陳雷 齊希梁 石彩云 董媛鑫 宋露露 劉聰利 李明
摘? ? 要:番茄、蘋果、梨、棗等園藝作物是典型的蘋果酸型果實(shí),其果實(shí)酸度主要取決于液泡中蘋果酸的積累量。蘋果酸不僅決定果實(shí)的風(fēng)味品質(zhì),還可作為呼吸底物為植物體提供必需的物質(zhì)和能量,在調(diào)節(jié)植物細(xì)胞滲透勢、酸堿平衡、抗逆性等方面起著重要作用。蘋果酸代謝途徑比較復(fù)雜,涉及眾多結(jié)構(gòu)催化酶的參與,而蘋果酸主要貯存于液泡中,從細(xì)胞質(zhì)向液泡的跨膜運(yùn)輸和儲存是復(fù)雜的生物學(xué)過程,需要多種轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)蛋白、質(zhì)子泵的參與??偨Y(jié)了蘋果酸型果實(shí)酸度性狀遺傳研究、轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)蛋白及質(zhì)子泵在蘋果酸跨膜轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)中的作用,并將轉(zhuǎn)錄因子對蘋果酸的代謝調(diào)控進(jìn)行了概述,以深入理解蘋果酸代謝調(diào)控網(wǎng)絡(luò),為園藝作物品質(zhì)育種提供理論基礎(chǔ)。
關(guān)鍵詞:園藝作物;果實(shí);蘋果酸;代謝;質(zhì)子泵;轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)蛋白;調(diào)控
中圖分類號:S66 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼:A 文章編號:1009-9980(2023)12-2598-12
收稿日期:2023-07-10 接受日期:2023-09-25
基金項目:國家自然科學(xué)基金青年基金項目(3210180675);中國農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院創(chuàng)新工程專項經(jīng)費(fèi)(CAAS-ASTIP-2023-ZFRI)
作者簡介:陳雷,男,在讀碩士研究生,研究方向?yàn)楣麡溥z傳育種。E-mail:1416744170@qq.com
*通信作者 Author for correspondence. E-mail:liming06@caas.cn;E-mail:liucongli@caas.cn
Advances in research of malate metabolism and regulation in fruit of horticultural crops
CHEN Lei, QI Xiliang, SHI Caiyun, DONG Yuanxin, SONG Lulu, LIU Congli*, LI Ming*
(Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, CAAS, Zhengzhou 450009, Henan, China)
Abstract: Acidity is an important part of the sensory quality of fruit. Malic acid is the main organic acid in ripe fruits of tomatoes, apples, pears, and jujubes. Malic acid not only determines fruit acidity and quality but also has multiple important functions in the plant. Malate is well known as a key intermediate in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and is imported into mitochondria as a respiratory substrate. Malate also participates the glyoxalate cycle pathway and is closely related to plant primary metabolism, carbon cycling, and carbohydrate accumulation. Malate plays an important role in regulating the osmotic potential, pH balance, and stress resistance in horticultural crops. Thus, it is of important theoretical significance and practical value for high-quality breeding programs as well as the study of the mechanism underlying malic acid biosynthesis and transport in fruits. Malic acid is synthesized in the cytoplasm, accumulated in the vacuole during the early stages of fruit development, and used as a respiratory substrate during fruit ripening. Malate accumulation is affected by synthesis, transport, and metabolism, and involves the participation of numerous catalytic enzymes. Malate metabolism is a complex biological system influenced not only by genetic factors but also by environmental factors, agronomic practices, and post-harvest treatments. In the cytoplasm of fruit, glycogen is converted to phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) through the glycolytic pathway. PEP is carboxylated by phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) to produce oxaloacetate (OAA), which is the first step of malic acid synthesis. Then, malate synthesis is catalyzed by cytosolic NAD-dependent malate dehydrogenase (cyMDH) and cytosolic NADP-dependent malic enzyme (cyME). The cyMDH is a key enzyme involved in malate synthesis and catalyzes the conversion reaction from OAA to malate, while cyME is an important malate-degrading enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of malate to pyruvate in the cytoplasm. In addition, malate accumulation is regulated by transmembrane transport between the vacuole and cytoplasm. The transmembrane transport of malic acid requires not only a proton pump to provide energy but also the assistance of channel proteins or transmembrane transporters. The main vacuolar transporters, such as the tonoplast-localized malate transporter (tDT) and aluminum-activated malate transporter (ALMT), participate in the transmembrane transport and accumulation of malate in the fruit. Among the ALMT family members, ALMT9 is the most widely studied gene. Apple Ma1 gene is a key malate transporter responsible for differences in malic acid content between wild and cultivated fruits. SlALMT9 is considered to be responsible for variation in malate content in the fruit among tomato genotypes. VvALMT9, a homolog of AtALMT9 in grapes, is a vacuolar malate channel that mediates the accumulation of malate and tartrate in the vacuoles of grape berries. Tonoplast proton pumps such as vacuolar-type H+-ATPase (V-ATPase, VHA), vacuolar-type H+-pumping pyrophosphatase (V-PPase, VHP), and P-ATPase (PHA) generate the driving force for vacuolar acidification by transporting protons across the membrane into the vacuole. In petunia flowers, the P-type proton pump genes PhPH1 and PhPH5 interact with each other and form a complex to promote vacuolar acidification. MdPH1 and MdPH5, homologs of PhPH1 and PhPH5 in apples, have been identified and shown to be involved in vacuolar acidification and malate accumulation. Another P-type proton pump gene Ma10 in apples was found to be significantly correlated with malic acid accumulation, explaining about 8% of the variation in fruit acidity phenotypes in natural apple populations. Increasing evidences showed that transcription factors, such as MYB, bHLH, WRKY, and ERF family members, participate in the regulation of malate transporters and proton pumps. In apples, MdMYB1, MdMYB44, and MdMYB73 regulate malate accumulation and vacuolar acidification in fruits by activating or repressing the promoter activities of the malate transporter and proton pump genes. Apart from MYB transcription factors, other transcription factors, such as bHLH and WRKY, are also involved in the regulation of malic acid accumulation and vacuolar acidification. In petunia, AN1 (bHLH transcription factor) can form a complex with AN11-PH4 to positively regulate vacuolar acidification and thus affects pH. In apples, MdbHLH3, a homolog of AN1 regulates malate accumulation in fruit by directly activating the expression of the malate dehydrogenase gene MdcyMDH. MdbHLH3 forms a complex with MdMYB1 to promote pulp anthocyanin and malate accumulation. In tomatoes, SlWRKY42 directly binds to the promoter of SlALMT9, repressing its transcription, and thereby inhibiting malate accumulation in tomato fruit. ZjWRKY7 transcription factor activates the transcription of ZjALMT4 by the W-box region of the high-acidity genotype in sour jujube, thereby promoting malate accumulation, whereas the binding ability was weakened in jujube. This paper summarizes the mechanism of malate accumulation in horticultural crops, such as tomato, apple, pear, and jujube, and provides an overview of the role of transporters, proton pumps, and upstream transcription factors responsible for malate accumulation and vacuolar acidification, which will provide a theoretical basis for quality breeding in horticultural crops.
Key words: Horticultural crops; Fruit; Malate; Metabolism; Proton pump; Transporter protein; Regulation
有機(jī)酸是影響園藝作物果實(shí)風(fēng)味品質(zhì)的重要因素,番茄、蘋果、梨、棗等園藝作物屬于蘋果酸型果實(shí),蘋果酸是成熟果實(shí)有機(jī)酸的主要成分,其果實(shí)酸度主要取決于液泡中蘋果酸的積累量。蘋果酸不但決定著果實(shí)的風(fēng)味品質(zhì),同時作為呼吸代謝底物參與到細(xì)胞質(zhì)的糖酵解、線粒體中三羧酸循環(huán)(TCA)、乙醛酸循環(huán)等過程,為植物體提供能量物質(zhì)[1-2]。此外,蘋果酸對果實(shí)花青苷具有共色作用,可以通過增強(qiáng)花青苷的穩(wěn)定性影響果實(shí)色澤形成[3-4]。目前研究表明,液泡膜蘋果酸轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)蛋白與質(zhì)子泵對蘋果酸跨液泡膜轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)起重要作用[5-7]。蘋果酸轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)蛋白主要負(fù)責(zé)蘋果酸的跨液泡膜轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)[8];而質(zhì)子泵將H+轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)到液泡內(nèi),促使液泡內(nèi)外形成較大的pH梯度和電化學(xué)梯度,為蘋果酸跨液泡膜運(yùn)輸提供動力[9]。筆者結(jié)合前人研究,從果實(shí)酸度遺傳學(xué)研究、蘋果酸合成降解途徑、蘋果酸轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)蛋白和質(zhì)子泵類型及功能、轉(zhuǎn)錄調(diào)控因子等方面進(jìn)行總結(jié),闡述蘋果酸代謝轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)機(jī)制,對園藝作物優(yōu)質(zhì)品種的選育具有重要理論意義與應(yīng)用價值。
1 植物蘋果酸功能
蘋果酸主要以蘋果酸酯的形式廣泛存在植物體中,分布于根、莖、葉、果實(shí)等多種組織器官,不但決定果實(shí)風(fēng)味和品質(zhì),同時作為呼吸代謝的底物參與細(xì)胞質(zhì)的糖酵解、線粒體中三羧酸循環(huán)(TCA)、乙醛酸循環(huán)等過程,為植物體提供能量物質(zhì)。此外,蘋果酸還參與植物體內(nèi)pH平衡、植物細(xì)胞滲透勢調(diào)節(jié)等代謝過程[1-2]。植物根系分泌的蘋果酸,可以解除鋁離子的毒害作用,促進(jìn)對營養(yǎng)成分的吸收,為根際土壤微生物提供良好的環(huán)境[10]。在蘋果和棗中研究發(fā)現(xiàn),野生型果實(shí)蘋果酸含量顯著高于栽培型品種,這種現(xiàn)象可能是自然選擇的結(jié)果,果實(shí)中較高的酸度水平能夠幫助植物抵御外界不良環(huán)境而生存下來[7,10-12]。
2 園藝作物果實(shí)蘋果酸遺傳學(xué)水平研究進(jìn)展
在園藝作物中,果實(shí)酸度屬于數(shù)量性狀遺傳,受自身和外界等多種因素的影響,其中遺傳因素是影響果實(shí)酸度的重要因素。以桃、蘋果、番茄和杏為代表的蘋果酸型果實(shí)在有關(guān)果實(shí)酸度的遺傳研究中表明,果實(shí)酸度由多個基因協(xié)同控制,遺傳機(jī)制較為復(fù)雜??刂铺夜麑?shí)酸度的主效基因位于第5號染色體頂端,又命名為D位點(diǎn),且低酸為顯性性狀[13];Wang等[14]結(jié)合全基因組關(guān)聯(lián)分析和BSA-seq技術(shù)發(fā)現(xiàn)第5號染色體上存在調(diào)控桃果實(shí)有機(jī)酸積累的主效基因PpTST1。在蘋果中,多數(shù)研究者一致認(rèn)為蘋果果實(shí)酸含量由一對主效基因(Ma/ma)和其他多基因控制,位于16號染色體頂端的Ma位點(diǎn)是控制蘋果成熟果實(shí)酸度的主效QTL,其中編碼鋁誘導(dǎo)的蘋果酸轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)蛋白的Ma1基因是主效基因,且相對于ma1具有不完全顯性特征,顯性純合體Ma1/Ma1為高酸,雜合體Ma1/ma1表現(xiàn)為中酸,在同一基因型內(nèi)株系間表現(xiàn)出連續(xù)性酸度變異,則是多基因控制的結(jié)果[5,15-16];除Ma1基因外,在多個遺傳群體中均檢測到位于8號染色體的另一個主效QTL位點(diǎn),其中編碼P型質(zhì)子泵的Ma10基因?qū)麑?shí)蘋果酸的積累起重要作用[17]。Sauvage等[18]利用163份番茄種質(zhì)中的19種主要代謝物和5995個SNPs進(jìn)行mGWAS研究,發(fā)現(xiàn)第6號染色體的SNP位點(diǎn)與果實(shí)蘋果酸含量相關(guān)。Ye等[6]結(jié)合全基因組關(guān)聯(lián)分析和BSA技術(shù)進(jìn)一步證實(shí)第6號染色體上存在調(diào)控果實(shí)蘋果酸的主效基因SlALMT9,該基因與蘋果Ma1基因具有較高的同源性。Dondini等[19]基于F1群體進(jìn)行QTL定位,發(fā)現(xiàn)杏果實(shí)酸度是多基因控制的數(shù)量性狀,在4、5、6、7、8號染色體上均檢測到QTL位點(diǎn)。
綜上所述,蘋果酸型果實(shí)酸度有兩種遺傳方式:一種是主效基因控制的數(shù)量性狀,高酸/中酸/低酸由一對主效基因控制,低酸性狀的顯隱性因樹種而異;另一種是多基因控制的數(shù)量性狀,多數(shù)品種雜交后代果實(shí)酸度性狀表現(xiàn)出連續(xù)變異。
3 園藝作物果實(shí)蘋果酸合成與降解
在果實(shí)發(fā)育前期,蘋果酸在細(xì)胞質(zhì)中合成,在液泡中積累;在果實(shí)發(fā)育后期,蘋果酸從液泡中釋放出來,在細(xì)胞質(zhì)中降解。蘋果酸代謝途徑比較復(fù)雜,涉及眾多酶參與(圖1):葉片經(jīng)光合作用制造的光合產(chǎn)物,通過韌皮部運(yùn)輸?shù)焦麑?shí)。在果實(shí)細(xì)胞質(zhì)中,糖通過糖酵解途徑生成磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸(PEP),PEP經(jīng)磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧化酶(PEPC)羧化后生成草酰乙酸(OAA),這是蘋果酸合成第一步,OAA在NAD-蘋果酸脫氫酶(NAD-cyMDH)的催化下形成蘋果酸[20]。部分蘋果酸被轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)到液泡中儲存,形成果實(shí)風(fēng)味品質(zhì)的重要組成因素。PEP和NAD-cyMDH是蘋果酸合成的關(guān)鍵酶[21-22]。對不同酸度類型的桃[23]、蘋果[24]、枇杷[25]、杏[26]果實(shí)分析發(fā)現(xiàn),PEPC雖然催化蘋果酸的合成,但其表達(dá)量和酶活性與果實(shí)中蘋果酸含量沒有顯著相關(guān)性,在蘋果愈傷和番茄中超表達(dá)MdcyMDH會導(dǎo)致蘋果酸含量顯著增加,同時誘導(dǎo)蘋果酸代謝相關(guān)基因上調(diào)表達(dá),表明MdcyMDH直接參與蘋果酸合成[27]。
在果實(shí)成熟后期,部分蘋果酸通過跨膜轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)從液泡釋放出來,在細(xì)胞質(zhì)內(nèi)降解后重新合成PEP。降解過程關(guān)鍵酶包括磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧激酶(PEPCK)和蘋果酸酶(NADP-cytME)。一方面,蘋果酸可以通過NADP-cytME催化脫羧形成丙酮酸,再由丙酮酸正磷酸鹽二激酶(PPDK)反向催化生成PEP;另一方面,蘋果酸還可以通過NAD-cyMDH反向轉(zhuǎn)化為OAA,然后在PEPCK的作用下生成PEP。PEP是糖酵解和糖異生作用的中間產(chǎn)物,當(dāng)果肉細(xì)胞內(nèi)沒有足夠的葡萄糖進(jìn)行糖酵解時,PEP可在果糖1,6-二磷酸酶和葡萄糖激酶等的作用下反向合成葡萄糖,實(shí)現(xiàn)果實(shí)蘋果酸向可溶性糖的轉(zhuǎn)變,此轉(zhuǎn)變過程通過糖異生途徑來實(shí)現(xiàn)[28-30]。
4 園藝作物果實(shí)蘋果酸轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)
蘋果酸主要貯存于液泡中,液泡中的跨膜轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)與果實(shí)酸度密切相關(guān),迄今為止,控制果實(shí)蘋果酸含量的關(guān)鍵基因多為蘋果酸跨膜轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)相關(guān)基因。蘋果酸的跨膜轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)不僅需要質(zhì)子泵來提供能量,還需要蘋果酸轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)蛋白和離子通道蛋白的協(xié)助,目前研究較多的是液泡膜二羧酸轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)蛋白(tonoplast dicarboxylate transporter,tDT/TDT)和鋁誘導(dǎo)的蘋果酸轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)蛋白(aluminum-activated malate transporter,ALMT)(表1)。
4.1 蘋果酸轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)蛋白
擬南芥液泡膜二羧酸轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)蛋白(AttDT)是最早發(fā)現(xiàn)的一類具有蘋果酸轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)特性的蛋白,定位于液泡膜上,主要參與蘋果酸在液泡和細(xì)胞質(zhì)之間的跨膜轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn),還參與調(diào)節(jié)植物細(xì)胞pH動態(tài)平衡[37]?,F(xiàn)已在番茄(SlTDT)[34]、柑橘(CsCit1)[38]、梨(PbrTDT1)[39]等園藝作物中克隆到AttDT的同源基因。在擬南芥中過表達(dá)AttDT顯著提高了葉片蘋果酸含量,但降低了檸檬酸含量[40]。在番茄中同源過表達(dá)番茄SlTDT和異源過表達(dá)梨PbrTDT1后顯著提高了番茄果實(shí)蘋果酸含量,但降低了檸檬酸含量,說明其與擬南芥AttDT具有相似功能[34,39]。柑橘CsCit1則屬于檸檬酸/H+同向轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)載體,主要介導(dǎo)檸檬酸從液泡流出[38]。
4.2 蘋果酸離子通道蛋白
鋁誘導(dǎo)的蘋果酸轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)蛋白(ALMT)是普遍存在于植物體內(nèi)的一類陰離子通道蛋白,其部分成員能夠參與到蘋果酸跨膜轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)[6,15,41]。擬南芥ALMT家族被分為3個亞家族,其中ALMTⅡ家族成員是一類位于液泡膜上、具有蘋果酸鹽轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)功能的通道蛋白,已經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn)參與蘋果酸轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)的成員有AtALMT6和AtALMT9[42-43],其中ALMT9是發(fā)現(xiàn)最早且被廣泛研究的液泡膜蘋果酸通道蛋白[44]。在葡萄中,AtALMT9同源基因VvALMT9被證明可以調(diào)控果實(shí)蘋果酸和酒石酸積累[35]。在蘋果中,控制果實(shí)酸度的主效候選基因Ma1編碼ALMT,其編碼框尾端單堿基G突變?yōu)锳時,翻譯提前終止,少了84個氨基酸,造成編碼的蛋白質(zhì)不完整,喪失蘋果酸轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)功能,不利于有機(jī)酸積累,導(dǎo)致低酸性狀形成[41]。番茄中控制果實(shí)酸度的主要候選基因SlALMT9同樣編碼ALMT蛋白。SlALMT9基因啟動子區(qū)GTC插入/缺失與自然群體中番茄果實(shí)蘋果酸含量完全連鎖[6]。棗中導(dǎo)致果實(shí)蘋果酸含量自然變異的主要候選基因ZjALMT4編碼ALMT蛋白。ZjALMT4基因啟動子區(qū)W-box元件中存在SNP位點(diǎn),在高酸型酸棗中,ZjWRKY7轉(zhuǎn)錄因子與ZjALMT4啟動子W-box元件相結(jié)合,正向調(diào)控其轉(zhuǎn)錄,促進(jìn)蘋果酸積累;而栽培棗中W-box位點(diǎn)突變后降低ZjWRKY7與之結(jié)合的能力,導(dǎo)致蘋果酸積累減少。在栽培棗長期馴化過程中低酸突變基因型被選擇固定下來[7]。番茄SlALMT9基因、葡萄VvALMT9基因、蘋果Ma1基因與棗ZjALMT4基因序列同源性較高,表明園藝作物果實(shí)蘋果酸代謝調(diào)控具有一定的保守性。
4.3 其他參與蘋果酸轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)的蛋白
除tDT和ALMT兩種蘋果酸轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)蛋白之外,最近一個編碼液泡膜糖轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)蛋白的PpTST1基因在桃中被證明與果實(shí)酸度有關(guān)。前人研究表明,液泡膜糖轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)蛋白TST是負(fù)責(zé)細(xì)胞質(zhì)葡萄糖向液泡的跨膜運(yùn)輸,部分成員還具備蔗糖轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)功能[45-46]。我國科學(xué)家通過全基因組關(guān)聯(lián)分析確定了控制桃果實(shí)非酸/酸含量的關(guān)鍵基因PpTST1,該基因第三個外顯子區(qū)的單堿基突變被證實(shí)與桃果實(shí)有機(jī)酸含量連鎖。在桃和番茄中超量表達(dá)PpTST1His導(dǎo)致果實(shí)總糖含量增加、有機(jī)酸含量減少,同時導(dǎo)致蘋果酸轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)相關(guān)基因下調(diào)表達(dá),表明PpTST1具備參與桃果實(shí)有機(jī)酸和糖積累的雙重功能[14]。
4.4 質(zhì)子泵對蘋果酸跨膜轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)的作用
質(zhì)子泵在液泡積累有機(jī)酸的過程中起著重要作用。目前植物中與酸度有關(guān)的是位于液泡膜上的V型[V-H+-ATPase(VHA)和V-H+-PPase(VHP)]和P型質(zhì)子泵[P-H+-ATPase(PHA)][47-51]。
4.4.1 V型質(zhì)子泵 V型質(zhì)子泵VHA和VHP分別通過水解ATP或PPi產(chǎn)生能量,可將H+從細(xì)胞質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)到液泡致使液泡酸化,也能夠?yàn)榇渭夀D(zhuǎn)運(yùn)蛋白的跨膜運(yùn)輸提供能量[9,52]。VHA結(jié)構(gòu)較為復(fù)雜,是由10多個不同亞基組成的復(fù)合物,而VHP僅由單一多肽組成[48,53]。然而,關(guān)于VHA和VHP在蘋果酸積累方面的研究較少。Hu等[54]在蘋果中過表達(dá)VHA亞基MdVHA-B1發(fā)現(xiàn)果實(shí)蘋果酸含量升高,鹽脅迫處理誘導(dǎo)MdVHA-B1蛋白磷酸化從而驅(qū)動蘋果酸向液泡運(yùn)輸致使果肉細(xì)胞蘋果酸含量升高[55]。Yao等[52]發(fā)現(xiàn)MdVHP1過表達(dá)顯著促進(jìn)轉(zhuǎn)基因蘋果愈傷組織與番茄果實(shí)中Na和蘋果酸鹽積累。Krebs等[56]研究表明擬南芥VHA突變株的葉片pH顯著高于野生型,同時突變VHA和VHP后突變體葉片pH顯著升高,說明在擬南芥中VHA和VHP共同調(diào)控著有機(jī)酸的積累,值得注意的是,在同時缺乏V-ATPase和V-PPase活性的突變體中,液泡仍保留著酸化能力,這說明可能還有其他因素參與液泡有機(jī)酸的積累[57]。
4.4.2 P型質(zhì)子泵 P型質(zhì)子泵是另外一類參與質(zhì)子轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)和液泡酸化的質(zhì)子泵家族,其中P3亞家族主要參與維持液泡內(nèi)外的pH平衡和提供跨膜運(yùn)輸驅(qū)動力[58-59]。位于擬南芥細(xì)胞膜上的P型質(zhì)子泵基因AHA10最先被證實(shí)參與液泡形成和酸化過程[60]。在矮牽牛花中,F(xiàn)araco等[61]證實(shí)質(zhì)子泵基因PhPH1和PhPH5可以相互作用形成復(fù)合體,對液泡中有機(jī)酸的積累有調(diào)控作用,使花瓣呈現(xiàn)不同的顏色;蘋果中PhPH1和PhPH5同源基因MdPH1和MdPH5可能參與了液泡酸化和蘋果酸積累[33],研究還發(fā)現(xiàn)蘋果中另外一個P型質(zhì)子泵基因Ma10表達(dá)量與蘋果酸的積累顯著相關(guān),可解釋蘋果自然群體果實(shí)酸度8%左右的表型變異[31];此外,在檸檬酸型果實(shí)柑橘中也發(fā)現(xiàn)了類似矮牽牛的酸度調(diào)控機(jī)制,定位于液泡膜上的P型質(zhì)子泵基因CitPH1和CitPH5/CsPH8對液泡中酸的積累有調(diào)控作用[62-64]。擬南芥AHA10基因、矮牽牛PhPH5基因、蘋果Ma10基因與柑橘CsPH8基因序列同源性較高,表明液泡膜上P型質(zhì)子泵基因在參與有機(jī)酸積累調(diào)控方面具有一定的保守性。
5 園藝作物果實(shí)蘋果酸代謝和轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)的調(diào)控
5.1 轉(zhuǎn)錄因子對園藝作物果實(shí)蘋果酸代謝和轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)的調(diào)控
越來越多研究表明蘋果酸轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)蛋白和質(zhì)子泵相關(guān)基因的表達(dá)受到MYB、bHLH、WRKY多種轉(zhuǎn)錄因子的調(diào)控[6,21,33,48,65-68]。
5.1.1 R2R3-MYB轉(zhuǎn)錄因子 在蘋果中,R2R3-MYB轉(zhuǎn)錄因子MdMYB1/10、MdMYB44和MdMYB73通過直接調(diào)控液泡膜蘋果酸轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)蛋白和質(zhì)子泵基因表達(dá)來調(diào)控果實(shí)蘋果酸積累和液泡酸化[33,66-67]。其中MdMYB1/10和MdMYB73是正調(diào)控因子,而MdMYB44是負(fù)調(diào)控因子,它們分別作用于不同的下游基因。MdMYB1直接結(jié)合并激活質(zhì)子泵基因MdVHA-B1、MdVHA-B2、MdVHA-E和MdVHP1表達(dá),促進(jìn)蘋果酸在液泡中積累[66]。MdMYB73直接激活下游質(zhì)子泵基因MdVHA-A、MdVHP1和蘋果酸轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)蛋白MdALMT9,從而促進(jìn)果實(shí)液泡的酸化[33]。MdMYB44通過抑制Ma1、MdVHA-A3、MdVHA-D2、Ma10和MaALMT9啟動子活性,負(fù)調(diào)控蘋果果實(shí)蘋果酸積累,MdMYB44啟動子區(qū)2個遺傳變異位點(diǎn)被證實(shí)與蘋果果實(shí)蘋果酸含量顯著相關(guān)[66]。同時,MYB轉(zhuǎn)錄因子還可以與WD40蛋白和bHLH轉(zhuǎn)錄因子形成MBW蛋白復(fù)合體,通過直接結(jié)合蘋果酸轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)蛋白相關(guān)基因和液泡型質(zhì)子泵基因啟動子,轉(zhuǎn)錄激活或抑制其表達(dá),最終影響蘋果酸含量[33,66-67]。
5.1.2 bHLH和WRKY轉(zhuǎn)錄因子 近年,除了MYB轉(zhuǎn)錄因子外,bHLH和WRKY轉(zhuǎn)錄因子在有機(jī)酸代謝中的功能也被發(fā)掘[6-7,36,62,69-70]。在矮牽牛中,AN1(bHLH轉(zhuǎn)錄因子)可以與AN11-PH4形成復(fù)合體正向調(diào)節(jié)液泡酸化,從而影響pH[47,71]。在蘋果中,AN1的同源基因MdbHLH3可以直接激活蘋果酸脫氫酶基因MdcyMDH表達(dá),促進(jìn)果實(shí)蘋果酸積累,也可以與MdMYB1形成復(fù)合體,促進(jìn)果肉花青素和蘋果酸積累[21,67]。在柑橘中,AN1的同源基因CitAN1可以與CitPH4形成復(fù)合體直接激活P型質(zhì)子泵基因CitPH1和CitPH5表達(dá),CitAN1基因突變會導(dǎo)致柑橘果實(shí)酸度降低[62]。在擬南芥中,AtWRKY46轉(zhuǎn)錄因子通過負(fù)調(diào)控AtALMT1基因表達(dá),調(diào)控蘋果酸跨膜轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)[72]。在矮牽牛中,編碼WRKY的PH3基因能夠被AN11-AN1-PH4復(fù)合物誘導(dǎo)轉(zhuǎn)錄,通過形成PH3-AN11-AN1-PH4復(fù)合物,誘導(dǎo)P型質(zhì)子泵基因PhPH5轉(zhuǎn)錄從而控制液泡酸度[60]。在番茄中,SlWRKY42轉(zhuǎn)錄因子通過結(jié)合W-box元件來負(fù)調(diào)控SlALMT9表達(dá),抑制番茄果實(shí)蘋果酸積累[6]。在棗中,ZjWRKY7轉(zhuǎn)錄因子通過結(jié)合W-box元件正調(diào)控ZjALMT4表達(dá),促進(jìn)酸棗果實(shí)蘋果酸積累,而栽培棗中ZjWRKY7與ZjALMT4的結(jié)合能力較弱[7]。
5.2 外界環(huán)境和栽培條件對園藝作物果實(shí)蘋果酸的調(diào)控
園藝作物果實(shí)蘋果酸的積累受很多因素的影響,包括溫度、水分、光照、礦物營養(yǎng)及土壤鹽分脅迫等[20,73]。溫度是影響果實(shí)蘋果酸積累和代謝的關(guān)鍵因素,其對園藝作物果實(shí)蘋果酸含量的影響因樹種而異,在桃、蘋果等果實(shí)發(fā)育或者貯藏期間環(huán)境溫度升高導(dǎo)致果實(shí)蘋果酸含量降低,而草莓果實(shí)發(fā)育過程暴露在較高溫度下果實(shí)蘋果酸含量升高[74-77];在葡萄和獼猴桃中研究發(fā)現(xiàn),溫度對果實(shí)蘋果酸積累的影響因發(fā)育時期而異,果實(shí)發(fā)育前期暴露在較高溫度下果實(shí)蘋果酸含量升高,但在果實(shí)發(fā)育后期暴露在較高溫度下果實(shí)蘋果酸含量減少[78-80]。水分是影響果實(shí)蘋果酸代謝的另一關(guān)鍵因子。研究表明,在大多數(shù)情況下,果實(shí)發(fā)育過程中水分供應(yīng)量與成熟果實(shí)蘋果酸含量呈負(fù)相關(guān)[81]。在蘋果、葡萄等果實(shí)發(fā)育過程中,適度干旱脅迫會提高果實(shí)中可溶性糖和蘋果酸含量[2,82-83]。光照度與蘋果酸積累關(guān)系密切,在藍(lán)莓、葡萄、蘋果等研究中發(fā)現(xiàn),光周期延長或光照增強(qiáng)會降低果實(shí)蘋果酸含量,如蘋果成熟時樹冠上部和外圍的果實(shí)酸度較低[84-86],葡萄套袋后造成的弱光脅迫抑制蘋果酸降解,導(dǎo)致果實(shí)蘋果酸含量增加[87]。適當(dāng)增施Ca、P、K肥可降低果實(shí)蘋果酸含量,而微量元素如鐵、銅的缺乏同樣也能夠使果實(shí)酸度升高[88-89]。
綜上所述,園藝作物果實(shí)蘋果酸代謝是一個復(fù)雜的過程,外部環(huán)境條件對果實(shí)蘋果酸含量的影響錯綜復(fù)雜,因此,園藝作物果實(shí)蘋果酸的含量受自身遺傳因素、環(huán)境條件和栽培條件的共同影響。
6 總結(jié)與展望
通過數(shù)十年遺傳學(xué)研究和多組學(xué)技術(shù)的應(yīng)用,目前在以番茄、蘋果、梨、棗等為代表的蘋果酸型果實(shí)園藝作物中研究發(fā)現(xiàn),果實(shí)酸含量是一種數(shù)量性狀,受多種因素(自身和外界)的影響,而遺傳因素是影響果實(shí)酸度的重要因素,其中位于液泡膜上的蘋果酸轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)蛋白與質(zhì)子泵對蘋果酸跨液泡膜轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)起到重要作用,蘋果酸轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)蛋白和質(zhì)子泵相關(guān)基因的轉(zhuǎn)錄水平受到多種轉(zhuǎn)錄因子的調(diào)控。綜合已有的研究內(nèi)容,未來研究領(lǐng)域重點(diǎn)可以集中在以下幾個方面:(1)利用正向遺傳學(xué)與反向遺傳學(xué)研究相結(jié)合的技術(shù)手段開展果實(shí)蘋果酸代謝基因挖掘及功能分析;(2)開發(fā)果實(shí)酸度性狀相關(guān)分子標(biāo)記,用于分子標(biāo)記輔助育種;(3)挖掘調(diào)控蘋果酸代謝的轉(zhuǎn)錄因子,解析蘋果酸代謝機(jī)制;(4)研究環(huán)境因子(如溫度、水分、光照等)對蘋果酸代謝和轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)的調(diào)控機(jī)制。
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