìn)行超聲評(píng)估有助于SpA、PsA等疾病的早期診斷及鑒別診斷、進(jìn)展預(yù)測(cè)、治療方案優(yōu)化(如減少免疫抑制劑的使用以減少并發(fā)癥的可能)。隨著附著點(diǎn)的臨床作用逐漸被強(qiáng)化,肌骨超聲作為檢查附著點(diǎn)的一線影像學(xué)方法,其評(píng)估附著點(diǎn)炎的意義也逐漸凸顯。
2.附著點(diǎn)炎的肌骨超聲表現(xiàn)及評(píng)估標(biāo)準(zhǔn)
目前臨床廣泛接受的附著點(diǎn)炎超聲表現(xiàn)[17]主要包括:①附著點(diǎn)回聲減低,即在避免各向異性偽像后,附著點(diǎn)回聲減低,可見(jiàn)肌腱失去正常的纖維排列結(jié)構(gòu);②附著點(diǎn)增厚,即附著結(jié)構(gòu)厚度增加,邊緣模糊或清晰;③附著點(diǎn)鈣化/骨贅,即附著點(diǎn)在2個(gè)垂直切面上可見(jiàn)點(diǎn)狀、斑片狀高回聲,有或無(wú)聲影(即鈣化),或附著點(diǎn)骨皮質(zhì)形成高回聲突起(即骨贅);④骨侵蝕,即在2個(gè)垂直切面上附著點(diǎn)肌腱插入處的骨皮質(zhì)不光滑,可見(jiàn)連續(xù)性中斷;⑤滑囊炎,即滑囊增厚,體積增大,內(nèi)可見(jiàn)呈無(wú)回聲的積液和/或呈低回聲的增厚滑膜組織,探頭壓之可變扁,有或無(wú)血流信號(hào);⑥附著點(diǎn)血流(能量多普勒條件下更明顯),即正常情況下附著點(diǎn)一般無(wú)血流信號(hào),附著點(diǎn)炎時(shí)可探及血流信號(hào),但需注意識(shí)別彩色多普勒偽像及鑒別滋養(yǎng)血管血流信號(hào)。
Aydin等[18]提出了骨侵蝕、附著點(diǎn)厚度的定量評(píng)估標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。其中骨侵蝕根據(jù)其最大徑進(jìn)行定量分級(jí):1級(jí),侵蝕最大徑lt;2 mm;2級(jí),2 mm≤侵蝕最大徑lt;3 mm;3級(jí),侵蝕最大徑≥3 mm。附著點(diǎn)厚度為在肌腱插入處測(cè)量附著點(diǎn)2個(gè)切緣的厚度,并與正常成人的區(qū)間范圍進(jìn)行比較:1級(jí),超出正常成人區(qū)間范圍lt;1 mm;2級(jí),1 mm≤超出正常成人區(qū)間范圍lt;2 mm;3級(jí),超出正常成人區(qū)間范圍≥2 mm。其余指標(biāo)如低回聲/回聲紊亂、滑囊炎等均采用半定量分級(jí),1級(jí)為輕度,2級(jí)為中度,3級(jí)為重度。OMERACT于2019年發(fā)布了附著點(diǎn)炎血流的半定量評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[19]:0分,無(wú)血流信號(hào);1分,lt;2個(gè)點(diǎn)狀血流信號(hào),無(wú)融合的血流信號(hào);2分,2~4個(gè)點(diǎn)狀血流信號(hào)或1個(gè)融合的血流信號(hào);3分,gt;4個(gè)點(diǎn)狀血流信號(hào)或gt;1個(gè)融合的血流信號(hào)。
3.附著點(diǎn)炎超聲評(píng)分系統(tǒng)的優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)及其研究現(xiàn)狀
早期附著點(diǎn)炎超聲評(píng)分系統(tǒng)主要基于灰階模式進(jìn)行評(píng)估,后期則增加了多普勒模式,評(píng)分也從判斷有無(wú)異常表現(xiàn)逐漸深入到對(duì)異常表現(xiàn)嚴(yán)重程度的細(xì)化評(píng)估。目前超聲檢查附著點(diǎn)主要采用灰階模式與多普勒模式結(jié)合,大多超聲評(píng)分系統(tǒng)基于附著點(diǎn)的異常超聲表現(xiàn)進(jìn)行相應(yīng)賦分和統(tǒng)計(jì),已發(fā)布的附著點(diǎn)炎超聲評(píng)分系統(tǒng)主要有超聲附著點(diǎn)炎指數(shù)(Spanish enthesitis index,SEI)[20]、D’Agostino超聲評(píng)分系統(tǒng)[21]、馬德里超聲附著點(diǎn)炎指數(shù)(Madrid sonographic enthesitis index,MASEI)[22]、貝爾格萊德超聲附著點(diǎn)炎評(píng)分(Belgrade ultrasound enthesitis score,BUSES)[23]、格拉斯哥超聲附著點(diǎn)炎評(píng)分系統(tǒng)(Glasgow ultrasound enthesitis scoring system,GUESS)[24]、附著點(diǎn)炎超聲診斷工具(GRAPPA-DUET)[25]等。各附著點(diǎn)炎超聲評(píng)分系統(tǒng)具體情況見(jiàn)表1。
盡管附著點(diǎn)炎相關(guān)超聲評(píng)分系統(tǒng)較多,且在不斷修訂,但各有優(yōu)劣,目前臨床尚無(wú)全面普適的附著點(diǎn)炎超聲評(píng)分系統(tǒng)。主要原因?yàn)椋孩俨煌吞?hào)超聲儀器的成像質(zhì)量及其對(duì)血流信號(hào)的敏感度有一定差異,而各超聲評(píng)分系統(tǒng)并未規(guī)范超聲儀器設(shè)置、探頭頻率選擇、儀器調(diào)節(jié)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)等。超聲是一門經(jīng)驗(yàn)學(xué)科,有很強(qiáng)的操作者依賴性,而附著點(diǎn)易存在各向異性偽像,其處于放松與緊張位的血流顯示亦存在差異,加之附著點(diǎn)周圍常存在正常滋養(yǎng)血管,經(jīng)驗(yàn)不足者難以將之與附著點(diǎn)炎血流相鑒別。上述因素均可能導(dǎo)致不同操作者間的診斷結(jié)果差異較大,而現(xiàn)有的超聲評(píng)分系統(tǒng)均未制定相應(yīng)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和規(guī)范以盡可能同質(zhì)化超聲圖像。②由于附著點(diǎn)及附著點(diǎn)炎的定義及位置均存在爭(zhēng)議,因此各超聲評(píng)分系統(tǒng)具體采用哪種評(píng)判標(biāo)準(zhǔn)并未統(tǒng)一?,F(xiàn)有的超聲評(píng)分系統(tǒng)描述的附著點(diǎn)炎超聲表現(xiàn)主要有附著點(diǎn)增厚、回聲減低、鈣化、骨贅、骨侵蝕、有血流信號(hào)及附著點(diǎn)周圍滑囊炎等。近期研究[26]對(duì)OMERACT關(guān)于附著點(diǎn)炎的定義進(jìn)行了可靠性評(píng)估,發(fā)現(xiàn)根據(jù)現(xiàn)有定義,附著點(diǎn)增厚和回聲減低的可靠性均較低,而其他超聲表現(xiàn)的可靠性較高。OMERACT認(rèn)為附著點(diǎn)炎不包括滑囊炎,而B(niǎo)enjamin等[27]認(rèn)為應(yīng)把滑囊炎納入附著點(diǎn)炎?;已卓赡塥?dú)立于附著點(diǎn)炎發(fā)病,也可能是嚴(yán)重的附著點(diǎn)炎累及周圍滑囊所致,因此未來(lái)需對(duì)與附著點(diǎn)炎無(wú)關(guān)和有關(guān)的滑囊炎進(jìn)行大樣本的觀察和分類總結(jié),明確二者是否具有差異并準(zhǔn)確鑒別,以驗(yàn)證是否將滑囊炎納入附著點(diǎn)炎的超聲評(píng)分系統(tǒng)。③各超聲評(píng)分系統(tǒng)均缺乏基于大樣本的各部位附著點(diǎn)厚度的診斷界值。OMERACT對(duì)附著點(diǎn)增厚的定義為:與肌腱腱體相比,肌腱插入骨皮質(zhì)2 mm內(nèi)的厚度增加,但對(duì)其是否同樣適用于筋膜和韌帶并無(wú)明確表示,且附著點(diǎn)處的肌腱常較體部稍增厚,故這一判定標(biāo)準(zhǔn)仍有待進(jìn)一步驗(yàn)證。此外,由于附著點(diǎn)的厚度尤其是肌腱附著點(diǎn)的厚度可因性別、年齡、體質(zhì)量指數(shù)等不同導(dǎo)致差異[28],因此判定附著點(diǎn)增厚的具體標(biāo)準(zhǔn)目前仍未統(tǒng)一,易導(dǎo)致診斷結(jié)果出現(xiàn)假陽(yáng)性或假陰性。研究[29]提出應(yīng)用健康人群附著點(diǎn)厚度數(shù)據(jù)均值±2個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差作為診斷界值,但該方法亦需要大樣本的研究證實(shí)。GUESS、MASEI等超聲評(píng)分系統(tǒng)雖然提供了部分附著點(diǎn)增厚的診斷界值,但亦均由小樣本的數(shù)據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)得出,能否在臨床推廣應(yīng)用有待進(jìn)一步驗(yàn)證。盡管有多項(xiàng)研究[24,30]表明GUESS、MASEI診斷附著點(diǎn)炎的靈敏度和特異度均較高,但由于其包含其他指標(biāo)(如附著點(diǎn)骨贅、骨侵蝕、附著點(diǎn)血流等),其靈敏度和特異度是這些指標(biāo)綜合研判的結(jié)果,故并不能證實(shí)附著點(diǎn)增厚診斷界值的合理性。④各超聲評(píng)分系統(tǒng)本身結(jié)構(gòu)及賦分規(guī)則存在不足。包括各超聲評(píng)分系統(tǒng)采集位點(diǎn)數(shù)目不一、測(cè)量附著點(diǎn)厚度的位置未統(tǒng)一、附著點(diǎn)部分異常超聲表現(xiàn)的定義不夠清晰及是否納入超聲評(píng)分系統(tǒng)存在爭(zhēng)議、部分異常超聲表現(xiàn)缺乏明確的界定、附著點(diǎn)血流這一超聲表現(xiàn)的缺乏或賦分權(quán)重較大,以及附著點(diǎn)鈣化、骨贅、骨侵蝕等超聲表現(xiàn)尚無(wú)統(tǒng)一且具體的定量或半定量評(píng)估標(biāo)準(zhǔn)等。研究[30]認(rèn)為Genc等[31]研究顯示患者M(jìn)ASEI與疾病活動(dòng)度并未表現(xiàn)出較好的相關(guān)性的原因可能為其對(duì)血流信號(hào)賦分跨度太大,加上12個(gè)位點(diǎn)的累計(jì),極易導(dǎo)致該指標(biāo)過(guò)度影響結(jié)果。
此外,雖然目前研究尚未證實(shí)附著點(diǎn)鈣化、骨贅及骨侵蝕的數(shù)量和大小與附著點(diǎn)炎嚴(yán)重程度間存在必然關(guān)系,但根據(jù)附著點(diǎn)炎的發(fā)病機(jī)制及既往對(duì)關(guān)節(jié)炎癥評(píng)分分級(jí)標(biāo)準(zhǔn),可以推測(cè)多發(fā)骨侵蝕、大侵蝕可能反映了更嚴(yán)重的疾病狀態(tài),因此對(duì)附著點(diǎn)鈣化、骨贅及骨侵蝕進(jìn)行定量或半定量評(píng)估十分必要。
四、總結(jié)與展望
肌骨超聲對(duì)附著點(diǎn)的評(píng)估未來(lái)可能將不僅限于二維和多普勒等常規(guī)模式,綜合應(yīng)用超聲新技術(shù)如超微血流成像、超聲造影、超聲彈性成像等將成為未來(lái)附著點(diǎn)炎的研究趨勢(shì)。無(wú)論退行性改變還是風(fēng)濕免疫性疾病所致的附著點(diǎn)炎,其超聲表現(xiàn)均相似。附著點(diǎn)炎的定義、附著點(diǎn)增厚的診斷界值、納入超聲評(píng)分系統(tǒng)的具體指標(biāo)確定均需大樣本研究和多維度考證。由于退行性改變、不同類型的風(fēng)濕性疾病易累及關(guān)節(jié)不同,評(píng)估其累及的附著點(diǎn)位點(diǎn)也應(yīng)有所差異。如何解決納入位點(diǎn)過(guò)多、檢查時(shí)間過(guò)長(zhǎng)與納入位點(diǎn)過(guò)少、病情反映能力不足之間的矛盾是亟須解決的問(wèn)題。篩選、精簡(jiǎn)出有評(píng)估意義的位點(diǎn),規(guī)劃基于不同疾病譜的簡(jiǎn)便、易行的評(píng)估方案是未來(lái)研究的方向和重點(diǎn)。因此,后續(xù)超聲評(píng)分系統(tǒng)應(yīng)當(dāng)“個(gè)性化”,即根據(jù)不同的疾病開(kāi)發(fā)不同的超聲評(píng)分系統(tǒng)。
附著點(diǎn)血流信號(hào)與附著點(diǎn)炎炎癥活動(dòng)度有關(guān),是附著點(diǎn)炎性病變區(qū)別于退行性病變的關(guān)鍵指標(biāo),因此對(duì)血流信號(hào)的評(píng)估在附著點(diǎn)炎超聲評(píng)分系統(tǒng)中的賦分權(quán)重占比較大似乎是合理的。附著點(diǎn)鈣化和骨贅更偏向于慢性、勞損性損傷的病理特征,并非附著點(diǎn)炎存在的必要特征[12],因此減小其賦分權(quán)重亦是合理的,但應(yīng)賦予多少權(quán)重以更精確地反映附著點(diǎn)炎為風(fēng)濕免疫性疾病或退行性改變所致仍尚未清楚,后續(xù)需進(jìn)一步研究探索。
綜上所述,肌骨超聲在附著點(diǎn)炎的應(yīng)用已受到越來(lái)越多的關(guān)注,評(píng)估附著點(diǎn)炎在風(fēng)濕免疫性疾病中有較大的臨床意義,盡管目前已開(kāi)發(fā)出較多的附著點(diǎn)炎超聲評(píng)分系統(tǒng),但各有優(yōu)劣,尚未達(dá)成共識(shí),今后亟待開(kāi)發(fā)更普適、更合理的超聲評(píng)分系統(tǒng)。
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(收稿日期:2024-01-06)