郭恩玉 房艷嶺 耿化曉 王文杰 李?yuàn)檴? 孟祥蘭 張海防
【摘要】目的 探討膿毒癥兒童合并膿毒性心肌?。⊿ICM)的臨床特征及發(fā)病危險(xiǎn)因素,為提高臨床醫(yī)師的診治水平提供參考。方法 回顧性分析膿毒癥患兒的臨床資料。按照是否發(fā)生SICM,將其分為SICM組和非SICM組,比較2組患兒的臨床特點(diǎn)及轉(zhuǎn)歸,分析SICM發(fā)生的危險(xiǎn)因素。結(jié)果 ①398例膿毒癥患兒被納入研究,其SICM發(fā)病率為15.58%(62/398)。SICM組年齡[49(18,108)個(gè)月]大于非SICM組[19(6,52)個(gè)月],SICM組合并膿毒性休克比例[83.87%(52/62)]高于非SICM組[42.56%(143/336)];SICM組病死率[29.03%(18/62)]高于非SICM組[14.58%(49/336)],比較差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.05)。②多因素Logistic回歸分析顯示:年長兒發(fā)生SICM的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)更高(OR=1.010,95%CI 1.003~1.017,P = 0.006);血乳酸水平越高,發(fā)生SICM的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)越高(OR=1.163,95%CI 1.034~1.308,P = 0.012);肌鈣蛋白水平越高,發(fā)生SICM風(fēng)險(xiǎn)越高(OR=9.929,95%CI 4.651~21.197,P < 0.001)。結(jié)論 與非SICM患兒相比,SICM患兒更易發(fā)生膿毒性休克,病死率更高。年齡、乳酸及cTnI為兒童SICM獨(dú)立的影響因素。
【關(guān)鍵詞】兒童;膿毒癥;膿毒性心肌?。晃kU(xiǎn)因素;臨床特征;膿毒性休克
Clinical features and risk factors of sepsis-induced cardiomyopathy in children with sepsis
GUO Enyu1, FANG Yanling1, GENG Huaxiao1, 2, WANG Wenjie1, LI Shanshan1,MENG Xianglan1,ZHANG Haifang1
(1.Department of Pediatrics, Jining No.1 Peoples Hospital, Jining 272000, China; 2.Department of Pediatrics,
Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical College, Jining 272000, China)
Corresponding author: ZHANG Haifang, E-mail: zhf971124@sina.com
【Abstract】Objective To investigate the clinical features and risk factors of sepsis-induced cardiomyopathy in children with sepsis, aiming to provide reference for enhancing the diagnosis and treatment levels of clinicians. Methods Clinical data of children with sepsis were retrospectively analyzed. All patients were divided into the sepsis-induced cardiomyopathy group and non-sepsis-induced cardiomyopathy group according to whether sepsis-induced cardiomyopathy occurred.Clinical characteristics and outcomes were compared between two groups. The risk factors of sepsis-induced cardiomyopathy were analyzed. Results Three hundred and ninty-eight children with sepsis were included in this study, and the incidence of sepsis-induced cardiomyopathy was 15.58%(62/398). The age of children in the sepsis-induced cardiomyopathy group was 49 (18, 108) months, older than 19 (6, 52) months in the non-sepsis-induced cardiomyopathy group. The incidence of septic shock in the sepsis-induced cardiomyopathy group was 83.87%(52/62), which was higher than 42.56% (143/336) in the non-sepsis-induced cardiomyopathy group. The mortality rate in the sepsis-induced cardiomyopathy group was 29.03% (18/62), significantly higher than 14.58% (49/336) in the non-sepsis-induced cardiomyopathy group. All differences were statistically significant (all P < 0.05).Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that the influence of age on sepsis-induced cardiomyopathy was statistically significant (OR=1.010, 95%CI 1.003-1.017, P = 0.006). The higher the lactic acid level, the higher the risk of sepsis-induced cardiomyopathy, with statistical significance (OR=1.163, 95%CI 1.034-1.308, P = 0.012). The higher the cTnI level, the higher the risk of sepsis-induced cardiomyopathy, with statistical significance (OR=9.929, 95%CI 4.651-21.197, P < 0.001). Conclusions Compared with children with non-sepsis-induced cardiomyopathy, children with sepsis-induced cardiomyopathy are more prone to septic shock and have higher mortality. Age, lactic acid and cTnI levels are the independent influencing factors for sepsis-induced cardiomyopathy in children.
【Key words】 Children; Sepsis; Sepsis-induced cardiomyopathy; Risk factors; Clinical characteristics; Septic shock
膿毒癥是由感染引起宿主炎癥反應(yīng)失調(diào),進(jìn)而發(fā)生危及生命MODS的危重癥[1]。膿毒癥引起的心功能障礙被稱為膿毒性心肌?。⊿ICM),發(fā)生SICM時(shí)機(jī)體的血液循環(huán)量明顯減少,組織缺氧加劇,進(jìn)而出現(xiàn)線粒體功能障礙,顯著增加其他臟器功能障礙或衰竭的發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[2]。近年來,隨著床旁即時(shí)超聲檢查在重癥醫(yī)學(xué)領(lǐng)域的廣泛應(yīng)用,SICM的特征也逐漸被認(rèn)識(shí),但其發(fā)病危險(xiǎn)因素仍未明確。國內(nèi)外關(guān)于成人SICM的研究顯示,SICM與膿毒癥病死率的增加密切相關(guān)[3-5]。關(guān)于兒童,Lautz等[6]報(bào)道,SICM是兒童膿毒癥死亡的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素,但相關(guān)研究仍較少。為此,本研究回顧性分析了膿毒癥患兒的臨床資料,旨在探討兒童SICM的臨床特征及發(fā)病危險(xiǎn)因素,為提高臨床醫(yī)師診治兒童SICM的水平以及該病的管理提供參考。
1 對象與方法
1.1 研究對象
收集2015年1月1日至2022年12月31日在濟(jì)寧市第一人民醫(yī)院及濟(jì)寧醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬醫(yī)院兒童重癥醫(yī)學(xué)科(PICU)接受治療的膿毒癥患兒的臨床資料。膿毒癥依據(jù)兒童膿毒性休克(感染性休克)診治專家共識(shí)(2015版)進(jìn)行診斷[5]。SICM的診斷參考文獻(xiàn)[8-9]的方法,包括LVEF≤50%,以及依據(jù)血流動(dòng)力學(xué)監(jiān)測、生物學(xué)標(biāo)志物及臨床評估進(jìn)行綜合判斷。納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①28 d<年齡<14歲;②符合膿毒癥診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn);③診斷膿毒癥24 h內(nèi)完善超聲心動(dòng)圖檢查。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):原發(fā)性心肌病、器質(zhì)性心臟病、心臟手術(shù)后。本研究經(jīng)濟(jì)寧市第一人民醫(yī)院(批件號(hào):2021倫審研第075號(hào))及濟(jì)寧醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬醫(yī)院倫理委員會(huì)批準(zhǔn)。
1.2 觀察指標(biāo)
收集膿毒癥患兒入住PICU 24 h內(nèi)的臨床資料,按照是否發(fā)生SICM將其分為SICM組與非SICM組,比較2組患兒的臨床資料。包括:①性別、年齡、基礎(chǔ)疾病史、出生史、原發(fā)感染部位;②入住PICU的液體出入量;③檢測乳酸、氫離子濃度指數(shù)(pH)、氧分壓(PaO2)、二氧化碳分壓(PaCO2)獲得的最差結(jié)果;④外周血白細(xì)胞(WBC)、中性粒細(xì)胞(N)、CRP、ESR、降鈣素原(PCT)等炎癥指標(biāo);⑤血紅蛋白(Hb)、血小板(PLT)、活化部分凝血活酶時(shí)間(APTT)、凝血酶原時(shí)間(PT)、國際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化比值(INR)、D-二聚體(D-D)、纖維蛋白原、ALT、AST、總膽紅素、直接膽紅素、尿素氮、肌酐、血糖、序貫器官衰竭估計(jì)評分(SOFA)等臟器功能指標(biāo);⑥肌酸激酶(CK)、CK-MB、氨基末端腦鈉肽前體(NT-proBNP)、肌鈣蛋白I(cTnI)等心肌損傷指標(biāo)。
1.3 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理
采用SPSS 25.0處理數(shù)據(jù)。定性資料用n(%)表示,組間比較采用χ 2檢驗(yàn)。正態(tài)分布計(jì)量資料以表示,組間比較采用t檢驗(yàn)。非正態(tài)分布計(jì)量資料以M (P25,P75)表示,組間比較采用Wilcoxon秩和檢驗(yàn)。發(fā)病危險(xiǎn)因素的分析先進(jìn)行單因素Logistic回歸分析,再將有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義的變量納入多因素二元Logistic回歸分析中(進(jìn)入法)。P < 0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié) 果
2.1 SICM組與非SICM組患兒的一般資料比較
共收集到432例膿毒癥患兒的資料,其中伴有先天性心臟病26例、心肌病8例,最終398例患兒被納入本研究,其中SICM組62例(15.58%)、非SICM組336例。2組患兒的性別、基礎(chǔ)疾病、出生史及原發(fā)感染部位比較差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P均> 0.05)。SICM組年齡大于非SICM組(P < 0.001)。SICM組合并膿毒性休克的患兒比例高于非SICM組(P < 0.001)。SICM組病死率高于非SICM組(P = 0.007)。見表1。
2.2 SICM組與非SICM組患兒的臨床特征比較
SICM組與非SICM組第1日液體出入量比較差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P > 0.05)。SICM組的乳酸、PT、INR、D-D、ALT、AST、血尿素氮、肌酐、CK、CK-MB、NT-proBNP、cTnI及SOFA均高于非SICM組,pH及纖維蛋白原均低于非SICM組(P均< 0.001)。2組的PaO2、PaCO2、WBC、N%、Hb、PLT、CRP、ESR、PCT、APTT、總膽紅素、直接膽紅素及血糖比較差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P均> 0.05)。見表2。
2.3 SICM發(fā)病危險(xiǎn)因素分析
單因素Logistic回歸分析顯示,年齡、乳酸、pH、PLT、PT、纖維蛋白原、SOFA、CK-MB及cTnI為SICM的相關(guān)因素(P均< 0.05)。多因素二元Logistic回歸分析顯示,年齡越大、乳酸水平越高、cTnI水平越高,發(fā)生SICM的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)越高(P均< 0.05)。見表3。
3 討 論
膿毒癥是目前全球重要的公共衛(wèi)生問題之一,亦是重癥兒童患者死亡的主要原因之一。膿毒癥可引起MODS,患者心功能是否受到抑制,對膿毒癥的病情進(jìn)展起著至關(guān)重要的作用[8]。Parker等[9]于1984年首次報(bào)道了膿毒癥并發(fā)心功能障礙的病例,并提出SICM的概念。目前國內(nèi)外對成人SICM的相關(guān)研究較多,而兒童的相關(guān)研究則較少。
Vieillard-Baron等[10]報(bào)道成人膿毒癥合并心功能障礙的病死率高達(dá)70%~90%,而心功能未受累的患者病死率為20%。Sato等[11]的研究顯示,膿毒癥患者SICM的發(fā)病率為13.8%。國內(nèi)報(bào)道成人膿毒癥患者SICM 的發(fā)病率15.72%~25.38%,病死率為18.9%~30.3%[12-13]。朱莉娟等[14]的一項(xiàng)對照研究顯示,膿毒性休克患兒SICM的發(fā)病率為11.5%,病死率高達(dá)39.1%。戈海延等[15]的研究顯示,膿毒性休克患兒SICM的發(fā)病率為30%,其中SICM組病死率為38.9%,高于非SICM組的12.8%。本研究顯示膿毒癥患兒SICM的發(fā)病率為15.58%,病死率為29.03%,與國內(nèi)外成人的報(bào)道類似。
國內(nèi)外研究顯示,SICM的發(fā)病危險(xiǎn)因素包括年齡、乳酸、心臟病史、血管活性藥物、血源性感染、左心室短軸縮短指數(shù)等[12-16]。朱莉娟等[14]報(bào)道膿毒性休克患兒并發(fā)SICM的危險(xiǎn)因素包括乳酸、左心室短軸縮短指數(shù)、心電圖ST改變、氧合指數(shù),其中左心室短軸縮短指數(shù)為獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素。本研究顯示,年齡、乳酸及cTnI為兒童SICM的相關(guān)因素。戈海延等[15]的研究顯示,血源性感染是膿毒性休克患兒并發(fā)SICM的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素,但本研究顯示原發(fā)感染部位與SICM的發(fā)生不存在相關(guān)性。既往國內(nèi)外關(guān)于兒童SICM的研究均未報(bào)道兒童的年齡因素[14-16],Jeong等[16]的研究顯示成人年齡較小是SICM的發(fā)病危險(xiǎn)因素,而本研究顯示兒童年齡與SICM的發(fā)生率呈正相關(guān),這提示,年齡作為SICM的危險(xiǎn)因素,在兒童中的作用或與成人相反。
近幾年,研究者們對于SICM的發(fā)病機(jī)制已有了更深入的認(rèn)識(shí),包括膿毒癥促使對心臟具有抑制作用的活性物質(zhì)的產(chǎn)生,如TNF、IL-1和IL-6等;線粒體代謝功能障礙;鈣離子穩(wěn)態(tài)失衡;自主神經(jīng)功能調(diào)節(jié)障礙等[8, 17]。SICM的本質(zhì)為心肌細(xì)胞自身功能下降,左右心室的舒張及收縮功能障礙[2, 11-14]。
關(guān)于膿毒癥并發(fā)心肌損傷的研究顯示,cTnI和NT-proBNP水平與SICM的發(fā)生呈正相關(guān)[18-21]。還有研究顯示,NT-proBNP、cTnI可作為成人SICM的預(yù)測因子,多指標(biāo)聯(lián)合的預(yù)測價(jià)值更高[19-22]。在本研究中,cTnI水平與膿毒癥患兒發(fā)生SICM的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)呈正相關(guān),這與前述的成人的研究結(jié)果一致。近期關(guān)于SICM的研究顯示,膿毒癥患者的MRI存在心肌水腫的表現(xiàn),這可以解釋SICM患者cTnI水平增高的原因[23-28]。本研究中NT-proBNP與SICM的發(fā)病沒有相關(guān)性,與前述成人的研究結(jié)果不同。
本研究存在一定的局限性:僅納入了入住PICU 24 h內(nèi)接受超聲心動(dòng)圖檢查的膿毒癥患兒;沒有動(dòng)態(tài)指標(biāo)對比;沒有分析長期隨訪結(jié)果。在未來的研究中,應(yīng)進(jìn)一步對膿毒癥患兒開展連續(xù)性床旁心臟超聲檢查,建立兒童膿毒癥數(shù)據(jù)庫,動(dòng)態(tài)監(jiān)測炎癥及心臟損傷指標(biāo)。準(zhǔn)確評估膿毒癥患兒的心功能狀態(tài),有效預(yù)測發(fā)生SICM的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),指導(dǎo)血管活性藥物、正性肌力藥物的使用,從而改善膿毒癥患兒的預(yù)后。
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(責(zé)任編輯:洪悅民)