肖福壽
據(jù)《說文·龍部》記載,龍為“鱗蟲之長(zhǎng),能幽能明,能細(xì)能巨,能短能長(zhǎng),春分而登天,秋分能潛淵?!弊赃h(yuǎn)古以來,這種頭似駝、眼似兔、頸似蛇、耳似牛、角似鹿、頸似蛇、腹似蜃、鱗似魚、爪似鷹、掌似虎的神獸就一直受到炎黃子孫的尊崇。類似“龍的傳人”“龍的子孫”“龍的國度”“東方巨龍”之類的稱謂,常令國人感到無比自豪、無比奮發(fā)和激動(dòng)。的確,龍不僅是中國與中華民族的象征,而且也是一種符號(hào)與一種意緒,在中華文化中占據(jù)了尤其顯著的地位。
可以說,龍的影子在中華文化中隨處可見:一則我國古史傳說的五帝有著龍的情結(jié),如黃帝平時(shí)“乘龍扆云”(《大戴禮記·五帝德》),帝嚳“春夏乘龍,秋冬乘馬”(出處同前)。二則我國神話傳說中有各種各樣的龍(如無角者為螭龍、好火者為火龍、有鱗者為蛟龍、善吼者為鳴龍、未升天者為蟠龍、好水者為晴龍、有角者為虬龍、有翼者為應(yīng)龍),也有龍生九子(即長(zhǎng)子囚牛、次子睚眥、三子嘲風(fēng)、四子蒲牢、五子狻猊、六子霸下、七子狴犴、八子負(fù)屃、九子螭吻)的傳說。三則堪輿學(xué)中有“青龍、白虎、朱雀、玄武”四神獸,龍成為山和水的象征,山脈被呼作“龍脈”,曲折的流水被呼作“水龍”。四則在宮殿衙署、大戶人家乃至尋常百姓家中都有龍的身影,如北京故宮有九龍壁,太和殿有龍椅和龍柱,天安門城樓“龍吻”裝飾里的圖案為“金龍和璽”,人們喜愛用龍作為裝飾物或擺設(shè),而雙龍屋頂為中華建筑的重要風(fēng)格。五則龍的形象蘊(yùn)涵了國人最為重視的“四觀”(即天人合一的宇宙觀、仁者愛人的人生觀、陰陽交合的發(fā)展觀、兼容并包的多元文化觀),體現(xiàn)了多元一體、綜合創(chuàng)新的中國文化基本精神。六則龍為帝王的象征,如皇帝自稱為“真龍?zhí)熳印薄⒒实鬯拇矠辇埓?、皇帝穿的衣為龍袍、皇帝坐的椅為龍椅。七則服裝或旗幟上都裝飾有龍的圖像,如《禮·明堂位》記載的“有虞氏服韨,夏后氏山,殷火,周龍章”以及《周禮·秋官·小行人》記載的“達(dá)天下之六節(jié):山國用虎節(jié),土國用人節(jié),澤國用龍節(jié),皆以金為之”。八則許多民俗皆與龍有關(guān),如元宵節(jié)舞龍、農(nóng)歷二月二為中國的“龍?zhí)ь^”、端午節(jié)的龍舟賽,這些民俗皆視龍為云布雨、掌管福禍之神。九則龍的身影大量出現(xiàn)在文學(xué)作品中,如《史記·高祖本紀(jì)》有“高祖為人,隆準(zhǔn)而龍顏”,《拾遺記》有“禹盡力溝洫,導(dǎo)川夷岳,黃龍曳尾于前,玄龜負(fù)青泥于后”, 《西游記》有涇河龍王、龍王敖廣、萬圣龍王等故事,《封神演義》有小龍王與大龍王的故事,白居易的詩歌《黑潭龍》有“黑潭水深黑如墨,傳有神龍人不識(shí)。潭上駕屋官立祠,龍不能神人神之”,韓愈的詩歌《龍移》有“天昏地黑蛟龍移,雷驚電激雄雌隨。清泉百丈化為土,魚鱉枯死吁可悲”。由此可見,龍的形象已滲透到中華文化的方方面面。
2024年,是中國農(nóng)歷甲辰年,即民間生肖紀(jì)年的龍年。在這龍年來臨之際,讓我們重新檢閱一下漢英詞典中一些與“龍”相關(guān)的表達(dá)法,聊作一種新年之樂吧。
本文的語料主要選取陸谷孫教授主編的《中華漢英大詞典》,均為該詞典的編纂者自以為迻譯尚有特點(diǎn)的與“龍”有關(guān)的習(xí)語與俗語,其目的在于與廣大讀者共享并敦請(qǐng)廣大讀者質(zhì)疑與指謬。
一、與“龍”相關(guān)的四字成語
1.1 藏龍臥虎? <idiom> (hidden dragons and crouching tigers) talented people who remain obscure to the undiscerning eye; undiscovered talent: ~之地 a place where talents are to be discovered
1.2 乘龍快婿? also 乘龍佳婿 <idiom> (son-in-law galloping on a dragon) handsome, distinguished, promising or lucky son-in-law; ideal son-in-law
1.3 乘龍配鳳? <idiom> (to ride a dragon along with a phoenix) to find a good match for marriage
1.4 飛龍?jiān)谔? <idiom> (the dragon is flying in the sky) the sovereign is in power: ~,利見大人 the dragon is on the wing in the sky; it will be advantageous to the great man
1.5 畫龍點(diǎn)睛? <idiom> (to add eyeballs to the picture of a dragon) 1. to add the finishing touch 2. to say or write sth that settles the matter: 北京之行是此次訪問的“~之筆” the highlight of the visit is the travel to Beijing
1.6 蛟龍戲水? <idiom> (the flood dragon enjoying the waves) 1. to skillfully wield weapons [eg sword, spear, cane] 2. masterly in martial arts
1.7 來龍去脈? <idiom> origin and course of development; beginning and end; cause and effect; sequence of events; context: 弄清事情的~ find out the cause and effect of the incident by a thorough investigation
1.8 老態(tài)龍鐘? <idiom> senile; doddering
1.9 龍飛鳳舞? also 龍翔鳳舞 <idiom> (like flying dragons and dancing phoenixes) 1. magnificent and imposing (of mountains) 2. lively and vigorous (of calligraphy); exquisite calligraphy 3. beautiful penmanship; elegant handwriting: 這幾個(gè)字寫得~ how exquisite and elegant these Chinese characters look 4. lively dancing
1.10 龍飛九五? <idiom> imperial throne; emperorship
1.11 龍鳳呈祥? <idiom> (prosperity brought by the dragon and the phoenix) in extremely good fortune
1.12龍睛虎目? <idiom> (eyes of a dragon or a tiger) to assume a stern counte-nance
1.13龍精虎猛? <idiom> (having the spirit of a dragon and the energy of a tiger) spirited and energetic
1.14 龍馬精神 <idiom> (vigour of a dragon-horse) vigorous and exuberant spirit; vigorous spirit of the aged; full of vitality
1.15 龍盤虎踞? also 龍?bào)椿⒕?,龍?bào)椿⒗@ <idiom> (coiled like a dragon and crouching like a tiger; with a dragon curling and a tiger crouching) 1. strategic stronghold; forbidding strategic point; terrain of strategic importance: ~帝王城 strategically located and formidable is the imperial city 2. city of Nanjing (南京) [in Jiangsu Province]: ~今勝昔 Nanjing is now much better than ever 3. inhabited by heroes and outstanding figures 4. gorgeously grained; colourful and textured
1.16 龍生九子? also 龍生九種 <idiom> (a dragon has nine dragonets) brothers born of the same parents still differ greatly from each other: ~不成龍,各有所好 the nine dragonets a dragon breeds are not truly dragonish; each follows its own bent
1.17 龍騰虎躍? also 龍?zhí)④S <idiom> (dragons are soaring, and tigers leaping) 1. a scene of bustling activity; a bustle of activity; to bustle with activity: 一匹~的火焰駒 a strong and vigorous flamy horse 2. vigorous strokes in calligraphy: 這些字寫得~,氣勢(shì)不凡 written in bold and vigorous strokes, these characters look exceptionally graceful and elegant 3. highly enthusiastic and accomplished: 任自己~ fill oneself with enthusiasm and vigour
1.18 龍行虎步? <idiom> (to walk like a dragon and pace like a tiger) 1. heroic bearing; impressive and dignified manner (eg of a general): 他~,是個(gè)王者之相 with his dignified and solemn appearance, he is something of a king 2. majestic gait of the emperor; dignified manner of an emperor
1.19 龍顏大悅? <idiom> (the dragon’s countenance shows great pleasure) the emperor is highly pleased
1.20龍爭(zhēng)虎斗? <idiom> (the dragon fights with the tiger) fierce battle between formidable foes
1.21攀龍附鳳? also 攀龍附驥 <idiom> (to climb onto the dragon and cleave to the phoenix) to play up to powerful people; to advance one’s career by currying favour with influential people; to succeed through patronage
1.22 生龍活虎? <idiom> (doughty as a dragon and lively as a tiger) 1. to be full of vim and vigour; to be bursting with energy: 我那~的爸爸 my robust and lively father | 這些小伙子,個(gè)個(gè)~ every one of these young men is full of vigour and vitality 2. person bursting with energy; person brimming with vigour
1.23 屠龍之技? <idiom> (skill to slaughter dragons) a high skill without a worthy object on which to use it
1.24 望子成龍? also 望子成人 <idiom> to have high hopes that one’s son will grow up to amount to sth
1.25 降龍伏虎? <idiom> (to subdue the dragon and tame the tiger) 1. to overcome powerful foes; 2. to surmount formidable obstacles 3. to conquer one’s passions
1.26 魚龍混雜? <idiom> (fish and dragons mixed together) good and bad people or things mixed up
二、與“龍”相關(guān)的俗語
2.1 畫龍畫虎難畫骨? <familiar> (it is harder to paint the bones of a dragon and a tiger than their images) it is difficult to know a person’s true nature or innermost feelings: ~, 知人知面不知心 just as you can paint a dragon and tiger but not their bones, you may know a person’s face but not his mind
2.2 蛟龍失云雨? <familiar> (the flood dragon deprived of cloud and rain) to lose support and achieve nothing (of capable people)
2.3 鯉魚跳龍門? <familiar> (a carp leaping into the Dragon’s Gate) to get rapid promotion
2.4 龍虎相斗,必有一傷 <familiar> (when a dragon and a tiger fight, one is sure to be wounded) when two powerful people fight, one is sure to get hurt
2.5 龍斗虎爭(zhēng),小鹿遭殃? <familiar> (when a dragon and a tiger fight, the young stag has to suffer) the innocent people have to suffer when their leaders come into conflict
2.6 龍生龍, 鳳生鳳, 老鼠養(yǎng)兒會(huì)打洞? <familiar> (dragons beget dragons, phoenixes beget phoenixes, and the offspring of mice can dig holes) like begets like; like father, like son
2.7 龍游淺灘遭蝦戲,虎落平陽被犬欺 <familiar> (a dragon on a shoal can fall victim to shrimps, and a tiger on the plain can be bullied by dogs) the powerful in distress can be insulted by the weak; those who are out of their element or power can be bullied like everyone else
2.8 寧為蛇頭,不為龍尾? <familiar> (better be the head of a snake than the tail of a dragon) better to be the head of a dog than the tail of a lion; better to be a big frog in a little pond than a small frog in a big one; it is better to be the head of a small group than to hold a less powerful position in a large one
2.9 神龍見首不見尾? <familiar> (one can see the head of a dragon, but not its tail) 1. hard to get hold of; can barely catch a glimpse of 2. to be secretive in one’s movements
2.10 一龍生九種? <idiom> (a dragon begets nine species) 1. brother differs from brother 2. pupil (of the same master) differs from pupil
的確,漢語中與“龍”有關(guān)的表達(dá)法實(shí)在太豐富了,諸如“龍蹲”“龍袞”“龍魂”“龍鵬”“龍趨”“龍麝”“龍攄”“鰲憤龍愁”“扳龍附鳳”“禪世雕龍”“得婿如龍”“龜龍片甲”“龍雛鳳種”“龍斷之登”“龍多乃旱”“龍飛鳳翔”“龍舉云屬”“龍騰鳳集”“龍游曲沼”“龍躍鳳鳴”“龍睜虎眼”“神龍見首”“游云驚龍”“不下大海,難捉蛟龍”“吃飯像條龍,做活像條蟲”“獨(dú)龍難斗兩頭蛇”“二月二,龍?zhí)ь^”“虎嘯風(fēng)生,龍騰云起”“積水成淵,蛟龍興焉”“蛟龍得云雨,終非池中物”“老虎嘴里拔脫牙,青龍頭下揀明珠”“鯉魚跳龍門,身價(jià)百倍”“龍肝鳳膽攏歹醫(yī)”“龍虎相斗,魚龜遭殃”“龍交龍,鳳交鳳,老鼠的朋友會(huì)打洞”“龍生一子混九江,老母豬子多盡吃糠”“龍是龍,鱉是鱉,喇叭是銅鍋是鐵”“龍無云不行,魚無水不生”“龍行一步,鱉爬十年”“龍一條勝過蚯蚓一畚箕”“龍游蒼?;w山”“龍游鳳舞,歲樂民喜”“龍有蛇之一麟,不害其為靈”“猛虎不在當(dāng)?shù)琅P,困龍也有上天時(shí)”“莫為霜臺(tái)愁歲暮,潛龍須待一聲雷”“批龍鱗易,捋虎須難”“擒龍不怕浪濤涌,打虎不怕虎逞兇”“擒龍要下海,打虎要上山”“蚯蚓成不了龍”“山不在高,有仙則名;水不在深,有龍則靈”“涉淺水者得蝦,涉深水者得蛟龍”“身無斬龍刀,也敢下東?!薄笆驱埖教幮杏?,是蛇到處傷人”“是龍就上天,是蛇就鉆地”“是龍來去大海,是蛇草里鉆”“在家似龍,出外似鼠”等表達(dá)法的英文翻譯,更待我們共同探索。
* 南京大學(xué)博士,哈佛大學(xué)訪問學(xué)者,現(xiàn)為上海大學(xué)教授、博士生導(dǎo)師,上海大學(xué)英文寫作中心主任,主要從事英語詞塊學(xué)、英語寫作學(xué)以及詞典編纂研究。