楊眉
有人說,美食不在于價格的高低,而在于能否讓食客心情愉悅;有人說,美食不求華麗,只求真誠,一份用心制作的菜肴,無論簡單還是復雜,都能打動人心;有人說,美食是一種藝術,一種文化,一種情感……在淄博博山,最平凡的烹飪材料——豆腐,由廚師粗料細做后變身為豆腐箱,既是本地人隔三差五解饞開胃的家常菜肴,也是在外游子心心念著的“故鄉(xiāng)味”,還是適合外地客人嘗鮮的風味小吃。博山豆腐箱不僅是一道美食,更是一種生活方式,既傳承了當?shù)氐臍v史和文化,又體現(xiàn)了當?shù)厝说膭?chuàng)新和智慧。
豆腐是中華民族最為傳統(tǒng)的美食原料,其起源可以追溯到漢代。李時珍《本草綱目》記載:“豆腐之法,始于漢淮南王劉安?!?960年河南密縣發(fā)掘的東漢墓中,有豆腐作坊的畫像石,可見豆腐歷史之悠久。豆腐遍及各地,惟博山豆腐在制作上異于他地,不用鹵水制作,也不用石膏來當凝固劑,而是用“酸漿”點腦,壓制而成。用這種方法做出的豆腐質(zhì)地緊實強韌,不管如何烹飪,不塌不散,能制作出多種風味菜品,博山豆腐箱就是其中最有代表性的菜品之一。
顧名思義,豆腐箱是一道以豆腐為主料的菜。簡單點說,就是用豆腐做成一個個小箱子,打開蓋子,里面是香氣四溢的餡料,美味的肉汁慢慢地滋潤進豆腐里,“孕他味于腹中”,風味交融,湯汁醇厚。
尋究博山豆腐箱的淵源,民間有三個不同的傳說版本。相傳清康熙六年,康熙微服來到博山看望他的老師孫廷銓。孫廷銓急忙召集長子孫寶仍及家廚商議接駕圣宴,席間精心安排了一道以家鄉(xiāng)豆腐為主料的豆腐箱,里面裝有本地精致的山珍美味??滴跏澈筚澆唤^口并問及菜名,早有準備的孫寶仍答道:此菜名曰“開箱取寶”??滴蹩吹綄O廷銓不但治國有謀,且家教有方,就連菜名寓意都如此吉祥,龍顏大悅,親書“為帝者師”匾額相贈,還讓孫寶仍出任光祿寺掌醢署署正。第二個傳說流傳較廣,《博山區(qū)志》也有記載:“博山豆腐箱,博山傳統(tǒng)名菜,已有幾百年歷史。相傳,清乾隆皇帝南巡時特意來博山瞻仰孫廷銓的故居,品嘗了豆腐箱贊不絕口?!钡谌齻€傳說拋開了帝王將相的帝嘗御封之言,直接起源于平民廚師之手。說是在清咸豐年間,博山大街南頭的張姓廚師為款待昔日京城舊主而創(chuàng)制了此菜。
博山豆腐箱剛出現(xiàn)時是一個大箱形裝餡而成,食用不太方便,心靈手巧的廚師就在原來的基礎上加以改進,縮成了十幾個小箱子,然后再壘湊成一個大箱形,才有了今天這種便于食用且造型美觀的豆腐箱。隨著飲食業(yè)的發(fā)展,博山豆腐箱逐漸升格為“三臺席”“四四席”的大件之一,因獨特的做法及風味更是登上了人民大會堂國宴之列,深受中外賓客的關注和喜愛。2018年,博山豆腐箱被評為“山東十大經(jīng)典名菜”之一。如今,博山豆腐箱走進了尋常百姓家,走進大大小小的博山菜館里,成了人們必點的一道菜。令食客驚喜的是,博山豆腐箱不但甄選多種食材為餡料,就連箱子的形狀也從傳統(tǒng)的長方形發(fā)展到圓形、元寶、魚形等多種形狀,食客們不僅有更多口味選擇,還能感受“都?!钡募橛靡?。
做博山豆腐箱是件費時費工的事,需要先將豆腐切成長6厘米、寬厚2厘米的長塊,用花生油炸至金黃色撈出,再在豆腐塊的上端切開一塊皮,一側(cè)不切斷,挖出內(nèi)里豆腐,填上調(diào)好的餡料,蓋好“箱蓋”。餡料有三鮮餡(海米、蝦仁、豬肉)、蟹黃餡、雞肉餡等多種。裝好餡料的箱子垛成塔形,上籠蒸約10分鐘取出。最后將用木耳、黃瓜片、西紅柿片等做好的芡汁均勻地澆在上面,一道色澤鮮亮、香氣濃郁的博山豆腐箱就做好了。
出鍋后的博山豆腐箱金黃油亮、外酥里嫩,箱內(nèi)原料滑嫩燙口、香氣撲鼻,箱外湯汁柔和綿長、誘人食欲。金黃色的小箱子封鎖住了豐富的內(nèi)在,讓人忍不住想“開箱取寶”,一探究竟。夾一筷子放入口中,素葷巧妙搭配出的酸甜鮮美,最是撩人味蕾;咬一口,皮韌餡嫩,滿口留香……其香其美,是語言和文字表達不出來的,只有親口品嘗才能感受到這道美食的無比妙趣。
“已識乾坤大,猶憐草木青?!庇眠@句詩來形容氣象萬千的博山豆腐箱再合適不過了。從一家老小的家常菜到款待賓客的“四四宴”,從民間小吃到國宴菜肴,博山豆腐箱詮釋著魯中地區(qū)先民們對美好生活不斷追求、積極向上的愿望,象征著一代代博山人拼搏又包容的精神。它給予食客的不僅僅是舌尖上的味蕾盛宴,展現(xiàn)更多的是中華飲食文化的獨特魅力,是三百多年歲月沉淀出的更深更長的“文化味”。
編輯/刁艷杰
Tofu is everywhere, but Boshan tofu differs in preparation. It neither is made in brine, nor has gypsum as the coagulant, but is made by pressing upon the use of “sour slurry”. Tofu made in this way is compact and firm in texture, and does not fall apart no matter how you cook it. It can be made into various flavored dishes, and Boshan tofu box is one of the most iconic dishes.
In the beginning, Boshan tofu box was a large piece of box-shaped tofu with stuffing, which was inconvenient to eat. Ingenious cooks made improvements on the original basis, shrank it into a dozen of small boxes, and then piled up into a big box, thereby presenting the present-day edible and attractive tofu box. With the development of catering, Boshan tofu box has been selected into the state banquet at the Great Hall of the People in reliance upon its unique preparation method and flavor, and has been well received by both Chinese and foreign guests. In 2018, Boshan tofu box was rated as one of“Shandong’s Top 10 Classic Dishes”.
The finished Boshan tofu box is golden, glossy, crispy on the outside, and tender on the inside. The stuffing in the box is tender, hot and fragrant; the broth outside the box is mellow and appetizing. The small golden box locks its internal abun- dance, making diners cannot help but “open the box to take the treasure”. After taking a bite, you can taste the tantalizing sweetness and sourness from the clever combination of meat and vegetable. Only by tasting can you feel the incomparable wisdom contained in this dish.
From a home-style dish for family members to the “Quartet Feast”for guests, from a folk snack to a state banquet dish, Boshan tofu box interprets the ancestors’ constant pursuit of a better life and positive aspiration in central Shandong, and symbolizes the perseverance and inclusiveness of the Boshan people from generation to generation.