飛揚(yáng)
“如今的艾爾米塔什博物館,已成為俄羅斯甚至是整個(gè)歐洲的文化地標(biāo),這是葉卡捷琳娜女皇所未曾料到的?!辟Y深電影批評(píng)家托尼·皮皮羅的觀點(diǎn),形象地道出了艾爾米塔什博物館不僅僅是一座博物館,更是人類(lèi)文明的瑰寶。
坐落于俄羅斯圣彼得堡涅瓦河南岸的國(guó)立艾爾米塔什博物館,以擁有豐富的文化藝術(shù)收藏而聞名,與倫敦大英博物館、巴黎盧浮宮、紐約大都會(huì)博物館并稱(chēng)為世界四大博物館。
艾爾米塔什博物館的前身是俄羅斯帝國(guó)沙皇的皇宮,但說(shuō)起其真正的創(chuàng)建者,當(dāng)數(shù)葉卡捷琳娜二世女皇。她在彼得大帝建造的皇宮基礎(chǔ)上,陸續(xù)指揮建造了艾爾米塔什宮殿、小艾爾米塔什、老艾爾米塔什等建筑,龐大且富麗的建筑群在她的指揮下日益成形?!鞍瑺柮姿病笔欠ㄕZ(yǔ)詞,有“隱藏、幽居”之意,因此博物館也被譯為“隱廬”。其中,艾爾米塔什宮殿,便是葉卡捷琳娜大帝最早用來(lái)收藏和展示藝術(shù)品的地方,也是今天艾爾米塔什博物館的雛形。當(dāng)時(shí),葉卡捷琳娜派人前往歐洲各地購(gòu)買(mǎi)藝術(shù)品,出價(jià)毫不吝嗇。在她執(zhí)政的30多年間,皇室的藝術(shù)收藏品從最初的200多件增加到4000多件。
隨后,在歷代俄國(guó)皇室的積累下,艾爾米塔什博物館收集藏品近300萬(wàn)件,單單是繪畫(huà)就有1.5萬(wàn)幅之多,雕塑達(dá)1.2萬(wàn)尊,考古文物、工藝品、錢(qián)幣和紀(jì)念章更是不可勝數(shù),需以十萬(wàn)為單位計(jì)算。這些藏品上至古埃及、古希臘,下至現(xiàn)當(dāng)代,既有達(dá)·芬奇、拉斐爾、倫勃朗、梵高、畢加索等藝術(shù)大師的傳世之作,也有西徐亞人的古墓葬品、伊朗薩薩尼德王朝的銀器,還有中國(guó)瓷器、古埃及雕塑和拜占庭圣像等,被譽(yù)為“世界文化與藝術(shù)百科全書(shū)式的博物館”。
艾爾米塔什博物館展出的藝術(shù)品約占全部收藏的5%,展覽線總長(zhǎng)30公里,有“世界最長(zhǎng)藝?yán)取敝Q(chēng)。這些藏品按地域和年代順序陳列于350多間展廳中,達(dá)·芬奇的兩幅《圣母像》、拉斐爾的《圣家族》、倫勃朗的《浪子回頭》等繪畫(huà)作品和米開(kāi)朗基羅的雕塑《蜷縮成一團(tuán)的小男孩》等可謂鎮(zhèn)館之寶,極為珍貴。
艾爾米塔什博物館以豐富華麗的收藏聞名于世,其建筑群也以布局協(xié)調(diào)、氣勢(shì)雄偉,成為圣彼得堡重要的名勝之一。艾爾米塔什博物館由涅瓦河邊沿著皇宮河堤修建的六座彼此相連的建筑組成,其中五座對(duì)公眾開(kāi)放,自西向東分別是冬宮、小艾爾米塔什、老艾爾米塔什、新艾爾米塔什和國(guó)立艾爾米塔什劇院。它們既有威尼斯水城的風(fēng)采,也有意大利建筑的風(fēng)范,更有俄羅斯長(zhǎng)久積淀的文化呈現(xiàn),歐洲多種建筑風(fēng)格都得到演繹。
走進(jìn)其間,大殿小廳個(gè)個(gè)金碧輝煌、美輪美奐,深邃的長(zhǎng)廊、華麗的吊燈、精美的壁畫(huà)、千姿百態(tài)的雕像令人目不暇接、驚嘆不已……如今的艾爾米塔什博物館,作為展示俄羅斯和世界文化遺產(chǎn)的藝術(shù)殿堂,正以壯麗的建筑和豐富多樣的藝術(shù)藏品吸引著世界各地的游客。
編輯/魏偉
Russias “Palace of Seclusion”—Hermitage Museum
Located on the south bank of the Neva River, St. Petersburg, Russia, the State Hermitage Museum with its rich cultural and art collections is known as one of the worlds four major museums (together with the British Museum in London, the Louvre Museum in Paris, and the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York).
Its real creator was Catherine II (Empress Catherine the Great). Catherine sent people to buy artworks from all parts of Europe with generous offers. In the three decades of her reign, the number of the royal familys collected art pieces increased from over 200 to over 4,000. Later, with the accumulation made by the Russian royal families, the museum has collected nearly 3 million museum pieces.
The museums artworks on display account for only 5% of its entire collection. With a 30 kmlong exhibition line, it is known as the “Worlds Longest Art Gallery”. These museum pieces are displayed in more than 350 exhibition rooms in geographical and chronological order. The paintings, including the two paintings of Madonna by Leonardo da Vinci, The Holy Family by Raphael (Raffaello Sanzio), and The Return of the Prodigal Son by Rembrandt, as well as the sculpture Crouching Boy by Michelangelo are precious centerpieces of the museum.
The museum consists of five interconnected buildings along the Palace Embankment of the Neva River, namely the Winter Palace, the Small Hermitage, the Old Hermitage, the New Hermitage and the Hermitage Theatre from west to east. They contain the elegance of Venice and the style of Italian architecture, while displaying Russias long-accumulated culture and a variety of other European architectural styles.