山建蘭
核心素養(yǎng)是課程育人價(jià)值的集中體現(xiàn),是學(xué)生通過(guò)課程學(xué)習(xí)逐步形成的適應(yīng)個(gè)人終身發(fā)展和社會(huì)發(fā)展需要的正確價(jià)值觀、必備品格和關(guān)鍵能力?!读x務(wù)教育英語(yǔ)課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》(2022年版)提出,英語(yǔ)課程要培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的核心素養(yǎng),包括語(yǔ)言知識(shí)、文化意識(shí)、思維品質(zhì)和學(xué)習(xí)能力。其中,文化意識(shí)是指對(duì)中外文化的理解和對(duì)優(yōu)秀文化的鑒賞,是學(xué)生在新時(shí)代表現(xiàn)出的跨文化認(rèn)知、態(tài)度和行為選擇?!读x務(wù)教育英語(yǔ)課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》(2022年版)指出文化意識(shí)學(xué)段目標(biāo)(7~9年級(jí))是學(xué)生能形成良好品格,能欣賞、鑒別美好事物,形成健康的審美情趣;有正確的價(jià)值觀和積極向上的情感態(tài)度。
義務(wù)教育英語(yǔ)課程是工具性和人文性的統(tǒng)一。英語(yǔ)課程不僅要讓學(xué)生學(xué)會(huì)語(yǔ)言知識(shí)和語(yǔ)言技能,還要接受文學(xué)熏陶,通過(guò)語(yǔ)篇學(xué)習(xí),學(xué)會(huì)客觀、理性看待世界,形成積極的認(rèn)知。筆者以核心素養(yǎng)為背景,以人教版英語(yǔ)七年級(jí)下冊(cè)Unit 4 Dont eat in class Section B 2b閱讀為例,探析初中英語(yǔ)閱讀教學(xué)對(duì)學(xué)生文化意識(shí)的培養(yǎng)。
一、語(yǔ)篇分析
《義務(wù)教育英語(yǔ)課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》(2022年版)提出,教師要深入研讀語(yǔ)篇,多層次、多角度分析語(yǔ)篇傳遞的意義,挖掘文化內(nèi)涵和育人價(jià)值。教師在研讀語(yǔ)篇時(shí),可圍繞回答三個(gè)基本問(wèn)題,即what(語(yǔ)篇主題和內(nèi)容是什么),why(語(yǔ)篇傳遞的意義是什么),how(語(yǔ)篇有怎樣的文體特征,內(nèi)容結(jié)構(gòu)和語(yǔ)言特點(diǎn),圖、表傳遞的意義)。
第一,what的問(wèn)題。人教版英語(yǔ)七年級(jí)下冊(cè)Unit 4 Dont eat in class以規(guī)則為話題,談?wù)撔R?guī)和家規(guī),屬于人與社會(huì)主題。Section B 2b語(yǔ)篇主人公Molly Brown寫了一封信給心理咨詢師Doctor Know,傾訴她的煩惱:規(guī)則太多。早晨起床,必須遵守媽媽制定的規(guī)則:6點(diǎn)起床,整理床鋪,不能在水槽里留下臟盤子;在學(xué)校必須遵守校規(guī):不能遲到,不能大聲喧嘩,不能在教室吃東西等;下午放學(xué),要遵守爸爸制定的規(guī)則:必須先完成作業(yè),看電視之前必須先閱讀,必須10點(diǎn)睡覺(jué)。太多規(guī)則使Molly很苦惱。因此,她寫了一封信給心理咨詢師Doctor Know,希望得到他的幫助。第二封是Doctor Know給Molly的回信。信中Doctor Know表達(dá)了對(duì)Molly煩惱的理解,然后引導(dǎo)Molly樂(lè)觀地看待規(guī)則,最后引發(fā)Molly思考:父母和學(xué)校之所以制定規(guī)則,是為了幫助我們。Doctor Know在試著幫助Molly明白規(guī)則的重要性。
第二,why的問(wèn)題。校規(guī)和家規(guī)貼近學(xué)生的生活。學(xué)生在閱讀Molly的信時(shí),會(huì)與Molly產(chǎn)生共鳴,想到自己生活中的很多規(guī)則,也會(huì)對(duì)規(guī)則產(chǎn)生不良情緒。但Doctor Know的回信能幫助自己解決對(duì)規(guī)則的困惑,明白規(guī)則的必要性,接受并遵守規(guī)則。
第三,how的問(wèn)題。該部分的語(yǔ)篇閱讀以兩封信的形式呈現(xiàn)。第一封是Molly寫給Doctor Know的,語(yǔ)篇結(jié)構(gòu)為總分總。語(yǔ)篇中的標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)有豐富的意義,例如三處感嘆號(hào)“There are too many rules!”“Rules,rules,rules! Its terrible!”表達(dá)了Molly強(qiáng)烈的情感?!癆t school, we have more rules--dont be noisy, dont eat in class,…”省略號(hào)表明還有很多校規(guī)。第二封是Doctor Know對(duì)Molly的回復(fù)。Doctor Know在信的開(kāi)頭表明對(duì)Molly的理解,容易讓人接受。之后引導(dǎo)Molly回想自己也能做喜歡的事。最后幫助Molly明白父母和學(xué)校制定規(guī)則的重要性。
二、課例分析
Step 1 Leading in (Reviewing)
T: Hello, boys and girls. Do you still remember what we are talking about in this unit?
Ss: Rules.
T: Yes! Do you remember this boy? Who is him?
Ss: Dave.
T: What has Dave told us? How is his feeling?
Ss: Dave has many rules in his family. So he is unhappy.
T: Yes. Now, today, we are going to know about a girl. She also has some ideas about rules.
設(shè)計(jì)意圖:該環(huán)節(jié)采用復(fù)習(xí)導(dǎo)入?!读x務(wù)教育英語(yǔ)課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》(2022年版)教學(xué)建議提出實(shí)施單元整體教學(xué)。上一課時(shí)Dave向朋友傾訴自己的煩惱:家規(guī)太多,與本課時(shí)Molly與Doctor Know的書信交流話題一致。復(fù)習(xí)同一話題導(dǎo)入,有助于讀后環(huán)節(jié)引發(fā)學(xué)生思考:并不是只有我們的生活中有規(guī)則,每個(gè)人的生活中都有規(guī)則。對(duì)嚴(yán)厲的規(guī)則產(chǎn)生煩惱并不奇怪,我們應(yīng)該向身邊的人尋求幫助解決煩惱,如朋友、老師、父母或心理咨詢師。
Step 2 Pre-reading
T: Look, this girl! Do you know who she is?
Ss: She is Molly Brown.
T: How do you know?
教師引導(dǎo)學(xué)生關(guān)注語(yǔ)篇文體:信(aletter)。Molly Brown是寫信人,Doctor Know是收信人。第一封信共有兩段。
T: Yes. Look at this picture carefully. Where is she? What is she doing? Is she happy?
Ss: Maybe she is at home. She is reading a book. She is unhappy.
T: Why? Now, lets read the first letter, and find out why Molly is unhappy?
設(shè)計(jì)意圖:該環(huán)節(jié)為讀前,讓學(xué)生仔細(xì)觀察圖片,并提問(wèn)Molly在哪里?在做什么?她的心情如何?《義務(wù)教育英語(yǔ)課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》(2022年版)提出,英語(yǔ)學(xué)科語(yǔ)言技能包括聽(tīng)、說(shuō)、讀、寫、看?!翱础蓖ǔV咐枚嗄B(tài)語(yǔ)篇中的圖形等理解意義的技能。教師可通過(guò)引導(dǎo)學(xué)生看圖,猜測(cè)語(yǔ)篇大概內(nèi)容、故事情節(jié)發(fā)展或結(jié)局。引導(dǎo)學(xué)生仔細(xì)讀圖,讓學(xué)生對(duì)語(yǔ)篇產(chǎn)生閱讀興趣,同時(shí)培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的觀察力、推斷力。老師提問(wèn)為什么Molly不開(kāi)心,目的有三個(gè):第一,激發(fā)學(xué)生閱讀的欲望;第二,該問(wèn)題的答案在文章開(kāi)頭第一句話,教學(xué)生利用閱讀策略,關(guān)注文章開(kāi)頭;第三,讀完文本后,學(xué)生發(fā)現(xiàn)“規(guī)則太多”,所以Molly不開(kāi)心,容易與作者產(chǎn)生情感共鳴。
Step 3 While-reading
(Fast reading)
Ss: Molly is unhappy because there are too many rules.
T: Yes. What are the rules? Please read the letter quickly, and match the rules with paragraphs. (the rules mother makes, school rules and the rules father makes)
T: How does Molly feel about these rules?
Ss: Rules, rules, rules! Its terrible.
(Carefully reading)
T: Now, lets read paragraph 1, then circle the rules mom makes, underline the school rules.
“At school, we have more rules -- dont be noisy, dont eat in class,…” There are more rules at school. What do other rules? Please make a list with your partner.
So, there are too many rules. But still, there are more rules. Now, lets read paragraph 2, and find out the rules father makes.
There are so many rules, no wonder Molly is unhappy. But how does Molly do? Does Molly break the rules to be against her mother, father or school?
Ss: No. She writes s letter to ask Dr. Know for help.
T: Yes. Now, lets see what Dr. Know tells to Molly.
設(shè)計(jì)目的:學(xué)生通過(guò)快速閱讀和細(xì)讀找出Molly生活中的規(guī)則:媽媽制定的規(guī)則,學(xué)校制定的規(guī)則,爸爸制定的規(guī)則。這些規(guī)則也正是學(xué)生生活中的規(guī)則,也容易讓學(xué)生煩惱。此時(shí),學(xué)生第二次與Molly產(chǎn)生共鳴。之后,教師引導(dǎo)學(xué)生發(fā)現(xiàn),Molly并沒(méi)有違反規(guī)則以逃避現(xiàn)實(shí),而是勇敢地面對(duì)問(wèn)題,尋求別人幫助。讓學(xué)生帶著與Molly相同的情緒和問(wèn)題,閱讀Dr. Know的回信。
T: Lets read the second letter from Doctor Know, and then finish the tasks in 2c.
1. Molly cant play basketball on school days, but she can play it on weekends.
2. Molly must do her homework first when she gets home.
3. Molly has to read a book after dinner before she can watch TV.
4. At school, Molly cant be noisy or eat in class.
So, Molly also can do something she likes. It seems not so bad. If there are no rules in Mollys life, her life will be …
設(shè)計(jì)目的:反思維呈現(xiàn)生活中缺乏規(guī)則的圖片,引導(dǎo)學(xué)生感受Dr. Know的建議:Parents and schools are sometimes strict, but remember, they make rules to help us.讓學(xué)生思考規(guī)則的重要性,從文本走到生活中,解決生活中的問(wèn)題。
Step 4 Post-reading
T: Think about Dave and Molly, they have the same problems: they are confused about the rules at home and school. Do you have the same problems as them? If yes, dont worry. Every one may be dispirited(沮喪) by some problems. We should face our problems bravely and find the ways to solve them. Remember, our parents, friends and teachers will be ready to help us.
Now, Please write a letter to your parents, friends or teachers(anyone you like) about the rules in your life, and express your feelings.
設(shè)計(jì)目的:青春期的學(xué)生不喜歡被約束,他們對(duì)學(xué)校規(guī)則、家庭規(guī)則會(huì)產(chǎn)生不同程度的不滿。學(xué)生剛開(kāi)始閱讀Molly的信時(shí),可能會(huì)與Molly一樣,對(duì)規(guī)則產(chǎn)生消極情感。通過(guò)教師的引導(dǎo),學(xué)生可能會(huì)意識(shí)到規(guī)則的重要性:正是因?yàn)橛幸?guī)則,我們才能正常生活和學(xué)習(xí)。但如果學(xué)生還是不能理解規(guī)則的必要性,那么教師要引導(dǎo)學(xué)生正視自己的問(wèn)題,并讓他們知道生活中出現(xiàn)問(wèn)題是正常的,要及時(shí)向老師、朋友、父母等信任的人尋求幫助。最后,讓學(xué)生寫一封信給家長(zhǎng)、朋友或老師尋求幫助,引導(dǎo)學(xué)生正視問(wèn)題、解決問(wèn)題。
三、課例反思
語(yǔ)篇閱讀不僅要訓(xùn)練學(xué)生的語(yǔ)言綜合運(yùn)用能力,還應(yīng)該幫助他們提升思維品質(zhì)、文化意識(shí),培養(yǎng)良好的學(xué)習(xí)能力,這是筆者在本次課例設(shè)計(jì)中兼顧到的。但也有一些不足,如標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)——三個(gè)感嘆號(hào)代表Molly對(duì)規(guī)則強(qiáng)烈的不滿和迫切希望得到幫助的心情,沒(méi)有讓學(xué)生深入感受。此外,教學(xué)任務(wù)沒(méi)有可視化、具體化,單純由一些口頭提問(wèn)開(kāi)展課堂活動(dòng),不利于各個(gè)層次的學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)。筆者將會(huì)在以后的英語(yǔ)課堂教學(xué)中以學(xué)生為中心,設(shè)計(jì)不同層次和類型的具體任務(wù),以幫助學(xué)生完成閱讀。
閱讀過(guò)程原是一個(gè)心靈影響另一個(gè)心靈、一個(gè)生命打動(dòng)另一個(gè)生命的活動(dòng)(喬貴春,2020)。教師在教學(xué)中應(yīng)該深度研讀語(yǔ)篇,從what,why,how三個(gè)問(wèn)題,多個(gè)角度挖掘語(yǔ)篇信息,引導(dǎo)學(xué)生走進(jìn)文本,再走出文本,形成正確的價(jià)值觀,并掌握解決生活問(wèn)題的方法。