李翔 楊銘 董茜
【摘要】 色素上皮衍生因子(pigment epithelium-derived factor,PEDF)是具有多種生理活性的糖蛋白,包括抗血管新生、降低血管通透性、抗腫瘤以及神經(jīng)營(yíng)養(yǎng)活性。最近研究表明PEDF能夠調(diào)節(jié)糖代謝和脂代謝,與胰島素抵抗的有一定的聯(lián)系。本文就PEDF引起胰島素抵抗這方面的研究做一綜述,闡述了PEDF與代謝性疾病的廣泛聯(lián)系,并總結(jié)了PEDF引起胰島素抵抗的可能機(jī)制。
【關(guān)鍵詞】 PEDF; 代謝; 胰島素抵抗; 機(jī)制
doi:10.14033/j.cnki.cfmr.2017.5.088 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼 A 文章編號(hào) 1674-6805(2017)05-0162-03
The Relationships of PEDF and Insulin Resistance/LI Xiang,YANG Ming,DONG Qian.//Chinese and Foreign Medical Research,2017,15(5):162-164
【Abstract】 Pigment epithelium-derived factor(PEDF) is a glycoprotein with a variety of physiological activities including anti-angiogenic,anti-vasopermeability,anti-tumor,and neurotrophic activities.Recent studies have shown that PEDF is a metabolic regulatory protein that plays a casual role in glucose and lipid metabolism.This review focus on researches which regard PEDF as the causes of insulin resistance,describes the extensive contacts between PEDF and metabolic diseases,and summarizes the probable mechanisms adopted by PEDF to induce insulin resistance.
【Key words】 PEDF; Metabolism; Insulin resistance; Mechanisms
First-authors address:Xuzhou Medical University,Xuzhou 221000,China
PEDF是在人視網(wǎng)膜色素上皮細(xì)胞的分泌物中發(fā)現(xiàn)并純化的50-KDa糖蛋白。最初認(rèn)為PEDF是一種生長(zhǎng)因子,能夠誘導(dǎo)神經(jīng)元的分化。直到1999年,人們才逐漸發(fā)現(xiàn)PEDF具有十分豐富的生理活性,包括抗血管新生[1],抗腫瘤[2],降低血管通透性[3],以及神經(jīng)營(yíng)養(yǎng)活性[4]。國(guó)內(nèi)外研究表明色素上皮衍生因子(pigment epithelium-derived factor,PEDF)與胰島素抵抗的發(fā)生有關(guān),而眾所周知,胰島素抵抗是2型糖尿病的發(fā)病基礎(chǔ),也是代謝綜合征的核心環(huán)節(jié)。因此,現(xiàn)就PEDF與胰島素抵抗的關(guān)系展開(kāi)分析,并試圖總結(jié)PEDF引起胰島素抵抗的可能機(jī)制。
1 PEDF與胰島素抵抗
目前有多項(xiàng)研究表明PEDF與IR有密切關(guān)系。但是PEDF究竟是會(huì)導(dǎo)致IR,還是改善IR尚存爭(zhēng)議。
Yoshida等[5]研究了PEDF與糖基化終產(chǎn)物(AGE)的相關(guān)性。研究顯示PEDF能夠抑制Rac-1的活性,從而抑制AGE引起的肝細(xì)胞IRS-1酪氨酸磷酸化降低,還能夠阻斷JNK、IKB激酶依賴(lài)IRS-1絲氨酸磷酸化,從而ROS、CRP的產(chǎn)生,起到抗炎癥、抗氧化應(yīng)激的作用。因此,PEDF可改善IR。
Crowe等[6]的研究結(jié)果卻與之相反。小鼠短期注射PEDF會(huì)導(dǎo)致ERK、JNK磷酸化增加,胰島素信號(hào)通路中IRS1、AKT活性磷酸化位點(diǎn)的磷酸化減少[7]。因此PEDF會(huì)誘導(dǎo)產(chǎn)生IR。
本文則綜述了支持PEDF引起IR的相關(guān)研究進(jìn)展。
2 PEDF與代謝性疾病
PEDF具有多能性,在不同的組織細(xì)胞中表現(xiàn)出不同的功能。如:PEDF在血管抑制信號(hào)的作用下發(fā)揮了有效的抗炎癥作用[8]。在代謝系統(tǒng)中卻起到了致炎癥的作用[9]。在多種代謝性疾病中(圖1),PEDF的循環(huán)水平都會(huì)升高。
Nakamura等[10]的研究表明,在2型糖尿病患者的血清中,中心性肥胖相關(guān)因子(腰圍、甘油三酯、腫瘤壞死因子-α)與PEDF密切相關(guān)。另外PEDF還與空腹胰島素水平、HOMA-IR、BMI、脂肪量呈負(fù)相關(guān)。肝細(xì)胞PEDF基因的表達(dá)與肥胖者PEDF的水平呈正相關(guān),且與2型糖尿病患者的丙氨酸轉(zhuǎn)移酶、天冬氨酸轉(zhuǎn)移酶的水平(代表肝功能)呈負(fù)相關(guān)。這表明,PEDF與IR相關(guān),且肝臟是PEDF的主要來(lái)源[11]。PEDF與脂肪形成密切相關(guān)。最近的研究表明,PEDF可能促成脂肪組織的形成,促成IR和代謝功能紊亂[12]。Crowe等[6]給正常小鼠注射PEDF,檢測(cè)到胰島素敏感性降低,且若降低PEDF量,胰島素敏感性會(huì)有所回升。但是PEDF引起IR的機(jī)制暫不清楚。給小鼠喂食PEDF引起IR的同時(shí),血清中的TNF以及其他的細(xì)胞因子水平會(huì)有所上升,因此TNF可能是PEDF引起IR的下游調(diào)節(jié)分子(圖2)。
代謝綜合癥患者[13],以及多囊卵巢?。≒COS)的患者血清中PEDF水平較高,而且與IR相關(guān)[14]。PCOS患者的PEDF水平與CRP密切相關(guān),提示PEDF與PCOS病人慢性炎癥的發(fā)生有一定的聯(lián)系[15]。圖3總結(jié)了目前研究中顯示的PEDF參與的代謝。
3 PEDF引起胰島素抵抗的可能機(jī)制
3.1 影響脂代謝阻斷胰島素信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)通路
PEDF與脂肪的分解有關(guān),能夠使游離脂肪酸(FFAs)增多。增多的FFAs會(huì)抑制磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶(PI3K)的激活,還會(huì)導(dǎo)致異位的脂沉積,這兩者均會(huì)阻斷胰島素信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)通路[16]。另外,胞內(nèi)的脂質(zhì)積累能夠激活PKC-β,δ,θ的活性。PKCθ的活性提高會(huì)伴隨著胰島素受體底物(IRS)的酪氨酸磷酸化以及葡萄糖轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)的減少。
還有研究顯示,PEDF與JNK、IKK和ERK1/2的激活有關(guān)。JNK能夠磷酸化IRS-1中絲氨酸或蘇氨酸殘基,這種磷酸化作用會(huì)干擾胰島素受體與IRS-1的作用,從而阻止IRS-1的酪氨酸磷酸化[17]。IκKβ與IRS-1組成復(fù)合物,與TNFα介導(dǎo)的IR有關(guān)[18]。ERK1/2也可能是PEDF的作用靶點(diǎn)[19],能夠引起IRS-1的絲氨酸磷酸化,抑制酪氨酸磷酸化,減弱胰島素信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)[20]。
3.2 引起線粒體功能障礙
PEDF能夠抑制脂肪酸氧化,從而形成一種“脂毒性”的環(huán)境。Gao等[21]的研究表明,F(xiàn)FAs能夠引起線粒體功能障礙。PEDF抑制脂肪酸的β氧化和線粒體生成,還刺激ATGL生成脂肪酸配體,從而激活過(guò)氧化體增殖物激活型受體(PPARs),增加線粒體的脂肪酸氧化[22]。功能紊亂的線粒體能夠生成ROS,導(dǎo)致胰島素抵抗。在胰島素抵抗的周緣組織中(如骨骼肌、肝臟、脂肪),線粒體數(shù)量降低、形態(tài)和功能異常。PEDF引起的線粒體功能異常會(huì)阻礙胰島素信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo),還有損害線粒體生成。
3.3 引起代謝炎癥
代謝紊亂也被認(rèn)為是一種長(zhǎng)期低水平的炎癥狀態(tài)。PEDF通過(guò)直接或間接地方式引起代謝炎癥(圖2)。PEDF引起的FFAs增多,會(huì)激活Toll樣受體介導(dǎo)的炎癥信號(hào),從而激活I(lǐng)κKβ和JNK。于是多種細(xì)胞因子被激活,包括TNFα、IL-1β、IL-6[23]。在人臍靜脈內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞(HUVECs)實(shí)驗(yàn)中,PEDF能增加p38 MAPK和JNK的磷酸化,降低AKT活性[24]。AKT活性的降低可以激活MAPK2[25]。MAPK2的激活,又可以激活p38 MAPK。因此PEDF可以引發(fā),維持,并推進(jìn)激酶介導(dǎo)的絲氨酸/蘇氨酸磷酸化級(jí)聯(lián)反應(yīng),抑制胰島素在外周組織的信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)(表1)。
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(收稿日期:2016-10-21)