朱玉清
讀后續(xù)寫(xiě)是新高考全國(guó)Ⅰ卷的寫(xiě)作題型之一。該題型要求考生閱讀一篇約350詞的故事性短文,依據(jù)其中情節(jié)和所給段落開(kāi)頭語(yǔ),續(xù)寫(xiě)故事,使之成為與原文材料“有邏輯銜接、情節(jié)和結(jié)構(gòu)完整的短文”。讀后續(xù)寫(xiě)考查考生綜合語(yǔ)言運(yùn)用能力,讓眾多學(xué)生望而卻步。筆者通過(guò)分析學(xué)生在考場(chǎng)作文上的困難,發(fā)現(xiàn)廣大師生在日常教學(xué)中對(duì)此題型的研究空白,提出“A·FEW”技巧,以助力考生提升續(xù)寫(xiě)質(zhì)量。
一、學(xué)生在考場(chǎng)作文上的困難
近幾年全國(guó)Ⅰ卷的讀后續(xù)寫(xiě)話(huà)題都與學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)生活密切相關(guān),大部分師生借助5W1H梳理情節(jié)、借助設(shè)問(wèn)構(gòu)思情節(jié)等方法,可以滿(mǎn)足“寫(xiě)完故事”的要求。然而,考生普遍反映在考場(chǎng)上“寫(xiě)好故事”很難——流水賬、內(nèi)容欠充實(shí)、字?jǐn)?shù)不足、語(yǔ)言不出彩,學(xué)生對(duì)此題型充滿(mǎn)疑惑和恐懼,從而影響備考信心。
在詞匯方面,在日常教學(xué)中,學(xué)生往往被灌輸大量寫(xiě)作素材,例如:“手部動(dòng)作”“面部表情”“走的各種表達(dá)”“景色描寫(xiě)”“情緒描寫(xiě)之驚喜”等。這些海量的寫(xiě)作素材甚至還包含不少超綱詞匯,對(duì)于平均水平的學(xué)生而言,根本記不住、記不清、在考場(chǎng)上用不上。
在語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)豐富性方面,學(xué)生知道可以使用所謂的“高級(jí)結(jié)構(gòu)”,如非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞、倒裝句、強(qiáng)調(diào)句、with的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)、獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)、夸張修辭、比喻修辭等。然而,知行不合一,在考場(chǎng)上,平均水平的學(xué)生往往顧此失彼,勉強(qiáng)倒騰出幾個(gè)生動(dòng)詞匯,又無(wú)法靈活運(yùn)用“高級(jí)結(jié)構(gòu)”,導(dǎo)致文章語(yǔ)言乏善可陳。
二、“A·FEW”技巧與“高級(jí)”句式
為了幫助學(xué)生修復(fù)“學(xué)”與“考”的脫節(jié),筆者提出“A·FEW”技巧,引導(dǎo)學(xué)生從四個(gè)角度對(duì)主角進(jìn)行局部特寫(xiě),并提供五個(gè)實(shí)用句式,助力學(xué)生在考場(chǎng)上生成內(nèi)容充實(shí)、字?jǐn)?shù)充足、語(yǔ)言出彩的文章,從而提升續(xù)寫(xiě)質(zhì)量。
學(xué)生習(xí)慣生成的“流水賬”,往往帶有動(dòng)作,如下圖所示:2022年和2023年新高考全國(guó)Ⅰ卷讀后續(xù)寫(xiě)中,學(xué)生構(gòu)思的情節(jié)。
筆者認(rèn)為,如果要寫(xiě)動(dòng)作,就不能只寫(xiě)一個(gè)動(dòng)作。
對(duì)策一:Actions動(dòng)作鏈(慢鏡頭給到核心動(dòng)作)
(1)以三個(gè)并列謂語(yǔ)構(gòu)建動(dòng)作鏈
例①:[2023年新高考全國(guó)Ⅰ卷](頒獎(jiǎng)禮后,我去老師辦公室。)
老師祝賀我?!蠋熣酒饋?lái),走向我,祝賀我。
The teacherrosefrom the seat,cameup to me andexpressedhis congratulations to me.
例②:[2022年新高考全國(guó)Ⅰ卷](David受到我的鼓勵(lì)。)
David去賽跑?!鶧avid擦掉眼淚,站了起來(lái),向我承諾會(huì)盡力。
Davidwipedout his tears, slowlyroseto his feet andpromisedto me that he would try his best.
(2)利用非謂語(yǔ)構(gòu)建動(dòng)作鏈
例③:[2023年新高考全國(guó)Ⅰ卷]
我領(lǐng)獎(jiǎng)?!医舆^(guò)獎(jiǎng)杯后,深吸一口氣并簡(jiǎn)短致辭,表達(dá)對(duì)老師的感激。
Having receivedthe trophy, Itooka deep breath andmadea brief speech,expressingmy gratitude to my teacher.
例④:[2022年新高考全國(guó)Ⅰ卷](David受到我的鼓勵(lì)。)
David去賽跑?!鶧avid擦掉眼淚,站了起來(lái),向我承諾會(huì)盡力。
Wipingout his his tears, David slowly rose to his feet andpromisedto me that he would try his best.
對(duì)策二:與至少一個(gè)其他方面組合(Actions動(dòng)作+Facial expressions表情、Emotions情感、Words語(yǔ)言)
具體操作分三步:
第一步:從“A·FEW”這四個(gè)角度進(jìn)行想象;
第二步:結(jié)合已有的細(xì)節(jié)積累;
第三步:套用“高級(jí)”句式。
例⑤:[2023年新高考全國(guó)Ⅰ卷] 我得知獲獎(jiǎng)后的反應(yīng)
A:leap, clap, cover my mouth with both hands, strong heart beat…
F:grin from ear to ear, tears, wear a shining smile, eyes wide open…
E:excited, surprised, delighted, thrilled, amazed….
W:exclaim, “I made it”, “Really”…
句式① adj. (+adj.) , sb did sth, (with+) 臉或四肢
Surprised and excited, I covered my mouth with both hands, eyes wide open.
分析:本句描寫(xiě)角度涉及E(情感)、A(動(dòng)作)和F(表情),內(nèi)容豐富;語(yǔ)言亮點(diǎn)方面,使用了形容詞作狀語(yǔ)和獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)。
句式② So+adj. was sb that sb did sth, (with+) 臉或四肢(doing/done)
So surprised and excited was I that I covered my mouth with both hands, my heart beating wildly.
分析:本句描寫(xiě)角度涉及E(情感)、A(動(dòng)作)和F(表情),內(nèi)容豐滿(mǎn);語(yǔ)言亮點(diǎn)方面,使用了倒裝句和獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)。
句式③ Seized by a current of+n., sb did sth, doing/whispering…
Seized by a current of excitement, I covered my mouth with both hands, exclaiming, “I made it!”
分析:本句描寫(xiě)角度涉及E(情感)、A(動(dòng)作)、F(表情)和W(語(yǔ)言),內(nèi)容豐滿(mǎn);語(yǔ)言亮點(diǎn)方面,使用了非謂語(yǔ)作狀語(yǔ)。
句式④ No sooner had sb done sth than sb did sth, (with+) 臉或四肢/doing/whispering…
No sooner had I learned that I got the prize than I covered my mouth with both hands and leapt with joy, screaming, “I made it!”
分析:本句描寫(xiě)角度涉及A(動(dòng)作)、F(表情)、E(情感)和W(語(yǔ)言),內(nèi)容豐滿(mǎn);語(yǔ)言亮點(diǎn)方面,使用了倒裝句和動(dòng)作鏈。
句式⑤ At the sight/thought of sth, a current of n. could be sensed ten miles away.
At the sight of my name that topped the list of winners, a mixture of surprise and excitement could be sensed ten miles away.
分析:本句描寫(xiě)角度涉及A(動(dòng)作)和E(情感),內(nèi)容豐滿(mǎn);語(yǔ)言亮點(diǎn)方面,使用了無(wú)靈主語(yǔ)和夸張修辭。
三、實(shí)例分析
2022年新高考全國(guó)Ⅰ卷所給材料講述一個(gè)學(xué)生David因?yàn)槟X疾而無(wú)法像常人一樣跑步,在比賽面前因擔(dān)心被他人嘲笑而放棄越野跑。在特殊教育老師“我”的鼓勵(lì)下,最終成功完成比賽的故事。續(xù)寫(xiě)第一段首句為“We sat down next to each other, but David wouldnt look at me.”;續(xù)寫(xiě)第二段首句為“I watched as David moved up to the starting line with the other runners.”。
以續(xù)寫(xiě)第一段為例,學(xué)生寫(xiě)的“流水賬”多為:我勸說(shuō)David,David袒露心聲,我鼓勵(lì)David,David經(jīng)過(guò)思想斗爭(zhēng),David答應(yīng)參賽。英語(yǔ)水平中等及以下的學(xué)生往往以輪番的對(duì)話(huà)和獨(dú)白堆砌整個(gè)段落,人物語(yǔ)言蒼白,缺少描寫(xiě),表現(xiàn)力單薄。如:David was very sad. He didnt say a word. But I knew he wanted to run. So I asked him, “You want to run, right?” David said, “Yes. But I am afraid that other people will laugh at me.” I encouraged him and said, “Ignore others. Just believe in yourself. You can do it!” David gained power again. He said “Thank you” to me and decided to run. He gave me a hug and walked to the starting line.
筆者利用“A·FEW”技巧和靈活運(yùn)用“高級(jí)”句式,對(duì)續(xù)寫(xiě)第一段進(jìn)行優(yōu)化:
Silence hanging heavily in the air, he ducked down his head, without uttering a word. (內(nèi)容描寫(xiě)包括A動(dòng)作、W語(yǔ)言和環(huán)境描寫(xiě);語(yǔ)言亮點(diǎn)包括獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)、精準(zhǔn)動(dòng)詞“duck down”和非謂語(yǔ)作狀語(yǔ)。) Peaceful as he appeared, the storm deep inside could be sensed ten miles away. (句式⑤,內(nèi)容描寫(xiě)包括F表情和E情感的對(duì)比;語(yǔ)言亮點(diǎn)是as引導(dǎo)的倒裝句、無(wú)靈主語(yǔ)和夸張修辭。) So I patted him on the shoulder and said, “You want to run, right?” (內(nèi)容描寫(xiě)包括A動(dòng)作和W語(yǔ)言)Upset and hesitant, he nodded slowly, tears streaming down his cheeks.(句式①,內(nèi)容描寫(xiě)包括E情感、A動(dòng)作和F表情;語(yǔ)言亮點(diǎn)包括形容詞作狀語(yǔ)、獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)。) No sooner had I caught a glimmer of frustration in his eyes than I tried to remind him of his enthusiasm and all the effort he had made.(句式④,內(nèi)容描寫(xiě)包括E情感、A動(dòng)作、F表情和W語(yǔ)言;語(yǔ)言亮點(diǎn)是倒裝句和賓語(yǔ)從句。)Gradually, the strong determination in this small body seemed to fired up once again.(內(nèi)容描寫(xiě)有E情感,“small body”呼應(yīng)讀材料;語(yǔ)言亮點(diǎn)是無(wú)靈主語(yǔ)和精準(zhǔn)動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)“fired up”。) David wiped out his tears, rose to his feet and moved through the crowd.(內(nèi)容描寫(xiě)包括A動(dòng)作和F表情;語(yǔ)言亮點(diǎn)是動(dòng)作鏈。)
四、教學(xué)啟示
筆者提供“A·FEW”技巧和五個(gè)實(shí)用句式,并非為了讓學(xué)生死記硬背、套用模版。而是基于學(xué)生現(xiàn)有水平和現(xiàn)存困惑,提供解決思路:通過(guò)“A·FEW”和實(shí)用句式的引導(dǎo),一方面強(qiáng)化學(xué)生進(jìn)行多角度描寫(xiě)的意識(shí),另一方面讓學(xué)生在反復(fù)使用句式的過(guò)程中強(qiáng)化正面輸入,逐步實(shí)現(xiàn)理解和記憶、應(yīng)用和實(shí)踐,并在此過(guò)程中補(bǔ)全自己在語(yǔ)言素材、詞匯和語(yǔ)法知識(shí)方面的缺失,從而更好地實(shí)現(xiàn)遷移和創(chuàng)新。
責(zé)任編輯 吳昊雷