The Implied Division of Internal and External Labor,and theImmanent General Mechanism of Labor inTheCapital

Abstract：Basedontherequirementsofgenerichumannature,TheCapitalanditsmanuscriptsdividelaborpotentiallyintointernallaborandexternallabor.Theformerreferstothelaborprovidedbyworkersintheirmindstotransformtheobjectsoflabor,supportedbymentalpower,whilethelatterreferstothelaborthatproducesexpectedproductsbasedontheformer.Interconnectedandmutuallyconstitutive,thesetwoprocessesreflectsthenatureoftwoaspectsoflabor—initiationandnecessity.Thecompleteformandcontinuousevolutionoflaborismanifestedinfourprogressivestages:thefirststage,withthementalsupportforthetransformationoflaborobjectsasthecontent,isdominatedbythreeprogressivelevelsofinternallabor;thesecondstage,withthetransformationoflaborobjectsasthecontent,isdominatedbytwoprogressivelevelsofexternallabor;thethirdstage,withthematerializationoflaborasthecontent,appearedasamaterializedformoflaborcondensedfrominternalandexternallaborwithoutstatusdifferences.Theprogressiveunfoldingofthesethreestagesconstitutealaborcycle.Thefourthstage,whichinheritsandinnovatesthelaborcycle,ismanifestedastheintegrationofinternalandexternallaboracrosscycles.Theprogressivedevelopmentofthesefourstagestogetherconstitutestheintrinsicmechanismoflaborencompassingboththeinternalandexternallabor.Theappearanceofthecategoriesofinternalandexternallaborandtheintrinsicmechanismoflaborinitiatesthedualtransformationprocessofmaterialisthistoriography,deepenstheunderstandingoftherelationshipbetweenmaterialproductionandmentalproduction,goesbeyondthetraditionaltheoryofdivisionoflaborbetweenmindandbody,andfacilitatesthecreativeintegrationoftraditionallabortheories.

Key words：TheCapital;internallabor;externallabor;thegenericessenceofhumans;labormechanism

XiaoShiying

ShaanxiNormalUniversity

Mechanism for Norms to Affect Interest Judgmentfrom the Perspective of Marxism

Abstract：Marxismbelievesthatinterestsaretheunityofneedandthemeanstoactualizeit,andvalueisthesignificanceofanobjecttotheneedofasubjectinaspecifichistoricalprocess.Basedonthis,itcanbeseenthatinterestjudgmentandvaluejudgmentsarecloselyrelatedandtheprocessofaninterestjudgmentisfirstandforemostaprocessofmakingavaluejudgment.Normsarecarriersofvaluesandvaluejudgmentisthebasisofthenormativejudgment,andthusnormsaffectinterestjudgments.Thenormscontainedinvalueconceptscanalsoaffectthejudgmentofinterestsbecausevalueconcepts,servingastheobjectofneed,thepurposeandthemeanstoachievetheneed,candeeplyaffectthejudgmentofinterests.Inaddition,normscanalsobecomeobjectsneededduetoitssocialfunctions,andaccordinglyaffectinterestjudgments.

Key words：Marxism;norm;interest;value

YueHanjing

ShanghaiUniversityofPoliticalScienceandLaw

Rethinking Marx’s Theory of Human Liberationfrom the Perspective of Anti-Poverty

Abstract：HumanemancipationisthefundamentalpurposeandultimategoalofMarxism,aswellastheessentialdifferencebetweenMarxismandotherideologies.ThroughoutMarx’sthinking,theissueofanti-povertyisdeeplyembeddedintheinvestigationofhumanemancipation,andjointlyconstructthedualcontentofhiscriticismofmodernity.Asfarastheoriginoftheproblemisconcerned,emancipationthroughmodernization,asthediscourseofthemodernbourgeoisie,demonstratesthebasicdemandsandprinciplesofstruggleagainsttraditionalfeudalsociety,relectingthecallofthetimes.However,thecapitalistundertakingofliberationhasledtothepovertyamongthelargeproletarianpopulation.Intermsoftheeffectivenessofpovertyrelief,thechronicpovertyinmodernsocietyshowsthatcapitalismisnottheultimatesolutionforhumanliberation.Therefore,itisnecessarytoanalyzethefourpairsofpovertycontentfromtheperspectiveofanti-poverty,andrethinktheinternalunityofthecritiqueofcapitalismandhumanliberation.

Key words：Marx;anti-poverty;humanliberation;critiqueofcapitalism;economicphilosophy

ZhouLuping

ShanghaiJiaoTongUniversity

Court Review of Enterprise Criminal Compliance

Abstract：Promotingenterprisecriminalcomplianceisnota“one-manshow”oftheprocuratorialorgans,butrequirestheactiveparticipationofthejudicialorgans.Thecourtreviewofenterprisescriminalcomplianceissignificantbothinchangingthephenomenonof“hotinthemiddleandcoldatbothends”inthereformofcriminalcomplianceofenterprises,preventingtheabuseofthediscretionarypowerofprocuratorialorgans,andpromotingthesubstantivejudicialreviewofenterprisescriminalcompliance.Non-prosecution,exemptionfrompunishment,suspendedsentenceorlenientormitigatedpunishmentduetocriminalcompliancefallintothecategoryofthesubstantivejudgmentofcriminallaw.Sofarasmattersofsubstantivelawareconcerned,theycanbeestablishedonlythroughthesubstantiveexaminationofthepeople’scourt.Constructingthemodelofcourtreviewofenterprisecriminalcomplianceinvolvestwodimensions:procedureandsubstance.Intermsofprocedure,courtreviewsfallintotwocategories—passivereviewandactivereview,andinvolvetwostages,thatis,generaltrialandcompliancetrial.Onthebasisofthesubstantiveexaminationoftheenterprisescriminalcompliance,thecourtcanchoosethesentencingresultofexemptingpunishment,imposingasuspendedsentence,orgivingalighterorreducedpunishmentaccordingtothetypeandseverityofthecase.Thecourt’smitigationofthedefendant’spunishmentduetothecriminalcomplianceoftheenterpriseneedtobeprovedbythehigherpeople’scourt.Intermsofsubstance,thecourtreviewmustclearlydefinetheboundarybetweenunitcrimeandnaturalpersoncrime,andseriouslyconsidertheexceptionsapplicabletotheresponsibilityofenterprisecomplianceleniency,soastostrictlymaintaintheprincipleofcriminalliabilityundercriminallaw.

Key words：enterprisecriminalcompliance;compliancetrial;liabilityexceptionofenterprisecompliance;courtreview;substantiveexamination

JiangTao

EastChinaUniversityofPoliticalScienceandLaw

The Normative Recognition of the Crime ofAffray and Legitimate Defense

Abstract：Therehasbeencontroversiesoverwhethertheactofaffraycanberecognizedaslegitimatedefenseintheacademia,andcontroversiesoveritsnormativerecognitioninjudicialpractice,whichputintoquestiontheessentialdifferencebetweentheestablishmentofthecrimeofaffrayandthatoflegitimatedefense.Asafactualexistence,affrayneedstobecomparedwiththenormativejudgmentoflegitimatedefense,soastodeterminewhetheritaccommodatesthelegitimacyoftherightofdefenseunderprivateremedies.Affrayandlegitimatedefensearenotmutuallyexclusive.Whenaffray,asabilateralact,constitutesacrimeunilaterally,thedefenserightoftheotherpartydoesnotdisappearduetotheinfringementoforderlegalinterests.Suchfactorsasthelegitimacyofthecauseoftheaffray,thelocationoftheaffray,theactofself-harm,theorderofaction,andthepreparationoftoolsinadvance,doesnotnecessarilyleadtoanabsolutelynegativeevaluationofjustifiabledefense.Thereisaconfusionbetweentheactofinflictingharmandtheactofdefenseingroupfights,andvaluejudgmentsshouldbemadethroughthefullintegrationoflegalandemotionalprinciples,inordertobreakthroughtraditionalmisconceptionsandmakestandardizedjudgments.Becauseharmfulanddefensivebehaviorsinanaffrayaremixed,valuejudgmentsshouldbemadebasedonthefullintegrationoflegalprinciplesandreasonableconsiderations,soastoavoidtraditionalmisunderstandings.

Key words：affray;legitimatedefense;unlawfulinfringement;intentionofdefense

ChenWei

SouthwestUniversityofPoliticalScience&Law

The Ideological Essence,Theoretical Connotation,and PracticalSignificance of the Idea of the New Form of Human Civilization

Abstract：Fromtheperspectiveoftheevolutionofhumancivilization,theendeavorofChineatobuildanewformofhumancivilizationhasthreeinterconnectedessences:constructinganewtypeofcountrythatsolidifiesthepeople’sautonomyonthenationallevel,constructingatruesocialcommunityonthesociallevel,andrealizinghumanfreedomandcomprehensivedevelopmentontheindividuallevel,withfreeandcomprehensivedevelopmentofthepeopleasthecoreessence,andthelogicoflaborasthecorelogic.Itsfundamentaltheoreticalconnotationisthetranscendenceofasocialist-communistcivilizationoverthelogicofcapitaldomination.Whetheritcanpromotethedevelopmentofsocialproductivity,enhancethewell-beingofthevastmajorityofpeople,andenhancethefundamentalinterestsofhumanfreedomandcomprehensivedevelopmentarethefundamentalcriteriaforjudgingwhetheraformofcivilizationisneworold.FrombuildingasocialistcountrywithChinesecharacteristicstotherealizationofthegrandidealofcommunism,thenewformofhumancivilizationwillbecometheoverarchingcategorythatwillleadtheCPCandtheChinesenationtothedepthsofhistoryandmakemorenewcontributionstomankind.LeadingtheChinesepeopletocreateanewformofhumancivilizationisanewexpressionandgeneralizationofthemissionoftheCPCinthenewera.

Key words：newformofhumancivilization;theCommunistPartyofChina;socialism;capitalism

WangShuixing

JiangxiNormalUniversity

The Essence of Global Governance of Human Rights underthe Idea of a Community with a SharedFuture for Mankind

Abstract：Ingeneral,theconceptofacommunityofsharedfutureformankind,proposedandpracticedbyChina,leadsglobalhumanrightsgovernancefromthethreeessentialdimensionsofhumanrights:politics,morality,andlegalrationality.Humanrightsinthemodernsenserepresentthenoblemoralaspirations,politicalidealsandlegalnormsofhumansociety.Theideaofacommunitywithasharedfutureformankind,proposedandpracticedbyChina,canplayaguidingroleintheglobalgovernanceofhumanrightsinallthreeaspectsofhumanrights—political,moralandlegal.Itcorrectlyrespondstothemoralappealofthecommonvaluesofallmankind,leadingashiftofglobalhumanrightsgovernancefrom“universalvalues”to“consensusvalues”;tothepoliticalidealofworldhistory,leadingatransformationofglobalhumanrightsgovernancefrom“unilateralism”to“multilateralism”;andtothelegalnormsofdemocracyandtheruleoflawininternationalrelations,leadingashiftinglobalhumanrightsgovernancefromamechanismof“mightisright”tooneof“goodlawisgoodgovernance”.

Key words：acommunitywithasharedfutureformankind;globalgovernanceofhumanrights;commonvalues;diversityofcivilizations

HaoYaming1,YangWenshuai2

1.GuizhouMinzuUniversity;2.NankaiUniversity

Analysis of the Century-Long Construction ofChinese Cultural Subjectivity

Abstract：AsafaithfulinheritorandpromoterofexcellenttraditionalChineseculture,theCommunistPartyofChina(CPC)hasplayedakeyroleinconstructingandconsolidatingtheculturalsubjectivityoftheChinesenation.ByanalyzingtheconnotationoftheculturalsubjectivityoftheChinesenation,itispossibletodeterminethewaytounderstandthecoreelementsoftheconstructionofculturalsubjectivity,andwhatparadigmcanbeusedtodelineatethehistoricalstagesoftheconstructionofculturalsubjectivity.IntheperiodoftheNewDemocraticRevolution,CPCexploredthewayofconstructingtheculturalsubjectivityoftheChinesenationthroughtheSinicizationofMarxism,andreshapedtheculturalsubjectivityoftheChinesenationinafundamentalway;intheperiodofthesocialistrevolutionandconstruction,itfollowedthedialecticalthinkingofcombining“destruction”and“establishing”,andachievedculturaltransformationonthebasisof“transformation”,“reform”,“direction”and“policy”;inthenewperiodofreform,openingupandsocialistmodernization,ithasreconstructedthemainpositionofcultureandeducation,andgraduallyformedsocialistculturewithChinesecharacteristics;intheneweraofsocialismwithChinesecharacteristics,itcontinuestopromoteastrongsocialistculturewithahighdegreeofculturalself-confidence,andcontinuestoconsolidatethesubjectivityofculturetobuildingthemoderncivilizationoftheChinesenation.

Key words：Chinesenationalculture;culturalsubjectivity;conceptualconnotation;century-longconstruction

CaoGaoding1,2,QingJue1

1.MinzuUniversityofChina;2.ChongqingElectronicEngineeringVocationalCollege

The Ethical Circumstance of the Recipient and the Application ofthe Critical Forms of Fiction:A Case Study of the MingDynasty Historical Novels

Abstract：ThereceptionofnovelsinancientChinawasmainlyexpressedintheformofcriticism,whichtheapplicationoftheexactcriticalformwasrelatedtotheethicalsituationoftherecipients.TakingthehistoricalnovelsoftheMingDynastyasanexample,theformationofmerchantethicsandbusinessethicsmadesomescholarswillingtobecomepublishers,andcriticismbecameanimportantmeansofcompetitionamongpublishers.Atthesametime,somescholarshadcometobelievethatnovelscouldsupplementhistoryandliteraturebeworthyofhistory,andconsequentlyparticipatedinfictionalcriticismwhichhelpedimprovethequalityofnovelcriticism.ThejointeffortsofpublishersandscholarsagainsttheethicalbackgroundofthemiddleandlateMingDynastymadecriticismahighlightofthehistoricalnoveloftheMingDynasty.

Key words：ethicalcircumstance;criticism;historicalnovelsoftheMingdynasty

JiangShouyi

NanjingNormalUniversity

Paradigm Shift:The Ideological-Historical Value of Criticismsover Hu Shi’sTextualResearchon“TheDreamoftheRedMansion”

Abstract：Scholars’long-termcriticismofHuShi’sTextualResearchon“TheDreamoftheRedMansion”fromthe1920sto1940swasamixtureofbothpraiseandcriticism.Whileproponents,judgingmainlyfromtheperspectiveofinterestingnessandthehistoryofRedology,praiseditforthenewresearchmethodwhichaccommodatedtheknowledgestructureofmodernpeopleandusheringinanewstageofRedology,opponentsnotonlycriticizeditsusageofmaterialsanditsentanglementwithpoliticalissues,butalsointendedtoconstructanalternativecriticalparadigmsuitableformodernsocialcontexts.ByreconstructingthehistoricalmeaningsofTheDreamoftheRedMansionoutoftheneedsofmodernscholars,criticsintendedtoinducepeopletomakenewassessmentsofthefuturevalueofTextualResearchon“TheDreamoftheRedMansion”.Amicrocosmofmodernpeople’seffortstoparticipateinmodernsocialandculturalconstructionbytakingliterarycriticismwithnewperspectivesandmethodsasastartingpoint,thisculturalphenomenondeservesfullattentionfromtheacademiccommunity.

Key words：HuShi;TextualResearchonTheDreamoftheRedMansion;paradigm;canonization

WenQingxin

YangzhouUniversity

Reinterpreting the Debate on Vernacular Writingduring the May Fourth Movement

Abstract：TheopponentsoftheVernacularMovementduringtheMayFourthPeriodmainlybasedtheirargumentsonacommonculturalstance,namelythepositionoftherefinedtastewithinthedualexistenceofeleganceandvulgarityinancientChineseliterature.Withintheirlineofthinkingclearlycontainsalogicalthread—fromConfuciandiscoursetoaestheticdiscourse.TheiroverallandorganicvisionsandlogicscouldbeseeninthearticlebyDuYaquanentitled“OnPopularLiterature”inVolume16,No.12oftheOrientalMagazine,publishedinDecember1919.Incomparison,thenew-culturistsheldanextremelyrelaxedandevencondescendingattitudeduringtheseriesofdebates,leavinganimpressionthattheydeliberatelyprovokedthedebatesbecausetheyneededtoexpandtheirinfluencethroughthem,displayingadistinctemotionalattitudeofthetimes.

Key words：theMayFourthvernacularwriting;eleganceandvulgarity;OnPopularLiterature;attitude

DengWei

SouthwestJiaotongUniversity

Dai Zhen’s Concept of Self-Generation and ItsPhilosophical Implications

Abstract：ThroughdiscussionsofthetheoryoftransformationofQi,DaiZhensubstantiatesandelucidatestheConfucianconceptofself-generation.BasedonhisinterpretationoftheZhouyi(TheBookofChanges),DaiZhensystematicallyandthoroughlyexpoundedtheideathatallthingsandtheirdiversityarebornfromQi-Hua,thetransformationofQi.HisconceptofQi-HuainvolvesthegenerationandtransformationofYin,YangandtheFiveElements,whichareconsideredasQi.AndQiistheformoflifeand,inessence,lifeitself.Therefore,theexpressionofthecoexistenceofYinandYanginlivingbeingsnaturallyconveysthenotionofself-generation.Hecontendsthatallthings,throughtheallocationofYinandYangandtheFiveElements,acquiretheirdistinctiveselves,implyingthateverythingpossessesitsinherentnature.Sinceeachthingbecomesitselfduetoitsuniquenature,itsignifiesthateveryentitymusthaveitsessentialnature,whichisthedecisivefactordeterminingwhythingsorlifebecomethemselves.Hence,theelucidatedconceptisthatofself-generation.Asthecorecontentoftheself-generationconceptisthattherootoflife’sexistenceliesinitsessentialnature,itlogicallyfollowsthat:first,anylivingorganismabsorbingexternalenergymustdosobasedonitsinherentnature;second,everylivingorganismpossessesasenseofresponsibility;third,everylivingorganisminherentlycontainstheimpetusforself-renewal;fourth,everylivingorganismisconstantlyperfectingitself,therebyinternalizingmoralconsciousness.ThisistheprofoundimplicationsofDaiZhen’sconceptofself-generation.

Key words：DaiZhen;self-generation;philosophicalimplications

LiChenggui

NanjingUniversity

Dai Zhen’s Criticism and Re-Interpretation ofCheng-Zhu’s Idea of Temperament

Abstract：BasedonthecriticismofCheng-Zhu’sideaoftemperament,DaiZhenproposedthattemperamentistheinherentnatureofhumanbeings,whileCheng-Zhuregardedreasonastheontologicalfoundationoftheinnategoodnessofhumanbeingsandattributedevilnesstothetemperamentofhumanbeings.ThisresultedfromDai’suniquethinkingpattern,whichledhimtoadvocatestronglythattemperamentisinherentlygood.Intermsoftheconceptofheavenlyprinciples,heconstructedtheinnerconnectionbetweenQiandgoodnessinthecontextofheavenlyprinciplesvs.heavenlyvirtue.Intermsofthetheoryoflifeanddeath,hederivedfromtheinternalstructureofhumannaturetheinevitabletransitionfromthenaturalnessofbloodandQi,tothenecessityofgoodness.Intermsofthetheoryofmindandcognition,heregardedbloodandQi,mindandcognitionasthebasicentityofhumannature.ByarguingQiastheessenceoftheheartanddevelopabilityoftheheart,hedemonstratedtheabilityofhumanbeingstoperceivemoralityandheartcomprehendstheprinciplesofthingsandactswithoutconfusioncomefromQi.Forhim,temperamentisnotonlygood,butalsocapableofcreatinggoodness,highlightingthemoralagency’sinitiativeinmoralpractice.

Key words：temperament;goodness;humannature;moralcharacter

ZhangYingying

AnhuiAcademyofSocialSciences

The Ups and Downs of Huizhou Tea Merchants in the Middle andLate Qing Dynasty from the Perspective of Global History

Abstract：Fromthelate18thcenturytothe1860sand1870s,Huizhouteamerchantsexperiencedatortuousencounterofprosperity,frustration,andrevival.Duringthisperiod,theinternationalteatradesawamajorshiftoftradinggoods,fromgreenteatoblacktea,andwiththeopeningofporttradeinChinafurtherstimulatedthehugedemandforChineseteaintheworldmarket,Huizhouteamerchantsenjoyedabriefperiodofprosperity.However,thecomplexsituationsbothhomeandabroadinthemiddleof19thcenturybroughtgreatchallengestoHuizhouteamerchantswhilealsocreatingopportunities.Despitethedifficulties,HuizhouteamerchantsHuizhouteamerchantsrosetothechallenge,byactivelycateringtotheneedsofdomesticandforeignmarkets,creatednewhigh-qualityteabrandssuchasHuangshanMaofengandQimenBlacktea,andstrivedtoexpandtheworldmarketspace,thususheredinnewdevelopment.TheirsuccessfulrevivalduringthisperiodmakethemthecoreforceleadingthedevelopmentandtransformationofmodernHuizhoucommerce.

Key words：globalhistoricalperspective;Huizhouteamerchant;challenge;opportunity;revival

KangJian

AnhuiNormalUniversity

Moral Luck from the Perspective of Free Will:An Analysisof Thomas Nagel’s Theory of Moral Luck

Abstract：AfterWilliams’initialproposal,Nageldeepenedtheunderstandingoftheissueofmoralluckandproposednewargumentsbyanalyzingitfromtheperspecitiveofitsrelatioinstothefreewillandautonomousresponsibility.However,hisadherencetothebinaryoppositionbetweenfreedomandnecessityandhisvagueunderstandingoftheconceptofluckalsoleadtosomeloopholesinhisargument.Ontheonehand,headvocatedthatluckcanchangethemoralnatureofanaction;ontheotherhand,hebelievedthattheproblemofmoralresponsibility,liketheissueoffreewill,isunsolvable.Infact,fromtheperspectiveoftheinternalmechanismbywhichfreewillandmoralluckexerttheireffects,anyluck,whethergoodorbad,canonlyinfluencethedegreeofmoralneutralityofanaction,butisnotsufficienttochangethemoralnatureoftheactionitself.Norisitsufficienttonegatethemoralresponsibilitythatthesubjectshouldbearfortheconsequencesofanactionaffectedbyluck.

Key words：moralluck;ThomasNagel;BernardWilliams;freewill;moralresponsibility

LiuQingping1,2

1.WuhanCollegeofCommunication;2.FudanUniversity