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早熟楊梅新品種甬早梅2號(hào)的選育

2024-04-30 05:57:56焦云房聰玲柴春燕
果樹(shù)學(xué)報(bào) 2024年3期
關(guān)鍵詞:早熟楊梅新品種

焦云 房聰玲 柴春燕

摘? ? 要:甬早梅2號(hào)是從荸薺種楊梅種植區(qū)發(fā)現(xiàn)的優(yōu)良變異單株選育而成的楊梅早熟新品種,完全成熟時(shí)果面呈烏紫色,肉柱圓鈍,平均單果質(zhì)量12.76 g,可食率92.83%;可溶性固性物含量(w,后同)12.20%,可滴定酸含量1.09%,檸檬酸含量1.04%,維生素C含量89.56 μg·g-1,果實(shí)風(fēng)味酸甜。樹(shù)勢(shì)中庸,分枝密度較稀,樹(shù)冠透風(fēng)透光性好;葉色深綠,葉片倒披針形、先端為漸尖形,葉緣全緣無(wú)缺刻;以中、短果枝結(jié)果為主,結(jié)果均勻,成熟后果柄與果實(shí)難分離,大小年結(jié)果現(xiàn)象不明顯。早熟性好,在浙江寧波地區(qū)6月7日果實(shí)成熟,比荸薺種提早5~7 d。

關(guān)鍵詞:楊梅;新品種;甬早梅2號(hào);早熟

中圖分類號(hào):S667.6 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼:A 文章編號(hào):1009-9980(2024)03-0558-04

A new early-ripening Chinese bayberry (Myrica rubra) variety Yongzao No. 2

JIAO Yun1, 2, FANG Congling3, CHAI Chunyan3

(1Institute of Forestry, Ningbo Academy of Agricultural Science, Ningbo 315040, Zhejiang, China; 2Ningbo Key Laboratory of Characteristic Horticultural Crops in Quality Adjustment and Resistance Breeding, Ningbo 315040, Zhejiang, China; 3Cixi Forestry Technology Extension Center, Ningbo 315300, Zhejiang, China)

Abstract: Yongzao No. 2 is a new early-maturing Chinese bayberry variety selected from a single variant found in the growing orchard of Chinese bayberry Biqizhong. When fully mature, the flesh column was round and blunt, the average fruit weight was 12.76 g, the fruit hardness was 3.8N, the fruit was freestone and the edible rate was 92.83%. The soluble solid content was 12.20%, the titrable acid content was 1.09%, the fruit tasted sweet and sour. The tree growing potential was medium, the branch density was sparse, and the crown had good wind and light transmittance. The fruits were mainly set on medium and short branches, and the fruit setting rate was 15%-20%. The fruit ripening stage was consistent, the fruit distribution was uniform, and the biennale bearing phenomenon was not obvious. The fruit ripened on June 6 in Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, 5-7 days earlier than that of Biqizhong cultivar. The variety had no strict soil requirements and would be suitable for planting in mountainous and hilly areas, and more resistant to anthrax and brown spot. Generally, after 7 to 9 years for top grafting, the trees would enter stable production period, and the output was relatively stable, and the average yield was 500 kg per 666.7 m2. The genetic diversity of 17 variety samples were evaluated using 12 pairs of genomic SSR markers developed earlier, the clustering results showed that all the samples were divided into two groups. The Yongzao No. 2 was located in Group Ⅰ, the same group with Biqizhong, one of the four best varieties of Chinese bayberry in China, and the genetic distance with Biqizhong was 0.22.

Key words: Chinese bayberry; New variety; Yongzao No. 2; Early-ripening

楊梅(Myrica rubar Sieb. et Zucc.)是中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)的特產(chǎn)果樹(shù),屬于楊梅科(Myricaceae)楊梅屬(Myrica Lour.)[1]。楊梅果實(shí)風(fēng)味獨(dú)特,為初夏時(shí)令水果,深受消費(fèi)者喜愛(ài),在國(guó)際市場(chǎng)上極具競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力。然而,當(dāng)前楊梅主栽品種以中晚熟為主,上市周期極短,集中上市造成市場(chǎng)飽和及價(jià)格下降,并且其成熟期恰逢梅雨季節(jié),雨水過(guò)多造成商品果率降低,產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展受到限制。目前,推廣早熟楊梅品種和設(shè)施促早栽培技術(shù)可顯著提早成熟期、延長(zhǎng)采收期和提高楊梅生產(chǎn)經(jīng)濟(jì)效益[2-3]。因此,選育早熟優(yōu)質(zhì)的楊梅新品種是當(dāng)前育種工作的重點(diǎn)之一。2001年在寧波市慈溪荸薺種種植區(qū)調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn)成熟期早的變異株,經(jīng)過(guò)多年生物學(xué)特性、果實(shí)經(jīng)濟(jì)性狀的穩(wěn)定性及一致性觀察鑒定,并于2023年9月獲國(guó)家林業(yè)和草原局植物新品種權(quán)證書(shū)(品種權(quán)號(hào):20230580),品種定名為甬早梅2號(hào)(圖1)。

1 選育過(guò)程

甬早梅2號(hào)是2001年在寧波市慈溪匡堰鎮(zhèn)發(fā)現(xiàn)的早熟楊梅變異單株。通過(guò)采集其枝條進(jìn)行全株嫁接繁育及生物學(xué)特性和果實(shí)經(jīng)濟(jì)性狀多年觀測(cè),其成熟期比荸薺種提早成熟5~7 d,果實(shí)成熟時(shí)為烏紫色,成熟期一致,采前落果少。

2 主要性狀

2.1 果實(shí)主要經(jīng)濟(jì)性狀

果實(shí)圓形,果梗長(zhǎng)度短,無(wú)果蒂凸環(huán),完全成熟時(shí)果梗與果實(shí)難分離,果面呈烏紫色,肉柱先端為圓鈍形,縫合線淺。果形小,平均單果質(zhì)量12.76 g,果實(shí)硬度3.8 N,離核,可食率92.83%;可溶性固形物含量(w,后同)12.20%,可滴定酸含量1.09%,檸檬酸含量1.04%,維生素C含量89.56 μg·g-1,黃酮含量2.17 mg·g-1,多酚含量1.11 mg·g-1,果實(shí)口味酸甜(表1)。

2.2 植物學(xué)特征及物候期

植株樹(shù)勢(shì)中庸,樹(shù)形為半開(kāi)張自然圓頭形,以中、短果枝結(jié)果為主。葉片長(zhǎng)8.80 cm、寬3.08 cm、厚0.27 cm;葉柄長(zhǎng)9.95 mm,葉片形狀呈倒披針形,基部為楔形,先端為漸尖形狀,葉色較深,葉脈在葉片上表面凸出,葉片邊緣全緣無(wú)缺刻?;ㄐ蝼[片為淡黃褐色,花序長(zhǎng)0.9 cm、粗0.3 cm,開(kāi)放后花柱呈“V”形。在浙東地區(qū),甬早梅2號(hào)楊梅每年抽梢2~3次,即春梢、夏梢或秋梢,春梢始于4月上旬,長(zhǎng)度4.5 cm;夏梢始于6月下旬,長(zhǎng)度4.0 cm。初花期在3月中旬,盛花期在3月下旬,終花期在4月上旬。果實(shí)成熟始于6月初,比荸薺種提早5~7 d。

2.3 生長(zhǎng)結(jié)果習(xí)性、抗性與產(chǎn)量

以中、短果枝結(jié)果為主,坐果率為15%~20%;果實(shí)成熟期較為一致,結(jié)果分布均勻,大小年結(jié)果現(xiàn)象不明顯。該品種對(duì)土壤要求不嚴(yán)格,適宜在山地、丘陵地種植;適應(yīng)性廣,豐產(chǎn),穩(wěn)產(chǎn);較抗炭疽病與褐斑病,其他抗性與荸薺種無(wú)明顯差異。一般高接后7~9 a(年)即進(jìn)入穩(wěn)產(chǎn)期,產(chǎn)量較為穩(wěn)定,平均每666.7 m2產(chǎn)量可達(dá)500 kg。

2.4 分子標(biāo)記鑒定

以前期開(kāi)發(fā)的12對(duì)基因組SSR分子標(biāo)記[4]對(duì)17份試材晚稻楊梅、早色、甬早梅2號(hào)、荸薺種、甬選56號(hào)、遲色、粉紅種、水晶種、大浮小葉細(xì)蒂、早薺蜜梅、紐扣楊梅、東魁、黑瑞林、晚薺蜜梅、丁岙梅、荔枝種、木葉梅進(jìn)行遺傳多樣性評(píng)價(jià)。聚類結(jié)果證實(shí)甬早梅2號(hào)與其他品種不存在同物異名現(xiàn)象(圖2)。聚類樹(shù)中17份楊梅材料分為2個(gè)分組,甬早梅2號(hào)位于第Ⅰ組,與國(guó)內(nèi)楊梅四大良種之一的荸薺種屬于同一分組,兩者之間的遺傳距離約為0.22。

3 栽培技術(shù)要點(diǎn)

3.1 園地選擇

楊梅園地適宜在海拔300 m以下山坡地栽培,以北坡和東北坡朝向?yàn)楹?,有利于其生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育。土壤適宜栽培在酸性或者微酸性的紅壤或黃壤土中,以排水良好、土質(zhì)疏松且富含石礫的砂質(zhì)壤土為佳。園地土壤管理宜用自然生草法,保溫保濕,每年在果實(shí)采收前割一次生草,將有助于提升土壤有機(jī)質(zhì)含量和增進(jìn)果實(shí)品質(zhì)。

3.2 種植技術(shù)

通過(guò)嫁接繁殖,選擇在健壯、無(wú)病蟲(chóng)害的成年楊梅甬早梅2號(hào)樹(shù)上采集接穗,隨采隨接為好;砧木以野生楊梅實(shí)生苗為宜。采用長(zhǎng)穗、馬蹄形切接法,用薄膜包扎接穗及嫁接口。于每年3—4月,選擇直徑3~6 cm的側(cè)枝進(jìn)行高接,保留適量的輔養(yǎng)枝,接芽在樹(shù)冠內(nèi)分布需要均勻。通常在嫁接3~5 a進(jìn)入始果期。

3.3 整形修剪及花果管理

該品種修剪總體原則為“控高疏密,通風(fēng)透光”,疏除病蟲(chóng)枯枝與過(guò)密枝[5]。因該品種自身枝梢及坐果分布稀疏,無(wú)需實(shí)施過(guò)多的人工疏花疏果,降低了勞動(dòng)強(qiáng)度及成本。

3.4 肥水管理

幼年樹(shù)施肥每年2~3次,即在每次新梢萌芽前,株施三元復(fù)合肥0.05~0.10 kg,隨著樹(shù)冠的擴(kuò)大,施肥量適當(dāng)增加[6]。進(jìn)入成年期后,每年施肥2~3次,即每年11月至翌年2月份,每株施入腐熟的餅肥或生物有機(jī)肥10~15 kg;4月下旬至5月初施入壯果肥,每株施入純硫酸鉀0.5~1.0 kg;果實(shí)采后肥,每株施入草木灰10~15 kg。此外,在果實(shí)發(fā)育期也可增施葉面肥2~3次,以噴施富含鋅、鈣、鎂等微量元素的全價(jià)營(yíng)養(yǎng)液為主。長(zhǎng)江以南地區(qū)降雨較多,一般可滿足楊梅日常水分需要。在雨季前應(yīng)修整溝渠,保證水流暢通。7月份進(jìn)入伏旱季,應(yīng)及時(shí)進(jìn)行灌溉,保持土壤濕潤(rùn),防止干旱導(dǎo)致楊梅花芽分化受阻。灌水時(shí),水分要以浸透根系分布層為度,切忌只灌水于土壤表層。

3.5 病蟲(chóng)害等綜合防治

目前在荸薺種楊梅產(chǎn)區(qū)多發(fā)楊梅癌腫病,應(yīng)高度重視日常修剪,做到早發(fā)現(xiàn)早防治,及時(shí)切除病瘤,注意修剪工具消毒,可有效抑制其蔓延。剪鋸口削平后涂布波爾多液等保護(hù)劑,保持園地樹(shù)體通風(fēng)透光,及時(shí)掃除病蟲(chóng)殘枝,冬季做好清園工作。加強(qiáng)日常栽培管理,重視災(zāi)害性天氣防御,保持中庸樹(shù)勢(shì)。果實(shí)采收后,割草覆蓋,減少土壤水分散發(fā),保濕抗旱。臺(tái)風(fēng)大雨天氣過(guò)后應(yīng)及時(shí)做好開(kāi)溝排水工作,扶直樹(shù)體,必要時(shí)進(jìn)行少量修剪,促進(jìn)根系恢復(fù)。

參考文獻(xiàn) References:

[1] CHEN K S,XU C J,ZHANG B,F(xiàn)ERGUSON I. Red bayberry:Botany and horticulture[J]. Horticultural Reviews,2004,30:83-114.

[2] 梁森苗,張淑文,王世福,鄭錫良,戚行江. 早熟耐低溫楊梅新品種早鮮的選育[J]. 果樹(shù)學(xué)報(bào),2023,40(1):183-186.

LIANG Senmiao,ZHANG Shuwen,WANG Shifu,ZHENG Xiliang,QI Xingjiang. A new early-ripening and low temperature resistant Chinese bayberry cultivar Zaoxian[J]. Journal of Fruit Science,2023,40(1):183-186.

[3] 戚行江,梁森苗,陳海豹,俞浙萍,孫鸝,鄭錫良,張淑文. 促早栽培對(duì)楊梅葉片形態(tài)及果實(shí)成熟與品質(zhì)的影響[J]. 果樹(shù)學(xué)報(bào),2023,40(11):2403-2412.

QI Xingjiang,LIANG Senmiao,CHEN Haibao,YU Zheping,SUN Li,ZHENG Xiliang,ZHANG Shuwen. Effects of forcing cultivation on the leaf morphology,fruit ripening and quality of Myrica rubra[J]. Journal of Fruit Science,2023,40(11):2403-2412.

[4] ZHANG S M,XU C J,GAO Z S,CHEN K S,WANG G Y. Development and characterization of microsatellite markers for Chinese bayberry (Myrica rubra Sieb. & Zucc.)[J]. Conservation Genetics,2009,10(5):1605-1607.

[5] 梁森苗,鄒秀琴,武崢,周曉音,鄭錫良,戚行江. 楊梅樹(shù)精準(zhǔn)修剪方法及其關(guān)鍵技術(shù)要點(diǎn)[J]. 南方農(nóng)業(yè),2014,8(34):11-13.

LIANG Senmiao,ZOU Xiuqin,WU Zheng,ZHOU Xiaoyin,ZHENG Xiliang,QI Xingjiang. The precise pruning methods and key technical points in Chinese bayberry [J]. South China Agriculture,2014,8(34):11-13.

[6] 柴春燕,徐紹清,周和鋒. 楊梅高效生態(tài)栽培技術(shù)[M]. 寧波:寧波出版社,2012.

CHAI Chunyan,XU Shaoqing,ZHOU Hefeng. The efficient ecological cultivation technology in Chinese bayberry [M]. Ningbo:Ningbo Publishing House,2012.

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