李想 石廣麗 耿佳麒 郭建輝 劉雨萌 孫丹 王振興 張?zhí)K蘇 唐倩 艾軍
收稿日期:2023-09-15 接受日期:2023-11-10
基金項(xiàng)目:吉林省科技發(fā)展計(jì)劃項(xiàng)目(20210202086NC)
作者簡(jiǎn)介:李想,男,在讀碩士研究生,研究方向?yàn)楣麡?shù)栽培生理。E-mail:lx18043696103@163.com
*通信作者 Author for correspondence. E-mail:aijun1005@163.com
DOI:10.13925/j.cnki.gsxb.20230365
摘? ? 要:【目的】探究溫室栽培條件對(duì)軟棗獼猴桃葉片光合特性及果實(shí)品質(zhì)的影響,為軟棗獼猴桃溫室栽培提供理論依據(jù)?!痉椒ā?021—2022年,以4年生軟棗獼猴桃品種佳綠、魁綠為試材,在溫室和露地兩種栽培環(huán)境下,比較兩種環(huán)境對(duì)兩個(gè)品種葉片的形態(tài)建成、光合特性及果實(shí)品質(zhì)的影響?!窘Y(jié)果】溫室栽培的軟棗獼猴桃兩品種的凈光合速率(Pn)、氣孔導(dǎo)度(Gs)、蒸騰速率(Tr)等指標(biāo)顯著低于露地條件。通過(guò)對(duì)快速葉綠素?zé)晒庹T導(dǎo)動(dòng)力學(xué)曲線進(jìn)行分析,溫室栽培條件下k、j、i點(diǎn)的相對(duì)可變熒光值顯著上升,其葉片結(jié)構(gòu)具有陰生植物特性。溫室環(huán)境下對(duì)魁綠的單果質(zhì)量與果形指數(shù)影響較大,對(duì)佳綠影響較小。溫室栽培中兩品種可滴定酸含量顯著上升,可溶性固形物含量、可溶性糖含量與維生素C含量無(wú)顯著變化?!窘Y(jié)論】在溫室栽培條件下,兩個(gè)軟棗獼猴桃品種對(duì)環(huán)境的適應(yīng)性較為一致,首先體現(xiàn)為葉片形態(tài)建成趨向陰生葉,其次PSⅡ反應(yīng)中心供體側(cè)及受體側(cè)活性較露地栽培降低,導(dǎo)致溫室內(nèi)葉片利用強(qiáng)光和低濃度CO2的能力低于露地,最終果實(shí)外在品質(zhì)及單果質(zhì)量呈現(xiàn)一定程度的下降趨勢(shì),但內(nèi)在品質(zhì)無(wú)顯著影響。
關(guān)鍵詞:軟棗獼猴桃;溫室栽培;光合特性;葉綠素?zé)晒鈪?shù)
中圖分類號(hào):S663.4 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼:A 文章編號(hào):1009-9980(2024)01-0089-12
Effects of greenhouse cultivation on the photosynthetic characteristics and fruit quality of Actinidia arguta
LI Xiang, SHI Guangli, GENG Jiaqi, GUO Jianhui, LIU Yumeng, SUN Dan, WANG Zhenxing, ZHANG Susu, TANG Qian, AI Jun*
(Horticulture College of Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, Jilin, China)
Abstract: 【Objective】The market supply window of fresh Actinidia arguta fruit is short due to the short storage life, and the leaves and branches are easily affected by natural disasters such as frost damage under open field cultivation conditions, which may lead to a decline in leaf damage, fruit yield, and poor fruit appearance quality. Therefore, attention should be paid on these problems in the cultivation of A. arguta. Greenhouse cultivation is a common method of promoting early cultivation, which has been widely used in the world. In this paper, two A. arguta varieties were cultivated in greenhouse, the effects of greenhouse cultivation on plant growth, photosynthetic characteristics and fruit quality of A. arguta were analyzed. 【Methods】 In this experiment, the four-year-old A. arguta varieties Jialü and Kuilü were placed in the solar greenhouse of the facility culture of Jilin Agricultural University, and the control was plants grown in the germplasm resource nursery of A. arguta of the University. Photosynthesis indexes and chlorophyll fluorescence indexes of leaves were measured, and the differences in leaf structure, leaf stomata and fruit quality were observed. 【Results】 The light response curves of the two varieties in greenhouse cultivation were significantly lower than those in open field cultivation. Except for Ci, the three photosynthetic indexes, Pn, Gs and Tr, were significantly lower than those in the open field cultivation. The order of Pn in each cultivation environment was Jialü open field cultivation>Kuilü open field cultivation>Jialü greenhouse cultivation>Kuilü greenhouse cultivation. Under greenhouse cultivation conditions, Jialü Pnmax decreased by 28.16% and Kuilü decreased by 24.28% compared with open field. In particular, the LCP of Jialü in greenhouse was 15.13% higher than that in open field, while Kuilü was the opposite. The Rd value of Jialü under greenhouse cultivation increased by 4.64% compared with that under open field, and Kuilü decreased by 12.47%. The apparent quantum efficiency (AQY) of Jialü in greenhouse decreased by 5.32%, and that of Kuilü increased by 24.7%. After linear regression analysis of CO2 response, the CE values of the two varieties decreased significantly in greenhouse cultivation, and the ability to use low concentration of CO2 was low, the performance of Jialü and Kuilü in greenhouse is relatively consistent. The analysis of chlorophyll fluorescence induction kinetics curve showed that the relative variable fluorescence of Vj point and Vi point increased significantly, and the values of Vk, Vj and Vi increased significantly in greenhouse cultivation compared with open field cultivation. The analysis of PSⅡ reaction center showed that there was no change in ETo/RC under greenhouse cultivation, but the ABS/RC and TRo/RC values of the two varieties cultivated in greenhouse were significantly higher than those in open field. Although the light energy absorbed and captured increased, the light energy finally used for electron transfer was the same as that in open field cultivation, most of which was used for heat dissipation and other ways to make energy loss, which showed that DIo/CSm was significantly higher than that in open field cultivation. The observation of leaf structure showed that the leaf thickness of A. arguta cultivated in greenhouse decreased significantly, which was in line with the characteristics of plants in greenhouse. The thickness of palisade tissue was smaller than that of open field cultivation, while the thickness of spongy tissue was greater than that of open field cultivation. The significant decrease in palisade/spongy ratio was the root cause of the decrease in photosynthetic capacity mentioned above. The thickness of upper and lower epidermis was smaller than that of open field cultivation, which made leaves vulnerable to external environment damage with adaptability to adversity. The stomatal density of A. arguta leaves cultivated in greenhouse was significantly lower than that in open field. Stomatal opening ratio, stomatal length and stomatal area were lower than those in open field cultivation, which led to the decrease in leaf gas exchange efficiency in greenhouse. This was the secondary reason for the decrease in CE value and Pn value. The fruit quality results show that the fruit size and weight in the greenhouse were lower than those in the open field. The transverse and longitudinal diameters of Jialü fruit under greenhouse cultivation were 4.29% and 8.79% lower than those in the open field, respectively. The longitudinal diameter, lateral diameter and single fruit weight of Kuilü were 8.36%, 2.41% and 14.07% lower than those of the open field, respectively. Although the fruit size decreased, there was no significant difference in contents of soluble solids, soluble sugars and vitamin C but a significant increase in titratable acid content. Greenhouse cultivation advanced the maturity of the fruit by 70 days, advanced the sales time of A. arguta market, extended the supply period of fresh fruit market, and brought considerable economic benefits. 【Conclusion】 Under greenhouse cultivation conditions, the adaptability of the two A. arguta varieties to the environment was relatively consistent. Firstly, the leaf morphogenesis tended to shade leaves. Secondly, the activity of the donor side and the receptor side of the PSⅡ reaction center was lower than that of the open field cultivation, resulting in weaker ability of the leaves in the greenhouse to use strong light and low concentration of CO2 than that of the open field. Finally, the external quality of the fruit decreased to a certain extent, but the internal quality had no significant change.
Key words: Actinidia arguta; Greenhouse cultivation; Photosynthetic characteristics; Chlorophyll fluorescence parameters
軟棗獼猴桃[Actinidia arguta (Sieb. et Zucc.) Planch. ex Miq],為獼猴桃科(Actinidiaceae)獼猴桃屬(Actinidia)大型落葉木質(zhì)藤本植物[1]。果實(shí)表皮光滑無(wú)毛,品質(zhì)風(fēng)味獨(dú)特[2]。其果實(shí)營(yíng)養(yǎng)豐富,可鮮食,亦可加工成果醬、果酒等,同時(shí)具有抗氧化、降血糖和通便潤(rùn)腸等功效[3]。雖然中國(guó)軟棗獼猴桃人工栽培發(fā)展較晚[4],但軟棗獼猴桃是很有開(kāi)發(fā)利用前景的野生漿果類果樹(shù)[5],中國(guó)軟棗獼猴桃人工栽培以露地為主,溫室栽培起步相對(duì)較晚[6]。溫室栽培作為保護(hù)地栽培的一種,可以較好地控制病蟲(chóng)害的發(fā)生及傳播,避免因雨水不均導(dǎo)致澇害或果實(shí)糖度降低。研究表明,近年來(lái),溫室栽培適用于多種果樹(shù)[7-9],獼猴桃屬植物研究較晚,但設(shè)施栽培對(duì)獼猴桃的意義重大,可以有效控制獼猴桃潰瘍病的發(fā)病率[10]。溫室栽培需提前打破休眠,對(duì)果樹(shù)本身需冷量有一定要求,由于軟棗獼猴桃自身的需冷量要求不高,大部分品種在1000 h以內(nèi),其中魁綠與佳綠只需840 h、672 h左右即可[11],較低的需冷量可使軟棗獼猴桃在溫室栽培時(shí)提前升溫不影響其結(jié)果性能,故進(jìn)行溫室栽培具有一定的可行性。在溫室栽培條件下,整體物候期會(huì)提前2~3個(gè)月,在吉林長(zhǎng)春地區(qū)約在當(dāng)年6月份果實(shí)成熟,較露天栽培提早上市3個(gè)月左右,能夠填補(bǔ)軟棗獼猴桃鮮果市場(chǎng)的空窗期,提高經(jīng)濟(jì)效益。
目前軟棗獼猴桃葉片的光合特性研究多在露地栽培條件下,溫室條件下少見(jiàn)報(bào)道[12],因此深入研究溫室栽培對(duì)軟棗獼猴桃葉片光合特性及果實(shí)品質(zhì)的影響,對(duì)建立科學(xué)、規(guī)范的溫室栽培模式具有重要的理論指導(dǎo)意義。
1 材料和方法
1.1 試驗(yàn)地概況
試驗(yàn)于2021年12月至2022年9月在吉林農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)軟棗獼猴桃資源圃與設(shè)施農(nóng)業(yè)基地內(nèi)進(jìn)行。試驗(yàn)采用日光溫室栽培模式,傳統(tǒng)的露地栽培為對(duì)照。日光溫室跨度9.51 m,脊高4.50 m,長(zhǎng)65.30 m。供水方式為滴灌,通過(guò)內(nèi)、外遮陰簾調(diào)控溫度,排風(fēng)扇與濕簾控制溫、濕度。種植土壤均為園土、沙子、草炭土體積比為3∶1∶1配置而成。長(zhǎng)春地區(qū)年平均日照時(shí)數(shù)2259~3016 h,年平均降水量568.5 mm,無(wú)霜期140~150 d,霜期156 d[13]。長(zhǎng)春地區(qū)2020年每月氣溫詳見(jiàn)表1。
1.2 試驗(yàn)材料
供試軟棗獼猴桃品種為4年生佳綠和魁綠,以雄株品種綠王為授粉樹(shù)。溫室及露地栽培均為單龍干整形。溫室栽培于2021年12月20日進(jìn)行升溫處理(揭被升溫),露地栽培隨氣候變化自然進(jìn)行,試驗(yàn)期間兩種栽培模式的整形修剪、肥水管理與病蟲(chóng)害管理等措施保持一致。
1.3 試驗(yàn)方法
試驗(yàn)共設(shè)兩種栽培環(huán)境,標(biāo)記結(jié)果枝基部第一花序前第3枚葉片,于盛花期(溫室為4月1日,露地為6月5日)分別在兩種栽培環(huán)境下進(jìn)行光合指標(biāo)及快速葉綠素?zé)晒獾臏y(cè)定,每個(gè)品種設(shè)20個(gè)重復(fù);選取功能葉片,通過(guò)石蠟切片法觀察葉片結(jié)構(gòu)[14];監(jiān)測(cè)溫室內(nèi)兩個(gè)品種果實(shí)的可溶性固形物含量(TSS),當(dāng)其達(dá)到7%時(shí)進(jìn)行采收,測(cè)量果形指數(shù)及單果質(zhì)量,每個(gè)品種設(shè)30個(gè)重復(fù);待果實(shí)充分后熟后進(jìn)行可溶性固形物含量、可溶性糖含量、可滴定酸含量以及維生素C含量的測(cè)定,每個(gè)品種設(shè)3次重復(fù)。露地栽培佳綠、溫室栽培佳綠、露地栽培魁綠以及溫室栽培魁綠分別用J1、J2、K1、K2代表。
1.3.1 光響應(yīng)曲線的測(cè)定 光響應(yīng)曲線測(cè)定參考王振興等[15]的方法。于晴天上午使用CIRAS-3便攜式光合測(cè)定系統(tǒng)(PP-SYSTEM,美國(guó))對(duì)選取的植株葉片進(jìn)行測(cè)定。分別以凈光合速率(Pn)、胞間二氧化碳濃度(Ci)、氣孔導(dǎo)度(Gs)、蒸騰速率(Tr)為縱軸,繪制響應(yīng)曲線。利用雙曲線修正模型進(jìn)行計(jì)算,得出光合作用的最大凈光合速率(Pnmax)、光飽和點(diǎn)(LSP)、光補(bǔ)償點(diǎn)(LCP)、暗呼吸速率(Rd)以及表觀量子效率(AQY)。
1.3.2 二氧化碳響應(yīng)曲線的測(cè)定 CO2響應(yīng)參考王振興等[15]的方法測(cè)定,光合有效輻射(PAR)設(shè)1400 μmol·m-2·s-1,CO2濃度設(shè)為0、100、150、200 μmol·mol-1。Pn-CO2曲線初始斜率即為羧化效率(CE)。
1.3.3 快速葉綠素?zé)晒庹T導(dǎo)動(dòng)力學(xué)曲線的測(cè)定 該試驗(yàn)參考郭建輝等[16]的方法,將葉片在黑暗條件下處理1 h,使用Pocket-PEA非調(diào)制式熒光儀(Hansatech,英國(guó))測(cè)定軟棗獼猴桃葉片快速葉綠素?zé)晒庹T導(dǎo)動(dòng)力學(xué)曲線(O-J-I-P曲線),參考Strasser等[17]的方法進(jìn)行分析,并根據(jù)公式(Ft-Fo)/(Fm-Fo)進(jìn)行標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化處理,每個(gè)品種均測(cè)20枚葉片。
1.3.4 葉片結(jié)構(gòu)及氣孔的觀察 在盛花期(溫室為4月1日,露地為6月5日)選取葉幕上層照光均勻一致的功能葉片進(jìn)行石蠟切片的制作以及觀察氣孔形態(tài),石蠟切片制作參考王振興等[18]的方法,氣孔形態(tài)觀察參考徐清華[19]的方法。
1.3.5 果形指數(shù)的測(cè)定 在果實(shí)采收后,使用游標(biāo)卡尺對(duì)軟棗獼猴桃果實(shí)的縱徑、橫徑、側(cè)徑進(jìn)行測(cè)量,由于軟棗獼猴桃為二歧聚傘花序,同一花序上著生3個(gè)果實(shí)的選擇位于中間的果實(shí)進(jìn)行測(cè)量,以此保證數(shù)據(jù)的一致性。
1.3.6 果實(shí)品質(zhì)的測(cè)定 在果實(shí)成熟期,每份資源采收30個(gè)典型果實(shí),放入4 ℃冰箱中進(jìn)行果實(shí)后熟,待7 d后果實(shí)完全成熟時(shí)進(jìn)行果實(shí)品質(zhì)的測(cè)定。TSS含量采用電子糖量?jī)x(PAL-101,杭州齊威儀器有限公司,中國(guó))測(cè)定;果實(shí)的可溶性糖含量采用試劑盒法進(jìn)行檢測(cè)(BC0030,Solarbio,中國(guó));可滴定酸含量參考張治安等[20]的方法采用酸堿滴定法測(cè)定;維生素C含量參考師愷豐[21]的方法采取鉬藍(lán)比色法測(cè)定。
1.4 數(shù)據(jù)分析
利用SPSS 20統(tǒng)計(jì)軟件進(jìn)行方差分析,使用Microsoft Office 2021進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)處理與作圖。
2 結(jié)果與分析
2.1 軟棗獼猴桃溫室栽培對(duì)葉片光響應(yīng)的影響
由圖1-A可知,不同條件下各品種的Pn與PAR均呈正相關(guān),在露地栽培條件下品種的Pn值顯著高于溫室栽培。PAR在200~1600 μmol·m-2·s-1內(nèi)露地栽培條件的Pn值與溫室栽培間的差異逐漸增大,各栽培環(huán)境下的Pn排序?yàn)椋杭丫G露地栽培>魁綠露地栽培>佳綠溫室栽培>魁綠溫室栽培。溫室栽培條件下佳綠Pnmax下降28.16%、魁綠Pnmax下降24.28%;如圖1-B所示,溫室與露地條件下各處理Ci無(wú)顯著差異;從圖1-C可以看出,露地栽培軟棗獼猴桃Gs隨PAR的增加呈波動(dòng)性變化,溫室內(nèi)趨于平緩;在溫室栽培條件下的兩個(gè)品種,其Gs的光響應(yīng)曲線與Tr的光響應(yīng)曲線變化趨于一致,Gs是影響Tr變化的主要因子之一(圖1-C、D)。
不同栽培條件下的軟棗獼猴桃品種光響應(yīng)特征參數(shù)存在差異(表2),溫室栽培條件下兩個(gè)品種Pnmax、LSP顯著低于露地栽培,溫室栽培佳綠LCP高于露地15.13%,而魁綠則表現(xiàn)相反;溫室栽培下的佳綠Rd值與露地相比上升4.64%,魁綠下降12.47%;溫室中佳綠的AQY相對(duì)下降5.32%,魁綠上升24.7%。
2.2 軟棗獼猴桃溫室栽培對(duì)葉片CO2響應(yīng)的影響
將CO2濃度<200 μmol·mol-1的Pn值進(jìn)行線性回歸后計(jì)算CE值,如圖2-A、B所示,兩個(gè)品種在不同栽培環(huán)境下CE值具顯著性差異,但在相同栽培環(huán)境下兩個(gè)品種之間并無(wú)顯著性差異,回歸曲線趨于一致。在溫室栽培中兩個(gè)品種CE值顯著下降,表明在溫室環(huán)境下兩個(gè)軟棗獼猴桃品種利用低濃度CO2的能力降低,并且溫室內(nèi)部CO2濃度與露地相比較低,是Pnmax低于露地栽培的原因之一。
2.3 軟棗獼猴桃溫室栽培對(duì)葉片葉綠素?zé)晒馓匦缘挠绊?/p>
如圖3和圖4所示,溫室栽培增加了軟棗獼猴桃兩個(gè)品種葉片葉綠素?zé)晒庹T導(dǎo)動(dòng)力學(xué)曲線中j點(diǎn)和i點(diǎn)的相對(duì)可變熒光,其Vk、Vj、Vi值與露地相比顯著升高。以上結(jié)果表明,在溫室環(huán)境下軟棗獼猴桃葉片的放氧復(fù)合體及電子傳遞鏈的活性發(fā)生了一定的變化,但對(duì)葉綠素?zé)晒庹T導(dǎo)動(dòng)力學(xué)曲線進(jìn)行分析,溫室栽培仍與露地栽培趨于一致。
如圖5所示,對(duì)于單位活性的PSⅡ反應(yīng)中心而言,不同栽培環(huán)境對(duì)軟棗獼猴桃葉片的ETo/RC無(wú)影響,但溫室栽培兩個(gè)品種的ABS/RC、TRo/RC值顯著高于露地;溫室栽培使兩個(gè)品種反應(yīng)中心吸收、耗散、捕獲的光能增加,但用于電子傳遞的能量無(wú)顯著變化。在溫室內(nèi)兩個(gè)品種的DIo/CSm均顯著升高,說(shuō)明溫室內(nèi)的高溫使軟棗獼猴桃葉片單位面積的熱耗散增加。
2.4 栽培環(huán)境對(duì)軟棗獼猴桃葉片結(jié)構(gòu)的影響
如圖6所示,通過(guò)對(duì)不同環(huán)境下的葉片結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行觀察,兩個(gè)品種在溫室和露地栽培條件下均可見(jiàn)明顯的柵欄組織與海綿組織,上下表皮為不規(guī)則單層細(xì)胞,柵欄組織多為長(zhǎng)柱狀,海綿組織多為不規(guī)則卵圓形,結(jié)構(gòu)上無(wú)較大差異。
由表3可知,兩個(gè)品種在溫室中葉片的葉肉組織均受影響,表現(xiàn)在葉片厚度、柵欄組織、海綿組織及上下表皮厚度顯著低于露地,葉片變薄,呈陰生植物特性。在溫室中,佳綠的柵欄組織、海綿組織較魁綠發(fā)達(dá),同時(shí)柵海比顯著高于魁綠,表明佳綠的葉片較魁綠更為適應(yīng)溫室環(huán)境。
如圖7所示,2個(gè)品種在不同的栽培環(huán)境下,表皮氣孔的大小、形狀及開(kāi)閉狀態(tài)存在差異,露地環(huán)境下氣孔明顯較溫室下密集。由表4可知,溫室條件下的2個(gè)品種的氣孔密度、氣孔開(kāi)張比、氣孔開(kāi)度、氣孔面積、氣孔長(zhǎng)、氣孔寬及氣孔指數(shù)均呈顯著低于露地栽培。
2.5 軟棗獼猴桃溫室栽培對(duì)果實(shí)品質(zhì)的影響
對(duì)兩個(gè)品種的果實(shí)進(jìn)行單果質(zhì)量與果形指數(shù)的調(diào)查(表5),發(fā)現(xiàn)在溫室環(huán)境下,兩個(gè)品種除魁綠果實(shí)橫徑外,其余指標(biāo)均顯著低于露地。溫室栽培條件下佳綠果實(shí)的橫、縱徑分別比露地栽培低4.29%、8.79%;魁綠的縱徑、側(cè)徑、單果質(zhì)量分別比露地栽培低8.36%、2.41%、14.07%。綜上所述,溫室栽培對(duì)果實(shí)大小及單果質(zhì)量影響較大。
對(duì)果實(shí)進(jìn)行生理指標(biāo)的測(cè)定,結(jié)果見(jiàn)表6,溫室栽培使兩個(gè)品種成熟期提前70 d,佳綠與魁綠在溫室栽培中,除可滴定酸含量顯著上升外,可溶性固形物含量、可溶性糖含量以及維生素C含量均無(wú)顯著性差異,溫室栽培對(duì)果實(shí)內(nèi)在品質(zhì)的影響較小。
3 討 論
溫室栽培區(qū)別于露地栽培,其中光質(zhì)差、日照時(shí)長(zhǎng)短、高溫高濕、CO2濃度低是溫室環(huán)境的特點(diǎn)。果樹(shù)在溫室中栽培勢(shì)必會(huì)受到環(huán)境因子的影響,首先改變?nèi)~片的形態(tài)建成,進(jìn)而影響光合特性,最后導(dǎo)致果實(shí)品質(zhì)發(fā)生變化。
不同植物對(duì)光照的需求有差異,研究表明,葡萄等其他樹(shù)種對(duì)設(shè)施及弱光環(huán)境的適應(yīng)性較為一致[22-25],導(dǎo)致葉片Pnmax與LSP顯著下降,與本研究中溫室栽培的軟棗獼猴桃葉片對(duì)環(huán)境適應(yīng)的光響應(yīng)模式相同。葉片的光適應(yīng)性變化與葉片形態(tài)建成密不可分,其中溫室內(nèi)較低的Gs與Tr直接影響著氣體交換,馬微[26]對(duì)溫室栽培葡萄的研究也表明其葉片的光合特性與之相似。
利用葉綠素?zé)晒鈩?dòng)力學(xué)方法可以快速、靈敏、無(wú)損傷地研究和探測(cè)各種逆境對(duì)植物光合生理的影響[27]。植物光合電子傳遞鏈中包括兩個(gè)連續(xù)作用的光系統(tǒng),光系統(tǒng)Ⅰ與光系統(tǒng)Ⅱ[28]。過(guò)高的溫度與較弱的光照度通常會(huì)影響植物PSⅡ供體側(cè)與受體側(cè)的電子傳遞體活性,使其受到可逆或不可逆的損傷[29],吳久赟等[30]發(fā)現(xiàn)高溫影響了PSⅡ中心捕獲電子和電子傳遞,這與本研究中佳綠、魁綠在溫室內(nèi)的表現(xiàn)一致。由于本研究中的溫室為玻璃溫室,在冬春季時(shí),于上午8:00—9:00逐步打開(kāi)頂、側(cè)通風(fēng),維持溫度在30 ℃以內(nèi),在夏季時(shí),頂、側(cè)通風(fēng)則保持全天開(kāi)放(陰雨天另作調(diào)整),溫度過(guò)高時(shí)打開(kāi)排風(fēng)扇,但仍時(shí)有不可控因素導(dǎo)致30 ℃以上的溫度,影響葉片,較高的Vj值證明在溫室內(nèi)軟棗獼猴桃佳綠、魁綠葉片的PSⅡ的確受到了較高溫度的影響,可能導(dǎo)致葉綠素類囊體膜的活性發(fā)生改變[31]。王振興等[32]研究指出PSⅡ供體側(cè)放氧復(fù)合體(OEC)的活性與受體側(cè)電子傳遞鏈均易受到高溫影響,明顯的k點(diǎn)隨之出現(xiàn),本研究表明溫室中軟棗獼猴桃葉片的Vk、Vj等值顯著高于露地,這與多種熱處理影響OEC敏感性的研究結(jié)果一致[33-35]。隨著葉齡的增加,過(guò)剩光能和活性氧的不斷積累可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致葉片出現(xiàn)日灼、早衰等現(xiàn)象[36-37]。
葉片的形態(tài)建成主要影響因素之一是光照,而形態(tài)建成后又會(huì)影響光合作用,所以葉片的形態(tài)建成對(duì)適應(yīng)環(huán)境有重要作用[38]。由于溫室中光照較差、溫度和濕度較高等,兩個(gè)品種葉片結(jié)構(gòu)均為葉片大而薄、柵欄組織不發(fā)達(dá),并且柵海比較低,氣孔數(shù)較少,呈現(xiàn)出陰生葉的性質(zhì)[39],且上下表皮細(xì)胞變薄,對(duì)逆境的適應(yīng)性較差,符合溫室中的植物特點(diǎn)。Chen等[40]研究指出,補(bǔ)光的馬鈴薯葉片的厚度顯著高于對(duì)照,光照對(duì)葉片的形態(tài)建成具有決定作用。故有必要定期對(duì)溫室表面玻璃進(jìn)行清洗,以保證光照充足。此外,應(yīng)根據(jù)物候期變化,通過(guò)排風(fēng)或灌水方式調(diào)控濕度。適度補(bǔ)光可以促進(jìn)植物生長(zhǎng)[41-43],在光形態(tài)建成時(shí)期,夜間對(duì)軟棗獼猴桃采用補(bǔ)光燈補(bǔ)光可以有效緩解短日照時(shí)長(zhǎng)的影響。
由于溫室栽培的軟棗獼猴桃葉片光合能力低于露地,積累的同化物較少,因此果個(gè)小于露地。范盼盼[44]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)設(shè)施栽培的冬棗單果質(zhì)量及果實(shí)縱橫徑顯著低于露地栽培,與本研究結(jié)果一致。但陳海豹等[45]對(duì)楊梅的研究結(jié)果相反,產(chǎn)生這種差異的原因可能是不同種果樹(shù)對(duì)溫室栽培的適應(yīng)性有差異。與露地栽培相比,溫室中兩個(gè)品種的可溶性固形物含量、可溶性糖含量及維生素C含量與露地相比無(wú)顯著差異,說(shuō)明溫室栽培對(duì)軟棗獼猴桃的糖分及維生素C積累無(wú)明顯影響,但可滴定酸含量在溫室條件下顯著高于露地栽培,表明軟棗獼猴桃的酸含量極易受溫室條件影響,最終導(dǎo)致糖酸比下降。一方面由于溫室內(nèi)日照時(shí)長(zhǎng)短于露地,有機(jī)物的積累較少,酸的分解能力降低;另一方面溫室內(nèi)的晝夜溫差較小,夜間呼吸作用強(qiáng)于露地,營(yíng)養(yǎng)消耗加劇,導(dǎo)致積累的有機(jī)物進(jìn)一步流失。最終使糖含量下降,酸含量上升,糖酸比下降。
溫室環(huán)境下兩個(gè)品種間葉片結(jié)構(gòu)及光能利用范圍具有差異,具有較低LCP及較高柵海比等特征的軟棗獼猴桃品種更適宜進(jìn)行溫室栽培,佳綠與魁綠在溫室環(huán)境下的表現(xiàn)較為一致,但佳綠具有更高的柵海比,而魁綠葉片的LCP較低,品種間的栽培特性差異應(yīng)作為選擇溫室栽培品種的理論依據(jù)。后續(xù)計(jì)劃對(duì)資源圃中其余品種進(jìn)行溫室栽培試驗(yàn),比較需冷量、成熟期與溫室栽培適應(yīng)性的關(guān)系。對(duì)現(xiàn)有結(jié)果推測(cè)可知,大部分軟棗獼猴桃品種進(jìn)行溫室栽培具有一定的可行性。
4 結(jié) 論
在溫室栽培條件下,兩個(gè)軟棗獼猴桃品種對(duì)環(huán)境的適應(yīng)性較為一致,首先體現(xiàn)為葉片形態(tài)建成趨向陰生葉,其次PSⅡ反應(yīng)中心供體側(cè)及受體側(cè)活性較露地栽培降低,導(dǎo)致溫室內(nèi)葉片利用強(qiáng)光和低濃度CO2的能力低于露地,最終單果質(zhì)量出現(xiàn)一定程度的下降,但內(nèi)在品質(zhì)無(wú)顯著影響。
溫室栽培中,不同品種對(duì)環(huán)境的適應(yīng)性具有一定差異,在后續(xù)工作中,應(yīng)根據(jù)品種的栽培特性,篩選適宜進(jìn)行溫室栽培的品種,這對(duì)建立科學(xué)、規(guī)范的軟棗獼猴桃溫室栽培具有重要的理論指導(dǎo)意義。
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