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現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)用法解析(一)

2024-08-26 00:00:00顏為
關(guān)鍵詞:助動(dòng)詞介詞狀語

請(qǐng)先練習(xí)一下下面語篇填空題。

閱讀下面的材料并填空。有的答案要填入適當(dāng)?shù)膯卧~,有的答案要用括號(hào)內(nèi)單詞的正確形式,但每個(gè)答案不多于3個(gè)單詞。

My hometown is a small town. It is in the southern part 1 Shandong Province. I left my hometown to work in Singapore 15 years ago. But I 2 (not be) back home for almost ten years.

Last month I came back to my hometown with my family. What I saw 3 (great)surprised me. Great changes 4 (take) place in the past ten years. The environment is getting 5 (beautiful) than before. The streets are wider and cleaner. There are trees and flowers everywhere. In the past,people used " 6 (travel) by bike. Now they take buses or drive cars. I’m sure transportation 7 (be) better in the future.

When I got home,my parent 8 (wait) for me at home. Then they told me a lot of the 9 (change) in my hometown. I can’t imagine 10 my hometown will be like in another ten years’ time.

Keys: "1. of 2. have not been 3. greatly 4. have taken 5. more beautiful "6. to travel 7. will be 8. were waiting 9. changes 10. what

做完上面的語篇填空題,同學(xué)們可以發(fā)現(xiàn),題中空白處有兩處運(yùn)用到現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)時(shí)態(tài)。現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)是初中英語學(xué)習(xí)的重點(diǎn)和難點(diǎn),下面就現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的用法做一總結(jié)。

一、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)構(gòu)成的存在形式

現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)由“have / has+過去分詞”構(gòu)成。其中have / has 為助動(dòng)詞。助動(dòng)詞have只能用于主語是第一人稱、第二人稱或第三人稱復(fù)數(shù),而助動(dòng)詞has用于主語是第三人稱單數(shù)。

二、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)用法

現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)主要有兩種用法,一種是已完成用法,也叫影響性用法;另一種是未完成用法,也叫持續(xù)性用法。

1. 已完成用法(影響性用法):該用法的現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示一個(gè)過去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作在過去已經(jīng)完成,并且這個(gè)過去發(fā)生并完成的動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在有影響或結(jié)果,同時(shí)說話強(qiáng)調(diào)的或感興趣的就是這個(gè)影響或結(jié)果。

She has left. 她離開了。(對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響或結(jié)果:她現(xiàn)在不在這兒。)

Has she found her car key?

她找到她的車鑰匙了嗎?(對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響或結(jié)果:她能開她的車了嗎?)

I have finished my work. 我的工作做完了。(對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響或結(jié)果:現(xiàn)在我沒事了。)

He has eaten nothing today.

他今天什么也沒吃。(對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響或結(jié)果:他現(xiàn)在一定很餓。)

已完成用法特點(diǎn):

(1)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)已完成用法表示目前結(jié)果,其謂語動(dòng)詞常為短暫性(終止性)動(dòng)詞。如:come, arrive, reach, go, leave, break, hear, see, drop, meet, start, begin, get, die, buy, finish, open, close, join, lose, throw, fall, jump, knock, find, kill, put, give, pay, cut, stop等。

(2)已完成用法常與表示包括“現(xiàn)在”在內(nèi)的或不確定的時(shí)間狀語連用。

包括現(xiàn)在時(shí)間在內(nèi)的時(shí)間狀語有:

this morning afternoon, evening, week, month, year, today, now, just...

They have caught a lot of fish today.他們今天抓了很多魚。

Father has just come back from Beijing.父親剛從北京回來。

表示不確定的過去時(shí)間狀語有:

already, yet, recently, lately, before...

I haven’t prepared for the mid?term exam yet.我還沒有準(zhǔn)備期中考試。

She has read a few English stories recently. 最近她看了幾個(gè)英語故事。

(3)已完成用法常與表示頻度的時(shí)間狀語連用。

rarely, often, ever, never, once, twice, several, times, sometimes...

Have you ever read in the news in the newspaper? 你讀過報(bào)紙上的新聞嗎?

—Treasure Island is exciting. ——《金銀島》很刺激。

—I agree with you. I have read it twice.——我同意你的觀點(diǎn)。我已經(jīng)看了兩次了。

2. 未完成用法(持續(xù)性用法):它表示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)從過去某時(shí)開始,延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在可能剛剛完成(結(jié)束)或繼續(xù)下去,這種用法表示長(zhǎng)久的結(jié)果,其謂語動(dòng)詞常用延續(xù)性的動(dòng)詞。如:learn, study, work, keep, wait, read, live, sleep, watch, run, listen, talk, look, smile, speak, walk, stand, sit, blow, lie等。

Mr. Smith "has learned Chinese for two years. He’s much better at it now.

史密斯先生已經(jīng)學(xué)習(xí)漢語兩年了。他現(xiàn)在說得好多了。

How long have you lived here? 你在這里住了多久了?

I’ve known her for a long time. 我認(rèn)識(shí)她很長(zhǎng)時(shí)間了。

未完成用法特點(diǎn):未完成用法常與表示持續(xù)的一段時(shí)間狀語連用。

(1)表示現(xiàn)在時(shí)間在內(nèi)的時(shí)間狀語

till (up to) now, so far, in the past(last)years, these a few years, all day,all this while, these days, ever since then...

Great Changes have taken place in China in the past few years.

在過去的幾年里,中國發(fā)生了巨大的變化。

He has posted two letters to his uncle these three months.

這3個(gè)月來他已經(jīng)給他叔叔寄了兩封信。

(2)由since引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語

它表示的是時(shí)間點(diǎn),即“一段時(shí)間的起點(diǎn)”,since既可以作介詞又可作連接詞連接時(shí)間狀語。

She has studied English by herself since last spring.

自去年春天以來,她一直自學(xué)英語。

We have known each other since we were child.我們從小就認(rèn)識(shí)了。

(3)由for引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語

介詞for后常接表示“一段時(shí)間”的名詞,組成介詞短語。

We have stayed at the hotel for three days.我們?cè)谶@家旅館已經(jīng)住了3天了。

注:除以上用法外,現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)還可表示過去的重復(fù)動(dòng)作甚至將來動(dòng)作。

He has always gone to work by bike. 他總是騎自行車上班。

I’ll go to bed when I’ve finished my homework. 我做完作業(yè)后就上床睡覺了。

(作者單位:江蘇省東臺(tái)市實(shí)驗(yàn)中學(xué)教育集團(tuán)學(xué)府路校區(qū))

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