齊雯麗 郝卓倫 周牧冉 郭能強(qiáng)
[摘要]瘢痕疙瘩是在皮膚受到損傷后,形成一種外表高出皮膚表面,病變范圍超出原始損傷邊界以外,并不會(huì)隨時(shí)間自行消退的病理性瘢痕。其發(fā)病機(jī)制十分復(fù)雜,目前主要誘因包括成纖維細(xì)胞過(guò)度增殖、膠原及細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)(Extracellular matrix,ECM)的過(guò)度沉積、血管過(guò)度生成等。傳統(tǒng)的治療方式是以手術(shù)為主,但術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā)率極高,故根據(jù)瘢痕疙瘩的不同臨床特點(diǎn),衍生出了許多種治療方式。本文將從手術(shù)治療、物理治療、藥物治療、生物治療等方面來(lái)綜述近年的治療進(jìn)展,以期為瘢痕疙瘩的臨床治療提供參考。
[關(guān)鍵詞]瘢痕疙瘩;手術(shù)療法;物理療法;藥物療法;生物療法
[中圖分類號(hào)]R619+.6? ? [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼]A? ? [文章編號(hào)]1008-6455(2024)01-0185-06
Progress in Clinical Treatment of Keloid
QI Wenli,HAO Zhuolun,ZHOU Muran,GUO Nengqiang
(Department of Plastic Surgery,Union Hospital,Tongji Medical College,Huazhong University of Science and Technology,Wuhan 430022,Hubei,China)
Abstract: Keloid is a kind of pathological scar, when the skin is damaged, the lesion area extends beyond the boundary of the original lesion and higher than the normal skin surface, in addition it will not disappear spontaneously over time. The pathogenesis of keloid is very complicated to study. Currently, the main causes include excessive proliferation of fibroblasts, excessive deposition of collagen and extracellular matrix, and excessive generation of blood vessels. Traditional treatment methods are mainly composed of surgical treatment, but the postoperative recurrence rate is extremely high. According to the different clinical characteristics of keloid, many treatments have been derived. This article will review the progress of keloid treatment from surgical treatment, physical therapy, drug treatment and biological therapy, hoping to bring enlightenment to the future clinical work.
Key words: keloid; surgical therapy; physical therapy; drug therapy; biological therapy
瘢痕疙瘩是一種外表高出皮膚表面,質(zhì)地硬韌的病理性瘢痕,好發(fā)于張力較高的皮膚表面,如顏面下頜部、耳后、前胸和后背[1]。病變范圍會(huì)向周圍正常皮膚組織不斷擴(kuò)張并超出原始損傷邊界以外,且不會(huì)隨時(shí)間自行消退。影響瘢痕疙瘩的因素有很多,其中大部分均來(lái)自外界因素,如:手術(shù)、外傷、皮膚感染、燒燙傷、痤瘡、帶狀皰疹、蚊蟲(chóng)叮咬等;同時(shí),一些個(gè)人差異引起的內(nèi)在因素,如:性別、年齡、不良生活習(xí)慣、形成部位、高血壓等基礎(chǔ)疾病和遺傳因素均會(huì)導(dǎo)致產(chǎn)生瘢痕疙瘩[2]。由于嚴(yán)重影響美觀,并可能出現(xiàn)瘙癢和運(yùn)動(dòng)受限等癥狀,對(duì)患者的身心健康均造成巨大影響。瘢痕疙瘩的發(fā)病機(jī)制是皮膚損傷之后會(huì)進(jìn)行自我修復(fù)的過(guò)程中任意一個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)發(fā)生異常,如:血管過(guò)度生成、炎癥反應(yīng)加劇、成纖維細(xì)胞過(guò)度增殖,都會(huì)造成ECM過(guò)度產(chǎn)生、膠原比例失調(diào)和膠原的無(wú)序排列,最終表現(xiàn)為過(guò)度纖維化形成瘢痕疙瘩[3]。
近年來(lái),有關(guān)瘢痕疙瘩的治療方式層出不窮,但由于瘢痕疙瘩具有類腫瘤性、復(fù)發(fā)率極高和個(gè)人差異性較強(qiáng)等特點(diǎn),尋找一套行之有效的治療方案也成為臨床醫(yī)生和研究工作者的重要任務(wù)[4]。本文就瘢痕疙瘩的臨床治療現(xiàn)狀以及進(jìn)展予以綜述,從而為臨床醫(yī)師提供參考。
1? 手術(shù)療法
手術(shù)療法通常適用于中型和大型瘢痕疙瘩和已經(jīng)成熟的瘢痕疙瘩,但術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā)率極高,可達(dá)到45%~100%[5],一般會(huì)與術(shù)后輔助療法聯(lián)用,從而降低復(fù)發(fā)率[6]。皮膚張力過(guò)大是術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā)的主要原因[7]。切除瘢痕疙瘩后,一般會(huì)采用減張縫合來(lái)預(yù)防復(fù)發(fā);若瘢痕疙瘩面積過(guò)大無(wú)法直接縫合,則會(huì)輔以皮膚擴(kuò)張器和鄰近皮瓣移植等方式來(lái)解決。近年來(lái),比較常見(jiàn)的縫合術(shù)包括遠(yuǎn)端埋沒(méi)真皮縫合[8]、埋式垂直褥式縫合[9]、章氏縫合[10]等。在減張縫合的作用下,可以極大程度地減少瘢痕疙瘩的產(chǎn)生,術(shù)后同時(shí)加以其他輔助治療,可有效抑制瘢痕疙瘩的復(fù)發(fā),手術(shù)治療仍為瘢痕疙瘩治療方式中的重要手段。
2? 物理療法
2.1 光電療法:光電治療目前已廣泛應(yīng)用于瘢痕的預(yù)防和治療,根據(jù)其作用皮膚的深度和原理,臨床上普遍分為非剝脫性光電治療和剝脫性光電治療。
2.1.1 非剝脫性光電治療:脈沖染料激光(Pulsed dye laser,PDL)是最早用于治療瘢痕疙瘩的激光之一,主要的應(yīng)用波長(zhǎng)為585 nm和595 nm。通過(guò)選擇作用于表皮與真皮淺層的血管,破壞血紅蛋白,減少組織毛細(xì)血管的生成,抑制成纖維細(xì)胞的增殖[11]。Alster TS[12]團(tuán)隊(duì)最早用585 nm PDL來(lái)治療胸骨處的瘢痕,通過(guò)對(duì)比治療組和未治療組,瘢痕疙瘩的高度、彈性、柔韌性和紅斑大小有明顯改善。隨后,Manuskiatti W[13]團(tuán)隊(duì)對(duì)PDL治療的精確度進(jìn)行了深入討論,發(fā)現(xiàn)使用不同能量所得到的治療結(jié)果無(wú)顯著差異,短時(shí)間內(nèi)多次作用可以增強(qiáng)治療效果。
釹∶釔鋁石榴石激光(Nd:YAG激光)波長(zhǎng)為1 064 nm,相比于PDL,Nd:YAG作用深度更深,更適合來(lái)解決瘢痕疙瘩的血管化問(wèn)題,同時(shí)還可以破壞毛囊,降低毛囊炎癥[14]。Xu C等[15]對(duì)患者前后間隔4~6周采用585 nm PDL和1 064 nm Nd∶YAG兩種激光治療瘢痕疙瘩,發(fā)現(xiàn)可以顯著降低瘢痕疙瘩的血流灌注量,且Nd︰YAG激光與PDL聯(lián)用效果更佳。強(qiáng)脈沖光(Intense pulsed light,IPL)發(fā)出非相干的寬帶波長(zhǎng)脈沖光并靶向色素沉著和脈管系統(tǒng)[16],單獨(dú)用效果不佳,多與藥物聯(lián)用,可以緩解瘢痕疙瘩的厚度、紅斑及色素沉著[17]。
2.1.2 剝脫性光電治療:CO2激光是通過(guò)對(duì)病變局部的光熱作用損傷血管,氣化瘢痕組織;同時(shí)抑制成纖維細(xì)胞過(guò)度增生,誘導(dǎo)膠原重塑[18],但單獨(dú)治療2年內(nèi)復(fù)發(fā)率極高,故臨床上多為聯(lián)合治療,如TAC[19]。
鉺激光(Er:YAG激光)與CO2激光和Nd:YAG激光相比,Er:YAG激光治療效果也相對(duì)較弱,但是治療后所產(chǎn)生皮痂和紅斑的時(shí)間更短,疼痛感更輕[20]。瘢痕疙瘩組織堅(jiān)硬,因此注射藥物很困難。射頻等離子體可以使空氣中的氮?dú)夥肿咏怆x成高能的等離子態(tài),通過(guò)熱能作用于真皮層,促進(jìn)瘢痕內(nèi)的膠原組織重排[21],其中對(duì)治療耳廓瘢痕疙瘩效果顯著[22]。射頻常與類固醇類藥物注射聯(lián)用,使藥物更容易吸收[23]。相比于傳統(tǒng)病灶內(nèi)射頻,Taneja N等[24]創(chuàng)新提出在射頻過(guò)程中通過(guò)使用定制的靜脈插管表面下的孔來(lái)傳遞能量,相比傳統(tǒng)點(diǎn)放射能量,可以減少能量向各個(gè)方向消散,從而降低對(duì)表皮的損傷。
無(wú)論采用何種光電治療方式,減少光電治療后的炎癥反應(yīng),防止色素改變是很重要的。故臨床上經(jīng)常與消炎并抑制黑色素形成的輔助藥物聯(lián)用,如積雪草苷軟膏[25]。
2.2 放射療法(Radiotherapy,RT):RT用來(lái)治療瘢痕疙瘩已經(jīng)超過(guò)了100年的歷史,主要通過(guò)抑制血管生成、抑制成纖維細(xì)胞生成來(lái)達(dá)到有效預(yù)防和治療瘢痕疙瘩的效果[26]。相比單獨(dú)治療,RT更適合作為術(shù)后輔助療法。一項(xiàng)薈萃分析中,術(shù)后結(jié)合RT,可以把單獨(dú)手術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā)率從45%~100%降低至20%以下[27]。在治療效果方面,RT治療劑量和照射時(shí)間的把控尤為重要。治療瘢痕疙瘩推薦的總劑量范圍為12~20 Gy,其中最大生物學(xué)有效劑量為30 Gy,但其對(duì)內(nèi)臟器官損傷程度還有待考究[28-29]。除了治療方式外,解剖位置也是影響復(fù)發(fā)率的關(guān)鍵因素,胸部復(fù)發(fā)率最高,耳部復(fù)發(fā)率最低[27]。
2.3 光動(dòng)力療法(Photodynamic therapy,PDT):因?yàn)镻DT低毒性和高選擇性的特點(diǎn),在臨床治療中受到普遍歡迎,主要是通過(guò)用激光活化光敏藥物,使血紅素生物轉(zhuǎn)化為原卟啉IX,將內(nèi)源性分子氧轉(zhuǎn)化為細(xì)胞毒性活性氧,直接破壞單核細(xì)胞和巨噬細(xì)胞,對(duì)炎癥反應(yīng)進(jìn)行抑制來(lái)治療瘢痕疙瘩[30]。臨床上用得較多的光敏藥物是竹紅菌素軟膏[31]。目前有多項(xiàng)臨床實(shí)驗(yàn)證明,PDT是患者類固醇激素治療無(wú)效后的重要替代方法,但由于臨床研究數(shù)量較少,還需要進(jìn)一步的證明[32]。
綜上,瘢痕疙瘩的物理治療方法分類、作用機(jī)制及療效見(jiàn)表1。
3? 藥物療法
3.1 糖皮質(zhì)激素類藥物:曲安奈德(TAC)是最常用的激素類藥物,主要治療有明顯“炎性”特征的瘢痕疙瘩,可有效縮小瘢痕疙瘩的厚度,并緩解瘙癢和疼痛[33]。TAC作為單一療法復(fù)發(fā)率高達(dá)50%,且有高達(dá)63%的患者在注射后會(huì)產(chǎn)生副作用,如毛細(xì)血管擴(kuò)張、皮下脂肪萎縮,色素沉著、庫(kù)欣綜合征[30],聯(lián)合治療可降低副作用,如RT、CO2激光、5-FU[34]。為了避免糖皮質(zhì)激素注射所帶來(lái)的疼痛,類固醇敷料也越來(lái)越受歡迎,Li J[35]團(tuán)隊(duì)還采用靜電紡絲聚合物超細(xì)纖維制成的敷料來(lái)治療瘢痕疙瘩,其中包埋了地塞米松和具有抗炎抗菌的茶多酚,經(jīng)過(guò)3個(gè)月的治療后,瘢痕疙瘩的大小和紅斑均有改善,同時(shí)還進(jìn)一步降低炎癥和感染的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。
3.2 抗腫瘤藥物:瘢痕疙瘩具有腫瘤的特征,因此抗腫瘤藥物同樣對(duì)瘢痕疙瘩的治療也有一定效果。5-氟尿嘧啶(5-Fluorouracil,5-FU)具有直接的細(xì)胞毒性作用,可抑制成纖維細(xì)胞增殖、G2/M細(xì)胞周期阻滯和凋亡[36]。他莫西芬(Tamoxifen,TAM)是一種用來(lái)治療乳腺癌的選擇性雌激素受體調(diào)節(jié)劑,有研究者發(fā)現(xiàn)經(jīng)TAM治療后瘢痕疙瘩中成纖維細(xì)胞的平均數(shù)量顯著降低[37]。絲裂霉素C具有抗腫瘤活性,通過(guò)抑制成纖維細(xì)胞的DNA、RNA合成,從而抑制瘢痕生成[38]。
3.3 A型肉毒毒素:A型肉毒毒素(BTX-A)是一種可以導(dǎo)致橫紋肌麻痹的強(qiáng)效神經(jīng)毒素,通過(guò)抑制成纖維細(xì)胞的增殖、TGF-β1的表達(dá),誘導(dǎo)成纖維細(xì)胞凋亡,從而發(fā)揮治療作用[39]。而Gauglitz GG等[40]卻得出了不同的結(jié)果,持續(xù)6個(gè)月進(jìn)行瘤內(nèi)注射BTX-A,每隔1個(gè)月注射1次,發(fā)現(xiàn)BTX-A對(duì)成纖維細(xì)胞的增殖和代謝沒(méi)有影響,并不能改善瘢痕。雖然單獨(dú)作用的治療效果一般,但術(shù)前注射可以起到預(yù)防復(fù)發(fā)的作用,且注射后不良反應(yīng)較為輕微,在短暫時(shí)間內(nèi)可以自我恢復(fù)。
3.4 免疫調(diào)節(jié)劑:他克莫司作為一種mTOR受體抑制劑可以減少組胺釋放,有效緩解瘙癢,而且皮膚吸收較少,安全性高[41]。5%咪喹莫特軟膏可增強(qiáng)細(xì)胞免疫活性,通過(guò)抑制膠原蛋白和糖胺聚糖的產(chǎn)生來(lái)抑制瘢痕疙瘩的產(chǎn)生[42],但作用效果短暫,停用4周后會(huì)完全復(fù)發(fā)[43]。干擾素(Interferon,IFN)是一種糖蛋白的免疫調(diào)節(jié)劑,通過(guò)干擾膠原合成和成纖維細(xì)胞增殖,從而產(chǎn)生抗纖維化作用[5]。一項(xiàng)臨床隨機(jī)對(duì)照實(shí)驗(yàn)中,有學(xué)者發(fā)現(xiàn)IFN可降低瘢痕疙瘩的高度,但由于臨床樣本量少,故需要進(jìn)一步探討IFN合適的用藥劑量和作用時(shí)間[44]。
3.5 抗高血壓藥物:血管緊張素轉(zhuǎn)化酶抑制劑在膠原生物合成和創(chuàng)面愈合中發(fā)揮重要作用[45]。ArdekanArdekani GS等[46]對(duì)1名燒傷患者連續(xù)6周使用5%卡托普利乳膏,發(fā)現(xiàn)可以降低瘢痕疙瘩的高度,并且改善發(fā)紅和瘙癢的情況。與上述結(jié)果相反,Johanneke JJJ[47]在實(shí)驗(yàn)中沒(méi)有發(fā)現(xiàn)卡托普利可以改善瘢痕形成,僅導(dǎo)致創(chuàng)面延遲閉合。Mohammadi AA等[48]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)1%依那普利可顯著改善瘙癢情況。維拉帕米是一種鈣離子通道拮抗劑,可通過(guò)抑制炎癥反應(yīng),減少ECM和膠原生成,誘導(dǎo)膠原降解[49]。Lawrence WT[50]團(tuán)隊(duì)首次在術(shù)后7~14 d內(nèi)給予維拉帕米治療,其中52%的患者得到痊愈。與TAC相比,維拉帕米不良反應(yīng)少,且在縮小瘢痕疙瘩尺寸方面,效果更顯著[51]。
綜上,瘢痕疙瘩的藥物治療方法分類、作用機(jī)制及療效見(jiàn)表2。
4? 生物療法
4.1 成分脂肪移植:脂肪干細(xì)胞(Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells,ADSCs)是從脂肪組織中分離得到具有多向分化潛能和干細(xì)胞免疫表型的細(xì)胞,由于可以抑制成纖維細(xì)胞的增殖和膠原合成,且材料來(lái)源獲取方便、創(chuàng)傷小,已成為瘢痕疙瘩治療的研究熱點(diǎn)[52]。ADSCS的提取和培養(yǎng)過(guò)程相對(duì)復(fù)雜,相關(guān)研究仍停留在基礎(chǔ)研究階段,尚待進(jìn)一步臨床驗(yàn)證。納米脂肪移植是通過(guò)純物理的方法破壞脂肪組織中的成熟脂肪細(xì)胞,獲得的一種保留ADSCS的乳糜狀脂肪組織,其中包含基質(zhì)血管成分細(xì)胞、ECM、油滴和腫脹液。近年來(lái),有較多研究報(bào)道瘢痕內(nèi)注射納米脂肪可以改善瘢痕疙瘩的色素沉著、厚度、柔軟度,并降低疼痛感[53],也有研究表示,其治療效果并不理想,可能是因?yàn)樵谔崛∵^(guò)程中混合液中ADSC的含量相對(duì)較少[54]。脂肪的基質(zhì)血管成分含有豐富的干細(xì)胞和各種生長(zhǎng)因子,具有特殊的再生潛力,其主要是通過(guò)生長(zhǎng)因子可以促進(jìn)傷口愈合,降低炎癥反應(yīng)、誘導(dǎo)膠原重塑來(lái)治療瘢痕疙瘩[55-56]。
4.2 富血小板血漿(Platelet-rich plasma,PRP):PRP含有的生長(zhǎng)因子可以參與傷口愈合的不同階段[57]。有學(xué)者對(duì)17例瘢痕疙瘩術(shù)后切除的患者注射了4次TAC或RT后均無(wú)反應(yīng),遂每隔1個(gè)月注射1次PRP,注射3次后,血管增生、炎癥、色素沉著和柔韌性得到很大程度的改善,特別是瘙癢情況改善明顯[58]。綜合來(lái)看,注射PRP是一種安全有效的輔助療法。
綜上,瘢痕疙瘩的生物療法分類、作用機(jī)制及療效見(jiàn)表3。
5? 聯(lián)合治療
采取單一治療,瘢痕疙瘩的復(fù)發(fā)率極高,并會(huì)出現(xiàn)許多局部并發(fā)癥。因此,需要聯(lián)合多種治療手段來(lái)降低復(fù)發(fā)率,同時(shí)改善單一治療方法帶來(lái)的不良反應(yīng)。常用的為二聯(lián)療法和三聯(lián)療法。見(jiàn)表4。
5.1 二聯(lián)療法:病灶內(nèi)注射TAC是瘢痕疙瘩切除術(shù)后使用最廣泛的治療方法。有臨床研究表明,患者冷凍治療后,使用TAC+5-FU聯(lián)合治療,隨訪12個(gè)月,發(fā)現(xiàn)可明顯改善瘢痕疙瘩的高度、質(zhì)地及充血情況[59]。同時(shí),TAC+維拉帕米也被證明是有效的,可降低毛細(xì)血管擴(kuò)張和皮膚萎縮的發(fā)生,對(duì)瘢痕疙瘩總體改善具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義[60-61]。在一項(xiàng)網(wǎng)狀薈萃分析中,Yang S等[62]比較了不同治療方式的治愈率,研究結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)TAC+BTX-A的治療率最高,其中TAC+BTX-A(82.2%)>TAC+5-FU(69.8%)>BTX-A(67.3%)>5-FU+硅膠(59.4%)>TAC+硅膠(58.3%)>5-FU(49.8%)>博來(lái)霉素(42.0%)>TAC(26.7%)>維拉帕米(26.2%)>硅膠(18.3%)。同時(shí),Gamil HD等[63]也證明了TAC+BTX-A的組合治療效果優(yōu)于TAC和BTX-A的單獨(dú)治療。由此可以發(fā)現(xiàn),在單一療法中TAC比維拉帕米更有效,比5-FU和博來(lái)霉素耐受性更好;與其他藥物聯(lián)用時(shí),可以最大程度地提高治愈率。
除了藥物與藥物聯(lián)用外,還有許多二聯(lián)療法的組合方式。①藥物與激光相互聯(lián)用:術(shù)后使用TAC+放射/激光(PDL、Nd:YAG、CO2)治療消融,可以預(yù)防激光治療后由于炎癥反應(yīng)導(dǎo)致的過(guò)度色素沉著[64-66]。②藥物與壓力治療聯(lián)用:Carvalhaes SM等[67]在耳垂瘢痕疙瘩的治療中,術(shù)前每月向病灶內(nèi)注射一次TAC,手術(shù)切除后在患者耳朵瘢痕上施加壓力耳環(huán),患者耐受性良好,復(fù)發(fā)率顯著降低。③激光與激光聯(lián)用:Ouyang HW等[68]探究了PDL+CO2激光治療的效果,發(fā)現(xiàn)兩者聯(lián)合治療較單純PDL治療效果更佳。
5.2 三聯(lián)療法:目前,已經(jīng)有研究嘗試兩種藥物+激光TAC+5-FU+PDL或者一種藥物+兩種CO2激光+PDL+TAC等三聯(lián)療法來(lái)治療瘢痕疙瘩[69-70]。5-FU+TAC+透明質(zhì)酸鈉進(jìn)行聯(lián)合[71],透明質(zhì)酸鈉可以顯著減輕色素沉著。Zeng A等[72]提出了“三明治療法”,即術(shù)前放療、旋髂淺動(dòng)脈穿支皮瓣移植、術(shù)后放療聯(lián)合治療瘢痕疙瘩,治療后所有皮瓣均存活良好且沒(méi)有出現(xiàn)嚴(yán)重并發(fā)癥。三聯(lián)療法為瘢痕疙瘩的治療提供了一種多方面的治療思路,但是難以確定每種治療方式對(duì)最終結(jié)果的個(gè)體貢獻(xiàn),還需要進(jìn)一步臨床實(shí)驗(yàn)驗(yàn)證。
綜合來(lái)看,以藥物治療為主的聯(lián)合治療思路近年來(lái)被臨床廣泛采納,通過(guò)挖掘每種治療方法的作用特點(diǎn),并相互彌補(bǔ)每種療法可能引起的副作用,從而構(gòu)建一種較為完善的治療組合。
6? 小結(jié)
近年來(lái),瘢痕疙瘩新型的治療方法層出不窮,手術(shù)治療、物理療法和激素、抗腫瘤等藥物療法目前已經(jīng)廣泛應(yīng)用到臨床。其他新型藥物療法涵蓋的機(jī)制通路廣泛,有較好的臨床研究前景,但是由于大多數(shù)只局限于動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)或者樣本量較小的隨機(jī)對(duì)照實(shí)驗(yàn),還需要更多樣本的臨床研究進(jìn)一步確定治療作用時(shí)間和劑量。瘢痕疙瘩的發(fā)病與患者個(gè)人體質(zhì)密切相關(guān),故而個(gè)體化的綜合治療是取得最佳效果的關(guān)鍵。
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[收稿日期]2022-08-29
本文引用格式:齊雯麗,郝卓倫,周牧冉,等.瘢痕疙瘩的臨床治療進(jìn)展[J].中國(guó)美容醫(yī)學(xué),2024,33(1):185-191.