張菲菲 薛海濤 吳婕 任戰(zhàn)軍
doi:10.7606/j.issn.1004-1389.2024.07.003
https://doi.org/10.7606/j.issn.1004-1389.2024.07.003
收稿日期:2022-09-13? 修回日期:2022-10-09
基金項目:陜西省農(nóng)業(yè)科技創(chuàng)新驅(qū)動項目[NYKJ-2021-YL(XN)28]。
第一作者:張菲菲,女,學(xué)士,從事動植物檢驗檢疫工作。E-mail:1181953766@qq.com
通信作者:任戰(zhàn)軍,男,博士,教授,主要從事經(jīng)濟動物教學(xué)、科研與推廣工作。E-mail: renzhanjun@nwsuaf.edu.cn
摘? 要? 為探索獺兔胃腸道中固有的乳酸菌群,豐富乳酸菌應(yīng)用,選擇中性或偏酸性MRS培養(yǎng)基分離并培養(yǎng)健康獺兔胃腸道中的乳酸菌、16S rDNA測序?qū)λ@菌株進行種屬鑒定、基因組DNA熒光定量PCR檢測其在40、80日齡的獺兔胃腸道中的相對含量。結(jié)果從獺兔胃、空腸、盲腸、結(jié)腸、直腸中均分離出1株糞腸球菌;胃、十二指腸、空腸、回腸、盲腸中均分離出1株短乳桿菌;胃、十二指腸、回腸、盲腸、結(jié)腸、直腸中均分離出1株植物乳桿菌;十二指腸、空腸、盲腸、結(jié)腸中均分離出1株空腸腸球菌。所獲菌株在獺兔胃腸道中普遍分布,并且其相對水平隨獺兔日齡的增長而升高,這些菌類有待成為獺兔內(nèi)源乳酸菌飼料添加劑的備用選擇。
關(guān)鍵詞? 乳酸菌;獺兔;16S rDNA
獺兔是單胃草食性哺乳動物,其消化模式依賴盲腸、結(jié)腸中大量菌群的發(fā)酵作用[1]。在規(guī)?;a(chǎn)中獺兔常因管理不善、致病菌侵染等多種因素誘發(fā)多種腸道疾?。?],典型癥狀為腸道上皮粘膜受損、免疫屏障被破壞、菌群結(jié)構(gòu)平衡失調(diào)[3-4]。養(yǎng)殖戶多用廣譜抗生素防治獺兔腹瀉,但抗生素易在動物體內(nèi)長期殘留,破壞腸道菌群的固有平衡并大幅提高病菌的抗藥性,不利于獺兔腸道疾病的長期防治[5-7]。
乳酸菌作為腸道益生菌,有利于維持腸黏膜的菌群結(jié)構(gòu)與免疫穩(wěn)態(tài),抑制大腸桿菌、沙門氏菌等致病菌的生長,提高宿主的免疫力,是理想的抗生素替代物[8-10]。腹瀉幼兔腸道中的乳酸菌含量減少,及時補充乳酸菌可改善腹瀉幼兔的腸道環(huán)境、有效治療幼兔腹瀉[11-12]。外源補充的乳酸菌往往缺乏黏附在家兔腸壁的能力,難以持續(xù)、充分地發(fā)揮益生作用[13-14]。宿主胃腸道固有的乳酸菌有潛力保持對宿主的益生功能[15],故獺兔腸道中附殖的乳酸菌具備重要的利用價值。為此,本試驗采集獺兔腸道內(nèi)容物,對所含乳酸菌進行分離、鑒定,為生產(chǎn)可用性高、效果出色的外源飼料添加劑提供依據(jù)與選擇。
1? 材料與方法
1.1? 試驗材料
1.1.1 ?獺兔胃腸道內(nèi)容物的采集? 乳酸菌分離及純化所用的樣品來自4月齡健康無病的獺兔12只(公母各半),乳酸菌含量測定所用的樣品來自40、80日齡獺兔母兔各5只,均由西北農(nóng)林科技大學(xué)試驗兔場提供。獺兔于清晨空腹處死后,采集胃、十二指腸、空腸、回腸、盲腸、結(jié)腸、直腸,用生理鹽水沖洗干凈腸道外部表面,用滅菌手術(shù)刀刮取消化道的內(nèi)容物置于1.5 mL無菌離心管,4 ℃保存。
1.1.2? 培養(yǎng)基? 中性MRS培養(yǎng)基、酸性MRS培養(yǎng)基均購自青島海博生物技術(shù)有限公司,按菌株培養(yǎng)所需配置成中性固體CaCO3-MRS培養(yǎng)基(NS)、偏酸性固體CaCO3-MRS培養(yǎng)基(AS)、中性液體MRS培養(yǎng)基(NL)、偏酸性液體MRS培養(yǎng)基(AL)。
1.2? 試驗方法
1.2.1? 菌株的初篩? 無菌條件下,取1 g腸道內(nèi)容物,加入無菌水至10 mL,振蕩混勻并經(jīng)紗布過濾;用無菌水梯度稀釋至10-6、10-7 g/mL;取200 μL稀釋菌液均勻涂布于NS、AS固體培養(yǎng)基,37 ℃恒溫厭氧倒置培養(yǎng)48 h。判斷菌落的顏色、形態(tài)及溶鈣圈的存在與否,確定進一步純化的菌落。
1.2.2? 菌株的復(fù)篩? 無菌條件下,挑取初篩后的單菌落,采取平板涂布法接種到NL、AL液體培養(yǎng)基中,37 ℃恒溫厭氧培養(yǎng)12~16 h;在NS、AS固體平板上劃線分離菌落,并于37 ℃厭氧倒置培養(yǎng)24~48 h;挑取平板上的單菌落,根據(jù)采樣部位編號標記,并分別接種至NL、AL液體培養(yǎng)基中進行純培養(yǎng),37 ℃恒溫厭氧培養(yǎng)12~16 h,所得單菌落擴繁菌液于4 ℃保存。將200 μL擴繁菌液接種至固態(tài)平板,挑取平板上的單菌落進行革蘭氏染色、鏡檢,最后確定純化的試驗菌株。
1.2.3? 菌株的生理生化鑒定及16S rDNA測序? 生理生化鑒定:按照說明書的操作方法,使用細菌微量生化鑒定管(海博生物)檢測菌株的相關(guān)指標。
16S rDNA測序:使用OMEGA細菌DNA提取試劑盒(Bacterial DNA Kit D3350-01)提取待測菌株的總DNA,用16S通用引物(27 F:5′-AGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG-3′;1492 R:3′-CGGTTACCTTGTTACGACTT-5′)擴增V4可變區(qū),經(jīng)10 g/L瓊脂糖凝膠電泳、OMEGA膠回收試劑盒[Gel Extraction Kit (100) D2500-01] 檢測并回收擴增產(chǎn)物。將純化產(chǎn)物送上海生工生物工程股份有限公司測序,測序結(jié)果在GenBank數(shù)據(jù)庫中進行比對,同時用MEGA-X軟件以最大似然法構(gòu)建系統(tǒng)發(fā)育樹。
1.2.4? 不同日齡獺兔胃腸道中乳酸菌的相對含量? 根據(jù)測序所鑒定的乳酸菌種屬,設(shè)計16S區(qū)域保守序列引物(F:5′- AAGCCTGATGGAGCAAC -3′;R:3′- AATCCGGATAACGCTTG -5′)。提取40、80日齡獺兔胃腸道內(nèi)容物總DNA,以預(yù)變性95 ℃ 5 min;變性94 ℃ 30 s,退火55 ℃ 30 s,延伸72 ℃ 30 s,終延伸72 ℃?? 5 min,34個循環(huán)的反應(yīng)程序。PCR mix 12.5 μL、上下游引物各1 μL,總DNA模板2.5 μL,ddH2O補足至25 μL的反應(yīng)體系進行擴增。
經(jīng)膠回收并純化PCR擴增產(chǎn)物、構(gòu)建T載體、導(dǎo)入大腸桿菌感受態(tài)細胞、藍白斑篩選、陽性克隆子測序鑒定后,將重組質(zhì)粒濃度梯度稀釋至102~109拷貝/μL,作為標準品并計算質(zhì)??截悢?shù)。擴增選擇含SYBR Ⅱ Green PCR Master mix 10 μL、總DNA 2 μL、正反向引物各1 μL的反應(yīng)體系,以95 ℃預(yù)變性10 min;變性95 ℃?? 10 s,退火55 ℃ 20 s、延伸72 ℃ 20 s,循環(huán)40 次的反應(yīng)程序進行熒光定量。乳酸菌的拷貝數(shù)通過Ct值計算,并以拷貝數(shù)的對數(shù)值表示。
2? 結(jié)果與分析
2.1? 乳酸菌的初篩結(jié)果
初篩結(jié)果中,稀釋至10-7 g/mL的菌液涂布后形成的菌落總體稀疏合理,有表面光滑、邊界整齊、生成溶鈣圈的乳白色圓形菌落出現(xiàn)(圖1,左為中性MRS培養(yǎng)基,右為偏酸性MRS培養(yǎng)基)。透明圈是乳酸菌產(chǎn)生的乳酸與MRS平板中的不溶性碳酸鈣反應(yīng)在菌落外周形成的乳酸鈣圈,是形態(tài)鑒定中常用的篩選依據(jù)。腸道乳酸菌普遍適宜pH為5~7,不同菌種乳酸菌的最適pH環(huán)境存在差異。
左為中性MRS培養(yǎng)基,右為偏酸性MRS培養(yǎng)基
Neutral MRS medium is on the left and acidic MRS medium is on the right
2.2? 乳酸菌的復(fù)篩結(jié)果
純化培養(yǎng)后的單菌落革蘭氏染色結(jié)果均呈陽性,所檢乳酸菌具球菌、短桿菌、桿狀菌、鏈球菌等不同形態(tài)(圖2)。
2.3? 乳酸菌的生理生化鑒定及16 S rDNA測序結(jié)果
由表 1 可知,各菌株的碳源利用與生理生化情況總體相近。
由表 2 可知,經(jīng)培養(yǎng)基分離純化后,從獺兔胃腸道7處共檢測到4種乳酸菌,包括糞腸球菌(Enterococcus faecalis)、短乳桿菌(Lactobacillus brevis)、植物乳桿菌(Lactobacillus plantarum)和空腸腸球菌(Enterococcus hirae);各菌種在胃腸道中的檢出結(jié)果見表 3,其中植物乳桿菌在7
從左到右、從上到下依次為:陽性短桿菌(M2)、陽性球菌(H1)、陽性桿菌(Z3)、陽性鏈球菌(H1)
From left to right,from top to bottom are: positive Brevibacterium (M2),cocci (H1),bacillus (Z3) and Streptococcus (H1)
個部位中的檢出率最高,為85.71%。
由圖 3可知,Z3菌株與植物乳桿菌NBRC 15891(Gen Bank登錄號:NR 113338.1)聚于一枝,親緣關(guān)系最近,證實該菌株為植物乳桿菌。
2.4? 不同日齡獺兔胃腸道中乳酸菌的相對含量
由表 4可知,Z3等乳酸菌廣泛定植于不同日齡獺兔的胃腸道中,相對水平總體以胃<小腸<大腸的趨勢提升;隨著獺兔日齡的增長,乳酸菌在胃、十二指腸、空腸、回腸、結(jié)腸中的相對水平也顯著升高(P<0.05)。
3? 討? 論
乳酸菌多附殖在動物腸道上皮,可產(chǎn)生乳酸[16]、乙酸[17]等有機酸,降低腸道的pH,抑制致病菌的繁殖,改善腸道菌群結(jié)構(gòu)[18-19];也可通過分泌胞外多糖[20]、γ-氨基丁酸[21]等產(chǎn)物,減少血脂與膽固醇的含量,與腸道上皮屏障相互作用提升宿主的免疫力與生長性能[22]。
乳酸菌作為微生物制劑,替抗價值較為理想,試驗條件下提升兔生產(chǎn)性能與免疫水平[23-25]、改善腸道環(huán)境的效果顯著[26]。但獺兔乳酸菌補充劑的制備受以下條件制約:(1)外源補充乳酸菌對外界儲存環(huán)境的耐受性差[27];(2)異源乳酸菌無法長久生存于宿主腸道中[28];(3)對獺兔養(yǎng)殖有利的乳酸菌研究較少。
本試驗從獺兔胃腸道中分離出的糞腸球菌、短乳桿菌、空腸腸球菌和植物乳桿菌是《飼料添加
劑品種目錄(2013)》中允許的微生物添加劑,在豬、禽及水產(chǎn)養(yǎng)殖中的應(yīng)用效果出色[29-31],在獺兔胃腸道中普遍分布,有待進一步分析該菌株對獺兔腹瀉與生產(chǎn)性能的影響。
4? 結(jié)? 論
從獺兔胃腸道內(nèi)容物中分離并純化得到糞腸球菌、短乳桿菌、空腸腸球菌和植物乳桿菌,所檢乳酸菌在獺兔胃腸道中的相對水平在不同日齡獺兔胃腸道普遍分布,隨獺兔日齡的增長而升高。
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Isolation and Identification of Lactic Acid Bacteria in Gastrointestinal Tract of Rex Rabbits
ZHANG Feifei1,XUE Haitao2,WU Jie2 and REN Zhanjun2
(1.Urumqi Customs,Urumqi? 836500,China; 2.College of Animal Science and Technology,Northwest A&F University,Yangling Shaanxi? 712100,China)
Abstract? In order to explore the inherent lactic acid bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract of rex rabbits and enrich the application of lactic acid bacteria,the neutral or acidic MRS medium was used to isolate and culture the lactic acid bacteria from the gastrointestinal tract of healthy rex rabbits.The species of the strains were identified by 16SrDNA sequencing,and the relative content of the strains in the gastrointestinal tract of 40-and 80-day-old rex rabbits was detected by genomic DNA fluorescence quantitative PCR.The results were as follows: Enterococcus faecalis strains were isolated from the stomach,jejunum,cecum,colon and rectum; Lactobacillus brevis strains were isolated from stomach,duodenum,jejunum,ileum and cecum; Lactobacillus plantarum strains were isolated from stomach,duodenum,ileum,cecum,colon and rectum respectively; Enterococcus hirae strains were isolated from duodenum,jejunum,cecum and colon.The strains obtained in this experiment are widely distributed in the gastrointestinal tract of rex rabbits,and their relative level increases with the age of rex rabbits,which suggests that these bacteria can be an alternative choice of endogenous lactic acid bacteria feed additives for rex rabbits.
Key words? Lactic acid bacteria;Rex;16S rDNA
Received ??2022-09-13??? Returned? 2022-10-09
Foundation item? Innovation and Drive Project of Agricultural Science and Technology of Shaanxi Province[No.NYKJ-2021-YL(XN)28].
First author? ZHANG Feifei,female,bachelor.Research area: animal and plant inspection and quarantine.E-mail: 1181953766@qq.com
Corresponding?? author? REN Zhanjun,male,Ph.D,professor.Research area: healthy breeding and industrialization of economic animals.E-mail:renzhanjun@nwsuaf.edu.cn
(責任編輯:顧玉蘭? Responsible editor:GU Yulan)