劉晉陽 陳崢宏 馬牧溪 林永帥 譚偉偉
摘要:幽門螺桿菌(Hp)是一種常見的胃腸道感染的革蘭氏陰性桿菌,主要存在于胃上皮細(xì)胞表面和黏液中,與胃潰瘍、胃癌和胃黏膜等相關(guān)淋巴瘤有關(guān)。研究表明Hp可誘發(fā)或加重某些胃外疾病,還與新型冠狀病毒感染發(fā)生有關(guān),因此Hp可能通過刺激機(jī)體產(chǎn)生炎癥因子或發(fā)生交叉免疫反應(yīng),間接或直接地參與胃外疾病的發(fā)生和發(fā)展,同時(shí)Hp還可進(jìn)入念珠菌內(nèi),持續(xù)釋放毒素,且發(fā)揮躲避免疫系統(tǒng)識別和藥物殺菌作用。本文總結(jié)近年國內(nèi)外對Hp相關(guān)胃外疾病的研究報(bào)道,旨在引起臨床工作者對Hp相關(guān)胃外疾病的重視,積極地掌握Hp的感染相關(guān)學(xué)科知識,從而科學(xué)制訂避免Hp加重或誘發(fā)其他疾病的對策。
關(guān)鍵詞:幽門螺桿菌;胃外疾病;交叉免疫反應(yīng);新型冠狀病毒感染
中圖分類號: R573? 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識碼: A? 文章編號:1000-503X(2024)03-0414-11
DOI:10.3881/j.issn.1000-503X.15698
Research Progress of Helicobacter pylori-Associated Extragastric Diseases
LIU Jinyang 2,CHEN Zhenghong3,4,MA Muxi5,LIN Yongshuai 2,TAN Weiwei 2
1Clinical Medicine School,Guizhou Medical University,Guiyang 55000 China
2Department of Urology,The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University,Guiyang 55000 China
3Helicobacter pylori and Intestinal Microecology Joint Laboratory/Department of Urology,The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University,Guiyang 55000 China
4Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology Characteristics,Guizhou Provincial Department of Education,Guiyang 55000 China
5Central Hospital of Yicheng District in Zhumadian,Zhumadian,Henan 463000,China
Corresponding author:CHEN Zhenghong Tel:13985006815,E-mail:chenzhenhong@gmc.edu.cn
ABSTRACT:Helicobacter pylori (Hp) is a common Gram-negative bacillus causing gastrointestinal infections.It mainly exists on the surface of gastric epithelial cells and in mucus and is associated with gastric ulcers,gastric cancer,and gastric mucosa-associated lymphomas.Studies have shown that Hp can induce or exacerbate certain extragastric diseases and is associated with the occurrence of coronavirus disease 2019.It is hypothesized that Hp may be indirectly or directly involved in the occurrence and development of diseases by stimulating the production of inflammatory cytokines or inducing cross-immune reactions.In addition,Hp can enter Candida to release toxins continuously and play a role in escaping the recognition of the host immune system and the bactericidal effect of drugs.This article reviews the research progress in Hp-associated extragastric diseases in recent years,aiming to draw the attention of clinical workers to Hp-associated extragastric diseases and enrich the knowledge about Hp infection for formulating countermeasures to avoid the aggravation or triggering of other diseases by Hp.
Key words:Helicobacter pylori;extragastric diseases;cross-immune reaction;coronavirus disease 2019
Acta Acad Med Sin,2024,46(3):414-424
幽門螺桿菌(Helicobacter pylori,Hp)在全球范圍內(nèi)的感染率超過50%,尤其是在發(fā)展中國家的感染率明顯高于發(fā)達(dá)國家[1-2]。除了胃內(nèi)疾病,越來越多的證據(jù)表明,Hp的感染與心血管系統(tǒng)、免疫系統(tǒng)和神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)等系統(tǒng)疾病相關(guān),有研究報(bào)道Hp與新型冠狀病毒肺炎和阿爾茨海默?。ˋlzheimers disease,AD)等有關(guān)[3-7]。Hp的感染使得治療某些疾病變得較為復(fù)雜,而醫(yī)務(wù)工作者在患者感染Hp早期又會忽略Hp與某些胃外疾病的關(guān)系,可造成感染Hp患者原有某些疾病加重。
近日有研究指出:Hp能與念珠菌形成原核-真核共生物,即Hp內(nèi)化念珠菌,不僅在念珠菌內(nèi)的Hp可持續(xù)釋放毒力因子于胞外,對局部組織或全身產(chǎn)生致炎作用,并且念珠菌內(nèi)的Hp還具有躲避抗生素的作用[8-9]。部分Hp感染者無明顯癥狀,患者往往得不到及時(shí)的治療,且Hp持續(xù)產(chǎn)生毒力因子還可影響胃外疾病發(fā)生和發(fā)展[10]。因此,本文總結(jié)了與Hp相關(guān)的部分胃外疾病,簡述Hp導(dǎo)致部分胃外疾病的發(fā)生機(jī)制,旨在打開Hp治療的的臨床思路,揭示對Hp某些毒力因子干預(yù)的重要性。
1 Hp致病機(jī)制
Hp是一種革蘭氏陰性桿菌,菌體呈螺旋形,其致病性與其鞭毛、黏附素、細(xì)胞毒素相關(guān),也與細(xì)胞毒素相關(guān)基因A(cytotoxin associated gene A,CagA)和空泡毒素相關(guān)基因A(vacuolating cytotoxin,VacA)有關(guān)[11]。
1.1 CagA致病機(jī)制
CagA蛋白是最有代表性的毒力因子,由CagA編碼的、相對分子質(zhì)量為120×103~140×103的免疫顯性蛋白,可通過四型分泌系統(tǒng)進(jìn)入真核生物細(xì)胞,誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞形態(tài)發(fā)生改變[12]。附著在胃黏膜上皮細(xì)胞上的Hp可通過革蘭氏陰性細(xì)菌四型分泌系統(tǒng)將CagA蛋白注入上皮細(xì)胞,磷酸化后的CagA蛋白結(jié)合真核磷酸酶SHP-2重塑胃黏膜上皮細(xì)胞骨架,使上皮細(xì)胞異常增殖和運(yùn)動,最新研究指出:(1)CagA蛋白可上調(diào)circRNA表達(dá)產(chǎn)物circMAN1A2,促進(jìn)胃黏膜上皮細(xì)胞癌變;(2)CagA蛋白還可破壞Wnt/PCP平面細(xì)胞極性通路信號傳導(dǎo),促使幽門腺基底細(xì)胞增殖異常[13-14]。
1.2 VacA致病機(jī)制
除了CagA蛋白,VacA蛋白同樣是Hp產(chǎn)生的重要毒力因子,但與CagA蛋白不同,VacA蛋白幾乎存在于所有Hp菌株中。VacA蛋白對宿主細(xì)胞具有多種功能,其中最具有代表性的是其誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞內(nèi)空泡樣變性,故名——空泡毒素,但目前對空泡樣變的機(jī)制尚存爭議,有學(xué)者認(rèn)為與VacA蛋白陰離子選擇性通道的形成有關(guān)[15]。VacA蛋白可上調(diào)促凋亡蛋白Bax和內(nèi)源性線粒體膜電壓依賴性陰離子通道的表達(dá),導(dǎo)致細(xì)胞色素C的釋放,誘導(dǎo)宿主細(xì)胞凋亡。近日有研究報(bào)道了VacA蛋白可通過核因子-κB信號通路促進(jìn)白細(xì)胞介素(interleukin,IL)-1β和腫瘤壞死因子-α等炎癥因子的分泌,加重局部炎癥和細(xì)胞損傷。
1.3 其他致病機(jī)制
Hp的致病機(jī)制還有以下3種:(1)Hp的鞭毛為其提供動力,鞭毛的轉(zhuǎn)動可促使Hp通過胃壁的黏液層,能長期定存于胃中;目前有學(xué)者針對Hp的動力系統(tǒng)研發(fā)出“抗動力”毒素,可抑制鞭毛運(yùn)動和鞭毛蛋白轉(zhuǎn)錄,并輔助抗生素治療,開拓了Hp治療新途徑[16]。(2)Hp的脂多糖中路易斯抗原的表達(dá)能模仿宿主抗原,從而幫助其逃過機(jī)體免疫識別。(3)Hp的外膜囊泡與其他毒力因子產(chǎn)生協(xié)同作用,在誘導(dǎo)IL-8、調(diào)節(jié)應(yīng)激纖維活性和影響細(xì)胞連接中發(fā)揮作用。
2 呼吸系統(tǒng)疾病
2.1 肺癌
肺癌是我國死亡率最高的癌癥,通??煞譃榉切〖?xì)胞肺癌和小細(xì)胞肺癌,肺癌的病因至今仍不明朗,但有研究報(bào)道了某些病原微生物(如Hp等多種病毒和細(xì)菌)與肺癌有關(guān)[17]。一項(xiàng)數(shù)據(jù)表明:Hp的感染與某些腫瘤標(biāo)志物水平有關(guān),在感染Hp的肺癌患者中,其癌胚抗原(carcinoembryonic antigen,CEA)水平更高,而甲胎蛋白和CA724會偏低[18]。CEA水平的升高可間接反映癌癥的進(jìn)展或復(fù)發(fā),因此Hp有可能在某些特定的癌癥中發(fā)揮作用,特別是感染Hp的患者,Hp可能會影響患者腫瘤標(biāo)志物水平的變化。對待罹患肺癌且感染Hp的患者,有研究發(fā)現(xiàn)了一些“量體裁衣”的藥物,如生物相容性銀納米顆粒即可靶向破壞肺癌細(xì)胞,又可抑制Hp[19]。有研究者指出Hp的感染會使接受免疫治療的非小細(xì)胞肺癌患者體內(nèi)干擾素和IL-6表達(dá)顯著降低,影響癌癥患者免疫治療的療效,這些有可能與Hp毒力因子VacA蛋白抑制骨髓細(xì)胞活性有關(guān)[20]。
2.2 關(guān)于Hp與肺癌的思考
有研究表明:(1)在使用抗生素一段時(shí)間后,Hp毒力因子的表達(dá)才會下降,甚至某些Hp耐藥菌株會因抗生素的使用而導(dǎo)致CagA表達(dá)上調(diào)。為減少毒力因子對機(jī)體影響,在根治Hp時(shí),中和體內(nèi)殘存的毒素可納入輔助治療Hp的并行思路[21]。(2)為提高癌癥患者生存率、合理解讀健康人或腫瘤患者血清腫瘤標(biāo)志物水平,應(yīng)重視主動預(yù)防和篩查Hp;但值得注意的是Hp的根治并不能恢復(fù)Hp引起的腫瘤免疫低療效現(xiàn)象,但因?yàn)镠p與機(jī)體特異性免疫有關(guān),所以研究者建議把Hp血清學(xué)檢查結(jié)果納入對非小細(xì)胞肺癌免疫治療的預(yù)期療效評估中[20]。(3)目前關(guān)于Hp對免疫治療的抑制作用僅局限于非小細(xì)胞肺癌,對其他需免疫治療的癌癥是否具備同樣抑制作用仍有待進(jìn)一步研究。(4)Hp感染的肺癌患者CEA水平較高,由此推測Hp外膜黏附蛋白Q與CEA高度親和性有關(guān):高表達(dá)水平CEA的細(xì)胞有助于促進(jìn)與外膜黏附蛋白Q的結(jié)合,介導(dǎo)四型分泌系統(tǒng)將CagA蛋白注入宿主細(xì)胞中發(fā)生易位,對機(jī)體產(chǎn)生更強(qiáng)的致癌活性[22]。目前尚缺乏準(zhǔn)確闡述Hp上調(diào)CEA的數(shù)據(jù),有望作為下個(gè)階段研究熱點(diǎn)(圖1)。
2.3 新型冠狀病毒感染
新型冠狀病毒感染被認(rèn)為是最致命流行病之一,其通過結(jié)合血管緊張素轉(zhuǎn)化酶-2受體進(jìn)入細(xì)胞,從而導(dǎo)致以發(fā)熱、咳嗽為主的一系列臨床癥狀[23]。有研究指出Hp可上調(diào)機(jī)體腸道細(xì)胞血管緊張素轉(zhuǎn)化酶-2受體的表達(dá),導(dǎo)致更多的病毒進(jìn)入細(xì)胞,使這類患者消化道癥狀(如腹痛、腹瀉等)相較未感染Hp的新型冠狀病毒感染患者更重[24]。此外,Hp還可刺激機(jī)體產(chǎn)生大量炎癥介質(zhì)(如腫瘤壞死因子-α和IL-8等),這些炎癥因子與病毒一同介導(dǎo)急性肺損傷[25]。除了感染階段,有研究表明在治療Hp時(shí),質(zhì)子泵抑制劑(proton pump inhibitor,PPI)的使用會增大新型冠狀病毒肺炎的易感性,且與患者嚴(yán)重臨床癥狀有關(guān),這可能與PPI會增加嗜鉻粒蛋白A血漿水平有關(guān)[26-27]。另一方面嗜鉻粒蛋白A水平可作為早期預(yù)測新型冠狀病毒感染患者死亡的獨(dú)立因子:重癥患者血漿嗜鉻粒蛋白A水平明顯升高,這可能與嗜鉻粒蛋白A參與血管重塑和全身免疫反應(yīng)有關(guān)[28]。
3 神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)疾病
3.1 AD
由于Hp不直接侵犯神經(jīng)系統(tǒng),所以早年醫(yī)學(xué)研究忽略了Hp對神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)疾病的影響。AD是一種神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)退行性疾病,其特點(diǎn)是大腦皮層和皮層下區(qū)域神經(jīng)元丟失,近幾年有學(xué)者開始研究AD與病原微生物感染的關(guān)系,Hp感染也逐漸證明為AD誘因[29-30]。
有學(xué)者認(rèn)為Hp與AD存在間接關(guān)聯(lián)[31]。Hp誘發(fā)AD的發(fā)生和發(fā)展機(jī)制推測如下:(1)革蘭氏陰性細(xì)菌釋放的外膜囊泡可攜帶毒力因子,而Hp的外膜囊泡可通過血腦屏障,誘導(dǎo)神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞的激活和神經(jīng)元功能的障礙,加速AD的形成[32]。(2)Hp的脲酶具有促炎活性和激活免疫系統(tǒng)的能力,從而誘發(fā)神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的炎癥和神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)退行性變的發(fā)生[33]。(3)Hp可導(dǎo)致患者腸道黏膜的通透性增加,腸道菌群結(jié)構(gòu)異常會成為誘發(fā)AD的關(guān)鍵啟動因素[34]。有日本學(xué)者通過尿液檢測分析發(fā)現(xiàn)Hp與AD之間無明顯關(guān)聯(lián),故Hp與AD之間的關(guān)系還需更多大樣本的試驗(yàn)去證明[35]。
3.2 其他神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)疾病
Hp與神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)其他疾病的關(guān)系及可能機(jī)制見表1。
3.3 Hp的治療對神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)疾病的意義
Hp相關(guān)神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)疾病均說明Hp感染所導(dǎo)致的疾病已不僅局限于消化系統(tǒng)內(nèi),也是影響其他疾病發(fā)生發(fā)展的原因,如Hp有可能成為大部分神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)疾病誘因。已有的病例與研究揭示了Hp治療在神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)疾病中的重要性:(1)大部分Hp的外膜囊泡是在患者感染Hp 3周以后才被檢測到,表明早期檢測和根治Hp的重要性[32]。(2)目前已有的研究證明腸道菌群與神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)直接相關(guān),有學(xué)者將二者關(guān)系形象地稱之為腦腸軸-腸道神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)與中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)通過多邊機(jī)制相互聯(lián)系,其中也包括腸道微生物的參與,而Hp可影響腸道原有菌群,參與Hp相關(guān)神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)疾病發(fā)生發(fā)展[44-45]。也有學(xué)者提出益生菌可有效治療神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)疾病的假設(shè),這一假設(shè)也得到了后來的研究證實(shí):如長期口服益生菌的AD小鼠可有效延緩疾病的進(jìn)展,同樣益生菌的服用還有助于減少Hp所帶來的不良反應(yīng)[46-47]。
4 生殖系統(tǒng)與Hp
4.1 Hp傳播途徑
Hp的傳統(tǒng)傳播途徑被認(rèn)為是糞-口與口-口兩種[48]。早在2008年便有學(xué)者提出Hp可通過性傳播的假設(shè),隨后有研究發(fā)現(xiàn)Hp在性伴侶之間的感染率明顯高于對照組,推測Hp可通過性傳播[49-50],理由如下:(1)對人體唾液及拔除的牙齒標(biāo)本進(jìn)行細(xì)菌培養(yǎng),通過PCR擴(kuò)增技術(shù)后檢測到了Hp特異性核酸,說明Hp有可能存在于口腔中[51-52]。(2)從女性陰道取出的陰道分泌物進(jìn)行培養(yǎng),通過PCR擴(kuò)增后,仍可檢測到Hp特異性核酸,說明Hp有可能存在于女性陰道中[53]。Hp有可能通過性傳播,甚至是母嬰垂直傳播,因此明確Hp具體傳播途徑,有助于科學(xué)防治Hp,減少Hp胃外疾病的發(fā)生。但有關(guān)Hp可通過性傳播的結(jié)論尚缺可信度:在性伴侶之間Hp感染率的研究中,僅測定性伴侶間Hp陽性率,而未確定Hp的基因同源性,應(yīng)通過PCR擴(kuò)增目的基因并通過基因測序技術(shù)比對性伴侶間Hp的特異性基因序列[50]。目前可明確的是Hp容易以家庭為單位,在家族成員中傳播,所以Hp篩查和防治應(yīng)以家庭為單位[54]。
4.2 Hp形成真核-原核共生物
念珠菌是一種生活在女性陰道的真菌,近日有學(xué)者從女性陰道分泌物中的念珠菌內(nèi)檢測到Hp的特異性核酸[55]。有研究者發(fā)現(xiàn)胃內(nèi)Hp可催化尿素產(chǎn)生氨氣,降低胃內(nèi)的酸性,而陰道中尿素含量低,Hp為躲避不利因素,可進(jìn)入念珠菌內(nèi)形成真核-原核共生物即Hp內(nèi)化念珠菌,念珠菌還可增強(qiáng)細(xì)菌的致病性,體外實(shí)驗(yàn)也同樣發(fā)現(xiàn)Hp為躲避不利條件會進(jìn)入念珠菌證據(jù)[55-58]。念珠菌內(nèi)的Hp同樣可釋放CagA蛋白于念珠菌之外,表明念珠菌內(nèi)的Hp有可能產(chǎn)生毒力因子引起胃外疾病,因此Hp的治療與篩查不應(yīng)只局限于胃內(nèi)Hp,為降低Hp的復(fù)發(fā),還應(yīng)根治機(jī)體其他部位Hp與念珠菌內(nèi)形成的真核原核共生物(圖2)。有研究發(fā)現(xiàn)在缺乏營養(yǎng)的情況下念珠菌的細(xì)胞壁會發(fā)生改變,使Hp難以進(jìn)入,這為杜絕Hp內(nèi)化念珠菌的形成提供新的思路[56]。
4.3 男性不育
男性不育發(fā)病機(jī)制復(fù)雜,迄今為止仍有大量患者病因不明[59-60]。有學(xué)者認(rèn)為Hp的感染與男性不育有關(guān),在Hp感染的人群中精子活力、濃度和生育指數(shù)都有降低[61-62]。有研究者在單純雄激素去除治療前列腺癌患者中發(fā)現(xiàn)同時(shí)感染了Hp的患者死亡率降低,因此推測Hp可能影響男性體內(nèi)雄激素水平[63]。有研究發(fā)現(xiàn)精子鞭毛的主要成分微管蛋白與Hp的鞭毛蛋白、CagA蛋白和VacA蛋白存在部分結(jié)構(gòu)同源性,這表明Hp有可能刺激人體產(chǎn)生交叉免疫反應(yīng),誘導(dǎo)機(jī)體產(chǎn)生抗精子抗體,使患者精子質(zhì)量下降[64]。然而,F(xiàn)eng等[65]研究顯示,Hp的感染與精子活力及精子濃度無明顯關(guān)聯(lián),但可以明確的是Hp患者經(jīng)抗菌治療后,其精子質(zhì)量有所改善。
4.4 特殊人群Hp治療
鑒于妊娠期Hp對胎兒及母體的影響,早期檢測并治療Hp尤為重要。Hp的治療目前推薦的是兩種抗生素+PPI+鉍劑,但由于妊娠期的特殊性,抗生素使用需更加小心,除了已知藥物透過胎盤屏障對胎兒造成影響,某些抗生素妊娠期服用還會造成母乳中IgG含量下降,降低新生兒抵抗力[66]。PPI的使用有增大妊娠期女性先兆子癇、妊娠糖尿病的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[67]。體外實(shí)驗(yàn)表明:泮托拉唑可增加精子蛋白質(zhì)磷酸化和阻止精子細(xì)胞膜電位超極化,從而抑制精子獲能[68]。埃索美拉唑作為新一代的PPI,有研究發(fā)現(xiàn)患者在服用60 min后,其活動精子的總數(shù)減少[69]。鑒于PPI使用的不良反應(yīng),妊娠期或近期有生育需求患者其Hp治療用藥需謹(jǐn)慎。有研究表明益生菌可輔助治療Hp,理由如下:(1)妊娠期服用益生菌,可降低先兆子癇、妊娠期糖尿病的發(fā)病率[70]。(2)男性不育患者服用益生菌,可通過改善腸道菌群起到提高精液質(zhì)量,輔助治療男性不育的作用[71]。(3)益生菌的使用可增強(qiáng)抗生素療效,減少Hp復(fù)發(fā)的可能性[72]。
5 心血管系統(tǒng)疾病
Hp與心血管疾病存在聯(lián)系的觀點(diǎn)早在20世紀(jì)便陸續(xù)有學(xué)者提出過(圖3)。目前有關(guān)Hp與心血管疾病聯(lián)系相關(guān)探索也從一開始的統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)研究轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)椴∫蜓芯?,而對病因研究最多的疾病是高血壓病和冠心病(coronary heart disease,CHD)。
5.1 高血壓病
高血壓病系以體循動脈血壓升高(收縮壓≥140 mmHg或舒張壓≥90 mmHg)(1 mmHg=0.133 kPa)為主要特征,可伴有心、腦、腎等器官功能衰竭或器質(zhì)性損害的臨床綜合征。近年有研究對高血壓病因進(jìn)行了總結(jié)與分析:(1)有學(xué)者認(rèn)為Hp可刺激機(jī)體釋放C反應(yīng)蛋白和IL等炎癥因子,從而誘導(dǎo)血管內(nèi)皮功能障礙,引發(fā)動脈血壓升高[78]。(2)Hp感染的患者,血液中纖維蛋白原含量升高,而纖維蛋白原作為血管炎癥因子可誘導(dǎo)血管收縮使外周血管壓力升高,從而誘發(fā)高血壓?。?9]。Hp與高血壓病存在某些間接或直接的關(guān)系,加之Hp日益增長的耐藥性,目前研究者發(fā)現(xiàn)了治療高血壓病的老藥新用途:如二氫吡啶類藥物是治療高血壓病常用藥,有研究發(fā)現(xiàn)二氫吡啶類藥物不僅能影響Hp在胃內(nèi)的定植,還具有一定的抗Hp活性,且殺菌活性相當(dāng)于甲硝唑等抗生素,這樣一方面減少抗生素使用帶來腸道菌群紊亂的后遺癥,另一方面相較新藥物更具安全和可靠價(jià)值,因此二氫吡啶類藥物替代抗生素治療感染Hp的高血壓病患者成為可能[80]。
5.2 CHD
CHD是由于冠狀動脈粥樣硬化病變而引起血管腔狹窄或阻塞,從而誘發(fā)心肌缺血、缺氧或壞死而導(dǎo)致的心臟病。Hp與CHD關(guān)系也越來越被科學(xué)界關(guān)注,而研究的重點(diǎn)集中在Hp的毒力因子上。
Hp產(chǎn)生的CagA蛋白可通過刺激機(jī)體活性氧的異常產(chǎn)生,導(dǎo)致低密度脂蛋白升高,還會誘發(fā)血管內(nèi)皮的炎癥,此外CagA蛋白還有助于刺激泡沫細(xì)胞的形成和通過NLRP3-IL1β信號通路促進(jìn)動脈粥樣硬化,共同促進(jìn)CHD形成[81-82]。鑒于Hp與CHD的關(guān)系,臨床上可早期檢測某些生物分子,用于評估Hp患者CHD的發(fā)生率和干預(yù)CHD形成。如有學(xué)者發(fā)現(xiàn)甘油三酯和C反應(yīng)蛋白之間的關(guān)系,通過建立數(shù)學(xué)模型監(jiān)測和早期診斷Hp陽性患者CHD的情況[83]。除了預(yù)防,在治療Hp方面上年齡和性別也尤為重要,根治Hp對CHD的預(yù)防效果取決于患者的年齡和性別,對于感染Hp的男性患者,年齡≤65歲根治Hp對能有效減少CHD的發(fā)生,故建議男性為預(yù)防CHD應(yīng)盡早篩查Hp[84]。
6 內(nèi)分泌系統(tǒng)疾病
6.1 糖尿病
糖尿病是一種以高血糖為特征的慢性代謝性疾病,主要發(fā)病機(jī)制是由于胰島素的分泌缺陷或生物作用受損,長期的血糖升高導(dǎo)致腎臟、眼和心臟等重要器官出現(xiàn)一系列并發(fā)癥。糖基化血紅蛋白是判斷近期血糖控制水平最有價(jià)值的指標(biāo)之一,是由血紅蛋白與葡萄糖發(fā)生非酶促反應(yīng)、不可逆性結(jié)合的產(chǎn)物。來自我國一項(xiàng)9000多人的隊(duì)列研究顯示,長期的Hp感染會升高糖基化血紅蛋白水平,但遺憾的是該研究并未揭示Hp導(dǎo)致胰腺功能障礙的病理生理機(jī)制[85]。有學(xué)者推測Hp導(dǎo)致胰腺功能障礙的病理生理機(jī)制可能是以下兩點(diǎn):(1)Hp可誘導(dǎo)胃黏膜腺體組織病理學(xué)改變——幽門化生、胃壁細(xì)胞減少,這種改變也同樣可能發(fā)生在胰腺中,使胰腺腺泡導(dǎo)管化生,從而導(dǎo)致胰腺功能障礙,造成其功能異常[86]。(2)Hp刺激機(jī)體產(chǎn)生的炎癥因子IL-6、腫瘤壞死因子等會影響生長抑素釋放及胰島B細(xì)胞胰島素釋放,從而造成胰島素抵抗[87]。Esmaeili Dooki等[88]研究顯示,Hp的感染與年齡在5~15歲的兒童糖尿病患者無明顯關(guān)聯(lián)。目前Hp與糖尿病的聯(lián)系并沒有定論,但有趣的是治療Hp的PPI可通過激活過氧化酶體增殖物激活受體γ,增強(qiáng)胰島素敏感基因的表達(dá),從而增強(qiáng)達(dá)格列凈治療糖尿病療效[89]。
6.2 甲狀腺疾病
甲狀腺分泌的激素主要包括三碘甲狀腺原氨酸和甲狀腺素,對基礎(chǔ)代謝、機(jī)體生長發(fā)育至關(guān)重要。Zhang等[90]研究表明,Hp的感染會增加中老年女性罹患亞臨床甲狀腺功能亢進(jìn)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。Silva等[91]研究證實(shí),Hp的感染與兒童甲狀腺功能減退有關(guān),還有可能與Hp的CagA蛋白和甲狀腺濾泡存在交叉免疫反應(yīng)有關(guān)。上述研究存在以下問題:(1)Zhang等[90]試驗(yàn)并未排除老年女性甲狀腺功能隨年紀(jì)增大而發(fā)生減退的可能,且甲狀腺疾病與飲食、地域關(guān)系密切,故探究Hp與甲狀腺疾病的聯(lián)系應(yīng)排除飲食與性別的干擾。(2)Silva等[91]研究并未闡明兒童感染Hp及罹患甲狀腺功能減退的先后順序,即患兒是否發(fā)生甲狀腺功能減退后感染的Hp:甲狀腺激素可調(diào)節(jié)先天性免疫和適應(yīng)性免疫中中性粒細(xì)胞、巨噬細(xì)胞和自然殺傷細(xì)胞等激活、分化和增殖,甲狀腺功能減退患兒分泌甲狀腺激素減少,對Hp等病原微生物易感性增高[92]。已有研究表明,Hp可通過分子模擬、多克隆抗體激活及毒力因子CagA蛋白高度免疫活性誘導(dǎo)機(jī)體免疫損傷和調(diào)節(jié)機(jī)體免疫反應(yīng),具有啟動自身免疫性疾病的可能性[93]。
7 總結(jié)和展望
Hp感染人體后會出現(xiàn)某些胃外臨床表現(xiàn),消化系統(tǒng)內(nèi)的Hp產(chǎn)生的毒力因子可通過血液循環(huán)到達(dá)全身各部位,毒力因子可影響肺癌CEA水平和誘導(dǎo)神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)發(fā)生退行性病變等,表明Hp的治療和篩查不僅應(yīng)綜合考量全身情況,還應(yīng)充分考慮毒力因子和宿主機(jī)體環(huán)境相互影響的結(jié)果。本文系統(tǒng)地闡述了Hp毒力因子對機(jī)體的直接影響、Hp所引起機(jī)體交叉免疫反應(yīng)和治療Hp的一線藥物等方面進(jìn)展,旨在進(jìn)一步完善感染Hp時(shí)出現(xiàn)的臨床表現(xiàn)和治療Hp綜合方案。Hp可直接感染人體,也能聯(lián)合其他病原體(例如念珠菌等)共同感染人體,誘發(fā)不同胃外系統(tǒng)的疾病。Hp有許多不同的毒株,且不同亞型Hp在胃外疾病的發(fā)生發(fā)展中的作用也不相同,但首先明確Hp具體毒株及其相關(guān)毒力因子與不同胃外系統(tǒng)的疾病之間的關(guān)系以及胃外系統(tǒng)疾病發(fā)病機(jī)制和治療方法,為臨床工作者科學(xué)制訂Hp相關(guān)胃外疾病的對策提供幫助。
利益沖突 所有作者聲明無利益沖突
作者貢獻(xiàn)聲明 劉晉陽:研究思路的提出,文獻(xiàn)檢索、論文起草和修訂;馬牧溪:文獻(xiàn)篩選,資料的提取與整理;林永帥:數(shù)據(jù)搜集、分析、解釋工作;譚偉偉:能按編輯部的修改意見進(jìn)行核修,對學(xué)術(shù)問題進(jìn)行解答;陳崢宏:論文的修訂、質(zhì)量控制及終審和定稿,并同意対研究工作誠信負(fù)責(zé)
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(收稿日期:2023-05-29)
中國醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)院學(xué)報(bào)2024年3期