蔡敏 孫魯龍 趙政陽(yáng) 王嬌嬌 何肖肖 郭雄雄 王麗 梁俊
摘? ? 要:【目的】篩選可改善瑞香紅蘋(píng)果單果質(zhì)量、果形和硬度的優(yōu)良花粉?!痉椒ā恳宰匀皇诜蹫閷?duì)照,選用21種不同的花粉對(duì)瑞香紅進(jìn)行控制授粉,測(cè)定果實(shí)生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育的縱橫徑、成熟時(shí)單果質(zhì)量、偏斜率和硬度等指標(biāo),結(jié)合隸屬函數(shù)和聚類(lèi)分析對(duì)授粉效果進(jìn)行綜合評(píng)價(jià)。【結(jié)果】不同授粉組合的果實(shí)單果質(zhì)量、果實(shí)硬度和密度呈現(xiàn)不同程度差異。用舞美授粉后果實(shí)單果質(zhì)量最大,為289.86 g,比自然授粉顯著增長(zhǎng)20.79%,其次為自由,比自然授粉增長(zhǎng)13.66%,扎矮76和雜交優(yōu)系3授粉果實(shí)單果質(zhì)量變小,分別為183.47 g、169.80 g,粉紅女士授粉后果實(shí)最小,為156.52 g,分別比自然授粉降低23.55%、29.25%和34.78%,處理間差異顯著;用瑞香紅授粉后果實(shí)偏斜率最低,相比對(duì)照顯著降低64.88%,金世紀(jì)授粉后果實(shí)偏斜率最高,顯著增加18.73%;不同授粉組合的果形指數(shù)無(wú)顯著差異,用雜交優(yōu)系3授粉后果實(shí)密度最大,為1.34 g·cm-3;用北京1號(hào)海棠授粉后果實(shí)硬度最大,為10.13 kg·cm-2,自由授粉后果實(shí)硬度最小,為8.32 kg·cm-2,比自然授粉顯著降低7.75%?!窘Y(jié)論】在增加果實(shí)單果質(zhì)量、維持果形、降低偏斜率及硬度上,舞美是瑞香紅的首選花粉。
關(guān)鍵詞:蘋(píng)果;瑞香紅;授粉
中圖分類(lèi)號(hào):S661.1 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼:A 文章編號(hào):1009-9980(2023)12-2548-14
收稿日期:2023-06-29 接受日期:2023-10-18
基金項(xiàng)目:國(guó)家重點(diǎn)研發(fā)計(jì)劃項(xiàng)目(2020YFD1000201);陜西省重大科技專(zhuān)項(xiàng)(2020zdzx03-06-02-02);中央高校基本科研業(yè)務(wù)費(fèi)專(zhuān)項(xiàng)(2452020033)
作者簡(jiǎn)介:蔡敏,女,在讀碩士研究生,研究方向?yàn)樘O(píng)果省力化花果管理和品質(zhì)提升。E-mail:congratulations_26@nwafu.edu.cn
*通信作者 Author for correspondence. E-mail:strongca@163.com
Effects of different types of pollens on fruit size, shape and hardness in Ruixianghong apple
CAI Min, SUN Lulong, ZHAO Zhengyang, WANG Jiaojiao, HE Xiaoxiao, GUO Xiongxiong, WANG Li, LIANG Jun*
(College of Horticulture, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China)
Abstract: 【Objective】 In order to select excellent pollen that can improve the fruit size, fruit shape and hardness of Ruixianghong apple, the present experiment was undertaken. 【Methods】 We selected 21 different types of pollens to control pollination of Ruixianghong with natural pollination serving as the control. The fruit setting rate was investigated, the vertical and horizontal diameters of fruit during development were measured after pollination, and the fruit weight, deflection rate and hardness of the harvested fruit were also measured. The pollination effect was comprehensively evaluated by combining membership function and cluster analysis. 【Results】 The effects of different pollination combinations on fruit setting rate, fruit longitudinal and transverse diameter growth, fruit shape index, fruit weight, fruit hardness and density at maturity were different. The longitudinal and transverse diameters of the fruits pollinated by each variety mainly increased in the early stage and tended to stop increasing at harvest. At the early stage of fruit development, the increase of fruit longitudinal diameter was greater than that of transverse diameter, and the increase of longitudinal diameter and transverse diameter of most pollination combinations showed a downward trend at harvest. In the process of fruit growth and development, the fruit longitudinal diameter and fruit shape index of Ruixianghong were larger after it was pollinated by Maypole and Hybrid superior line 2 and the fruit transverse diameter growth and fruit shape index were larger after it was pollinated by Freedom and B118, while the longitudinal diameter growth and fruit shape index were smaller after it was pollinated by Hybrid superior line 3 and Zhaai 76. The fruit weight of Ruixianghong was the largest (289.86 g) after it was pollinated by Maypole, which was significantly higher than that of the control and other pollination combinations, 20.79% higher than that of the control (239.98 g), and Hybrid superior line 2. The fruit weight of Ruixianghong decreased after it was pollinated by Zhaai 76 (183.47 g) and Hybrid superior line 3 (169.80 g). The fruit weight was the smallest after it was pollinated by Pink Lady, which was 156.52 g, and the difference between treatments was significant. The effects of other pollination combinations on fruit weight were different, but the difference was not significant. There was no significant difference in the effect of different types of pollens on fruit shape index. The average fruit shape index was about 1.0, indicating that pollination had little effect on the fruit shape, and the variety had excellent high-L/D retention. The fruit deviation rate (4.33%) was the lowest after it was pollinated by Ruixianghong pollen, which was significantly reduced by 64.88%, compared with the control (12.33%). The fruit deflection rate with Jin Shiji pollen was the highest (18.73%), which was significantly different from the control. Except for the pollen of Ruixianghong, the fruit deflection rates with Hybrid superior line 1 (5.25%), Malus sp. Beijing No. 1 (8.00%), B118 (8.33%), M. prunifolia (Willd.) Borkh. (9.40%), Anna (9.67%) and Maypole (9.67%) were less than 10%, which were qualified as grade Ⅰ fruits. Compared with natural pollination, they were significantly reduced by 57.42%, 35.12%, 32.44%, 23.76%, 21.57% and 21.57%. The fruit deflection rate of other pollination combinations was greater than 10%. The results showed that Ruixianghong maintained the fruit with high-L/D characteristic, increased the fruit weight and reduced the deviation rate after it was pollinated by Maypole. The fruit weight of Ruixianghong was smaller and the fruit deflection rate was higher after it was pollinated by Zhaai 76, Pink Lady and Hybrid superior line 3. In terms of fruit density, compared with natural pollination (1.01 g·cm-3), Ruixianghong significantly increased fruit density after it was pollinated by Hybrid superior line 3 and M. sieversii (Ledeb.) Roem.. The fruit density of Ruixianghong decreased after it was pollinated by Zhaai 76 (0.77 g·cm-3) and Pink Lady (0.75 g·cm-3), but the difference was not significant. In terms of fruit hardness, the fruit hardness of Ruixianghong significantly increased (10.13 kg·cm-2), followed by the pollens of Nagafu No.2 (9.94 kg·cm-2). The fruit hardness of Ruixianghong was the lowest (8.32 kg·cm-2) after Freedom served as a pollinator, and then M. sieversii (Ledeb.) Roem. (8.45 kg·cm-2), which was significantly reduced by 7.75%, compared with the natural pollination (9.16 kg·cm-2). The membership function method was used to establish a comprehensive evaluation on the efficacy of different pollens. The results showed that the top pollens were Maypole, Freedom, M. sieversii (Ledeb.) Roem., Liaofu, Anna, etc. The fruits pollinated by Pink Lady, Zhaai 76, Nagafu No. 2, India and Jin Shiji ranked lower than the control. The pollination effects of 21 types of pollens can be divided into 4 categories by means of mean cluster analysis. The fruit deviation rate was large, the fruit shape index was small, the fruit weight was relatively small compared with other pollination combinations, and the Zhaai 76, India and Pink Lady, which ranked lower, were divided into one category. The comprehensive ranking of Maypole, Freedom and natural pollination, LG2, M. sieversii (Ledeb.) Roem., Liaofu, Golden Delicious, Anna and Orin were divided into one category; B118, M. prunifolia (Willd.) Borkh., Hybrid superior line 1, Ruixianghong and Malus sp. Beijing No. 1, Hybrid superior line 2, Jin Shiji, Envy and Nagafu No. 2 were divided into one category. 【Conclusion】 Maypole has the best comprehensive effect after it serves as a pollinator, which is characterized by large fruit, small hardness and low deflection rate. It is the preferred pollen for Ruixianghong.
Key words: Apple; Ruixianghong; Pollination
蘋(píng)果(Malus × domestica Borkh.)屬薔薇科蘋(píng)果屬,是我國(guó)栽培面積最大、產(chǎn)量最高的落葉果樹(shù)。果品供應(yīng)周期長(zhǎng),營(yíng)養(yǎng)豐富,美味可口,備受消費(fèi)者喜愛(ài),在我國(guó)水果產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展中占有重要地位[1-4]。蘋(píng)果屬于自交不親和性果樹(shù),生產(chǎn)上需要配置適宜的授粉品種或通過(guò)人工輔助授粉來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)高產(chǎn)量和獲得被市場(chǎng)喜愛(ài)的果實(shí)質(zhì)量[5-8]。
不同品種花粉授粉對(duì)蘋(píng)果果實(shí)坐果率和品質(zhì)的影響差異較大[9]。薛志霞等[10]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)用秦冠、嘎拉授粉紅富士蘋(píng)果,表現(xiàn)親和性強(qiáng),提高了果實(shí)坐果率;徐臣善[11]用3個(gè)授粉品種對(duì)長(zhǎng)富2號(hào)授粉后,顯著改變了果實(shí)中的內(nèi)源激素含量,進(jìn)而調(diào)控了果實(shí)的生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育;毛凱俊[12]研究結(jié)果表明紅富士和嘎拉蘋(píng)果經(jīng)秦冠、皮諾娃授粉后果實(shí)坐果率和果形指數(shù)大幅度提高;王延秀等[13]用不同海棠品種及宮崎富士的花粉給阿斯蘋(píng)果進(jìn)行授粉,發(fā)現(xiàn)授粉后果個(gè)、果形指數(shù)和硬度顯著增大;王海波等[14]用5個(gè)品種對(duì)煙富3富士蘋(píng)果授粉后,結(jié)果表明不同品種花粉對(duì)果實(shí)揮發(fā)性物質(zhì)存在顯著的影響;Zhang等[15]用榅桲花粉對(duì)煙富3號(hào)和印度蘋(píng)果授粉后,顯著影響了果實(shí)的內(nèi)在品質(zhì),提高了單果質(zhì)量、硬度、糖酸比、維生素C、總酚和總黃酮含量。
目前生產(chǎn)中對(duì)授粉樹(shù)以及專(zhuān)用花粉的選擇具有一定的盲目性,隨著蘋(píng)果栽培規(guī)模的不斷擴(kuò)大,如何為特定蘋(píng)果品種選擇高效的花粉進(jìn)行授粉變得越來(lái)越重要。
瑞香紅是由西北農(nóng)林科技大學(xué)以秦富1號(hào)×粉紅女士雜交選出的優(yōu)質(zhì)晚熟紅色蘋(píng)果品種。該品種具有果形高樁、色澤艷麗、香氣濃郁、香甜可口、極耐貯藏等特點(diǎn)[16],是陜西省近年來(lái)重點(diǎn)發(fā)展的新品種。該品種果個(gè)中等,但在管理不當(dāng)?shù)那闆r下易出現(xiàn)果實(shí)偏小、偏斜、偏硬等問(wèn)題。合理的授粉能有效改善蘋(píng)果單果質(zhì)量、果形以及其他果實(shí)性狀。靳元?jiǎng)P[17]選用栽培品種富士、嘎拉、瑞雪以及授粉品種秋實(shí)對(duì)瑞香紅進(jìn)行授粉研究,初步認(rèn)為可在生產(chǎn)園中配置富士和秋實(shí)作為授粉樹(shù),但選用的授粉品種少,選擇范圍窄,同時(shí)未對(duì)瑞香紅果個(gè)、果形、果實(shí)硬度等重要品質(zhì)指標(biāo)開(kāi)展綜合評(píng)價(jià)。
筆者在本研究中選用21種不同的蘋(píng)果花粉對(duì)瑞香紅開(kāi)展授粉試驗(yàn),比較不同花粉對(duì)瑞香紅果實(shí)大小、果形、果實(shí)硬度等的影響,同時(shí)運(yùn)用隸屬函數(shù)法和聚類(lèi)分析法綜合分析授粉效果的差異,以期在保持瑞香紅果實(shí)高樁等外觀特性的基礎(chǔ)上,篩選最合適的花粉,完善瑞香紅配套花果管理技術(shù),為瑞香紅優(yōu)質(zhì)生產(chǎn)提供參考。
1 材料和方法
1.1 試驗(yàn)地概況
試驗(yàn)于2022年3—10月在陜西省渭南市白水縣西北農(nóng)林科技大學(xué)白水蘋(píng)果試驗(yàn)站瑞香紅示范園(109.552° E,35.206° N,海拔829 m)中進(jìn)行。試驗(yàn)園區(qū)地勢(shì)平坦,土壤養(yǎng)分豐富,配備水肥一體化滴灌系統(tǒng)。
1.2 試驗(yàn)材料
試驗(yàn)材料為2020年春季定植的瑞香紅/M26,樹(shù)形為高紡錘形,株距1.2 m,行距4.0 m,行內(nèi)覆蓋黑色地布,栽培管理和施肥一致。采集花粉的材料有栽培品種長(zhǎng)富2號(hào)、金世紀(jì)、愛(ài)妃、瑞香紅、粉紅女士、王林、金冠、安娜、遼伏、印度、自由和舞美;授粉品種北京1號(hào)海棠;野生資源富平楸子和新疆野蘋(píng)果;砧木扎矮76、遼砧2號(hào)、B118;雜交優(yōu)系1、雜交優(yōu)系2和雜交優(yōu)系3。采集鈴鐺期花蕾,用鑷子取出花藥置于硫酸紙上室內(nèi)陰干,待花粉完全散出后,收集裝入5 mL離心管中,密封放入4 ℃冰箱備用。
1.3 試驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì)
人工授粉:果園中去除邊行邊樹(shù),選取生長(zhǎng)健壯、通風(fēng)透光良好、樹(shù)勢(shì)相近的瑞香紅為試驗(yàn)樹(shù),以單株為小區(qū),每個(gè)處理設(shè)置3次重復(fù),采用隨機(jī)排列的方法,于2020年4月5日進(jìn)行人工授粉,授粉前進(jìn)行套袋處理,隨機(jī)選取狀態(tài)基本一致大蕾期的花朵,人工去雄后用棉簽蘸取花粉對(duì)其進(jìn)行授粉,花序間距20 cm左右,摘除其他多余的花朵,授粉后立即套袋并掛牌標(biāo)記,授粉后7 d摘袋,坐果后30 d統(tǒng)計(jì)坐果率。以自然授粉為對(duì)照,對(duì)試驗(yàn)樹(shù)進(jìn)行常規(guī)管理,套袋栽培,每株樹(shù)負(fù)載量基本一致。在果實(shí)發(fā)育過(guò)程中定果測(cè)量縱橫徑,果實(shí)成熟后,選擇成熟度一致,無(wú)機(jī)械損傷、無(wú)病蟲(chóng)害的果實(shí)測(cè)定相關(guān)指標(biāo)。
1.4 果實(shí)性狀指標(biāo)測(cè)定
在果實(shí)發(fā)育過(guò)程中,隨機(jī)選取30個(gè)果子為每個(gè)授粉組合的樣本量,花后2周掛牌定果測(cè)量果實(shí)縱橫徑,之后每間隔4周再定果依次測(cè)量,直至采收。
果實(shí)采收后,以30個(gè)果實(shí)為每個(gè)授粉組合的樣本量,統(tǒng)計(jì)果實(shí)單果質(zhì)量、縱徑、橫徑、果形指數(shù)、密度、硬度等果實(shí)性狀指標(biāo)。
單果質(zhì)量(g):用精度0.01 g的電子天平稱(chēng)量;
縱橫徑(mm):用精確度為0.01 mm的電子數(shù)顯游標(biāo)卡尺測(cè)定;
果形指數(shù):果實(shí)縱徑/果實(shí)橫徑 ;
果實(shí)密度(g·cm-3):用排水法測(cè)量果實(shí)體積;
果實(shí)密度=單果質(zhì)量/果實(shí)體積
硬度:用FTA GS-25水果質(zhì)地分析儀測(cè)定(南京銘奧儀器公司);
果形偏斜率(圖1):參考杜研等[18]的方法,利用公式(1)計(jì)算。
DD= 2(H×R-h(huán)×r)/(H×R+ h×r)。? ? ? ? ? ? ? (1)
根據(jù)多年試驗(yàn)及瑞香紅自然授粉果形偏斜率分布,將瑞香紅大致劃分為四個(gè)等級(jí):Ⅰ級(jí),DD(%)≤10%;Ⅱ級(jí),10%<DD(%)≤15%;Ⅲ級(jí),15%<DD(%)≤20%;Ⅳ級(jí),DD(%)>20%。
1.5 數(shù)據(jù)處理
參考孫佩光等[20]的方法,運(yùn)用隸屬函數(shù)法綜合評(píng)價(jià)不同花粉對(duì)瑞香紅果實(shí)性狀的影響。其中正相關(guān)指標(biāo)(果實(shí)縱徑、橫徑、單果質(zhì)量、果形指數(shù)、密度)用公式(2)計(jì)算初始數(shù)據(jù),負(fù)相關(guān)指標(biāo)(果實(shí)偏斜率、硬度)用公式(3)計(jì)算初始數(shù)據(jù)。隸屬函數(shù)計(jì)算公式如下:
公式(2)、(3)、(4)中:Uij為第i花粉j指標(biāo)的果實(shí)性狀變化隸屬函數(shù)值;Xij為第i花粉j指標(biāo)的平均值,Xmax和Xmin分別表示j指標(biāo)中所有參試花粉的最大值、最小值;Yij為第i花粉j個(gè)指標(biāo)在不同條件下隸屬值所累加得到的平均隸屬函數(shù)值,其Yij值越大,表明果實(shí)綜合性狀越好,反之則較差。
用Excel 2022進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)整理和計(jì)算,用SPSS 22進(jìn)行差異顯著性分析(LSD法,p<0.05),用Origin Pro 23繪制聚類(lèi)熱圖(最長(zhǎng)距離法)。
2 結(jié)果與分析
2.1 不同花粉授粉對(duì)瑞香紅蘋(píng)果果實(shí)生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育的影響
用不同花粉授粉后的瑞香紅果實(shí)縱橫徑增長(zhǎng)幅度均表現(xiàn)出不同差異,果實(shí)縱橫徑增長(zhǎng)過(guò)程接近S型曲線。授粉果實(shí)縱徑生長(zhǎng)動(dòng)態(tài)變化如圖2所示。在花后2~6周、14~18周各授粉組合及自然授粉的果實(shí)縱徑增長(zhǎng)量較大,花后6~14周、18~26周縱徑增長(zhǎng)量較小,花后6周縱徑凈增長(zhǎng)量峰值大于花后18周。在采收時(shí),除雜交優(yōu)系2和B118授粉果縱徑有所增加外,其余授粉組合果實(shí)縱徑增長(zhǎng)量降低到最小值,表明各授粉品種果實(shí)縱徑的生長(zhǎng)以前期為主,后期增長(zhǎng)速率較小,在采收時(shí)趨于停止生長(zhǎng),其中用雜交優(yōu)系3和北京1號(hào)海棠授粉果實(shí)縱徑增長(zhǎng)量最小。瑞香紅授自由花粉后果實(shí)在生長(zhǎng)前期縱徑增長(zhǎng)量相對(duì)較大(花后6~18周),其次是雜交優(yōu)系2;用舞美花粉授粉后果實(shí)在花后22周縱徑增長(zhǎng)量大,可能使果實(shí)在采收時(shí)縱徑較大;瑞香紅經(jīng)雜交優(yōu)系3、扎矮76授粉后縱徑在果實(shí)整個(gè)生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育期增長(zhǎng)量較小,這可能導(dǎo)致在采收時(shí)果實(shí)縱徑較小。
不同花粉授粉后對(duì)瑞香紅果實(shí)橫徑生長(zhǎng)動(dòng)態(tài)的影響如圖3所示。各授粉組合及自然授粉在花后6周、花后10周的果實(shí)橫徑增長(zhǎng)量較大,花后6周橫徑增長(zhǎng)量峰值大于花后10周。在花后14~18周,瑞香紅除授B118、雜交優(yōu)系2、富平楸子、金世紀(jì)、長(zhǎng)富2號(hào)、雜交優(yōu)系3、扎矮76、粉紅女士外,其余授粉組合橫徑增長(zhǎng)量均有所增加;在花后22~26周時(shí),用舞美授粉果實(shí)橫徑增長(zhǎng)明顯大于其他授粉組合,印度、扎矮76、雜交優(yōu)系3授粉果實(shí)的橫徑呈增長(zhǎng)趨勢(shì),其余授粉組合果實(shí)橫徑增長(zhǎng)量下降趨于零,表明各授粉品種果實(shí)橫徑增長(zhǎng)速率前期較快,后期緩慢,其中經(jīng)王林授粉后果實(shí)橫徑增長(zhǎng)最少。在果實(shí)整個(gè)發(fā)育期,瑞香紅用自由、B118和新疆野蘋(píng)果授粉后橫徑增長(zhǎng)量相對(duì)較大,用長(zhǎng)富2號(hào)、雜交優(yōu)系3和扎矮76授粉后果實(shí)橫徑增長(zhǎng)量較小,這可能是橫徑差異的原因之一。
瑞香紅蘋(píng)果授粉后的果形指數(shù)動(dòng)態(tài)變化如圖4所示,在果實(shí)發(fā)育過(guò)程中,各授粉組合及自然授粉的果形指數(shù)先降低后逐漸穩(wěn)定。在果實(shí)發(fā)育前期(花后2~6周),用粉紅女士授粉后的果實(shí)果形指數(shù)最小;在花后6~10周,除雜交優(yōu)系2,經(jīng)舞美授粉后的果形指數(shù)大于其他授粉組合,雜交優(yōu)系2授粉后在花后6~18周,果形指數(shù)明顯大于自然授粉和其他授粉組合;在果實(shí)發(fā)育中期(花后14~18周),雜交優(yōu)系3授粉瑞香紅的果形指數(shù)最小。在果實(shí)整個(gè)生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育時(shí)期,用自由、B118授粉的瑞香紅果實(shí)果形指數(shù)相對(duì)其他授粉組合較大,用粉紅女士、扎矮76、雜交優(yōu)系1和雜交優(yōu)系3授粉的瑞香紅果實(shí)果形指數(shù)相對(duì)其他授粉組合較小。
綜上可知,不同花粉對(duì)瑞香紅果實(shí)生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育及果形指數(shù)會(huì)產(chǎn)生不同程度的影響。在果實(shí)發(fā)育初期,表現(xiàn)為果實(shí)縱徑增長(zhǎng)量大于橫徑增長(zhǎng)量,并在采收時(shí)大多數(shù)授粉組合縱橫徑增長(zhǎng)量呈下降趨勢(shì)。在果實(shí)生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育過(guò)程中,瑞香紅用舞美和雜交優(yōu)系2花粉授粉后果實(shí)縱徑和果形指數(shù)較大,用自由和B118花粉授粉授粉后橫徑和果形指數(shù)較大,而經(jīng)雜交優(yōu)系3和扎矮76授粉后縱徑橫徑和果形指數(shù)均較小。
2.2 不同花粉授粉對(duì)瑞香紅蘋(píng)果坐果率、單果質(zhì)量與果形的影響
蘋(píng)果自花授粉坐果率低,屬于異花授粉果樹(shù),不同花粉授粉對(duì)果實(shí)性狀會(huì)產(chǎn)生不同的影響,常用單果質(zhì)量、果形指數(shù)、果形偏斜率來(lái)評(píng)價(jià)果個(gè)大小、果形優(yōu)劣和果實(shí)偏正度[21-22]。
不同花粉授粉對(duì)瑞香紅蘋(píng)果坐果率和果實(shí)單果質(zhì)量有不同影響(表1)。與自然授粉相比,人工授粉在一定程度上提高了瑞香紅蘋(píng)果的坐果率,其中用王林授粉花朵坐果率最高,為91%,其次為用舞美和遼砧2號(hào)授粉,坐果率相比自然授粉分別顯著提高了18%、14%和13%;而用瑞香紅和雜交優(yōu)系1授粉花朵坐果率較低,相比對(duì)照差異顯著。自花結(jié)實(shí)坐果率最低,低于25%,未達(dá)到授粉要求,后期不考慮果實(shí)品質(zhì)相關(guān)指標(biāo)的測(cè)定。
在單果質(zhì)量方面,瑞香紅用舞美授粉,單果質(zhì)量最大(289.86 g),顯著高于對(duì)照和其他授粉組合,較對(duì)照(239.98 g)增大了20.79%,其次是用雜交優(yōu)系2授粉;用扎矮76(183.47 g)、雜交優(yōu)系3(169.80 g)授粉果實(shí)單果質(zhì)量變小;用粉紅女士授粉果單果質(zhì)量最小,為156.52 g,處理間差異顯著;其余授粉組合對(duì)果實(shí)單果質(zhì)量有不同程度影響,但與對(duì)照差異不顯著。不同花粉對(duì)果形指數(shù)的影響差異不顯著,果形指數(shù)均值為1.0左右,表明授粉對(duì)其果形的影響程度小,體現(xiàn)了該品種具有優(yōu)良的高樁保持性。
在果實(shí)偏斜率方面,瑞香紅(4.33%)授粉果實(shí)偏斜率最低,相比對(duì)照(12.33%)顯著降低了64.88%,瑞香紅用金世紀(jì)授粉,果實(shí)偏斜率最高(18.73%),與對(duì)照相比差異顯著。除授瑞香紅花粉外,用雜交優(yōu)系1(5.25%)、北京1號(hào)海棠(8.00%)、B118(8.33%)、富平楸子(9.40%)、安娜(9.67%)和舞美(9.67%)授粉果實(shí)偏斜率均小于10%,為Ⅰ級(jí)果,與自然授粉相比分別顯著降低了57.42%、35.12%、32.44%、23.76%、21.57%、21.57%,而其余花粉授粉后偏斜率大于10%。
綜上所述,瑞香紅用舞美授粉維持了果實(shí)高樁的性狀,增大了單果質(zhì)量,降低了偏斜率;用扎矮76、粉紅女士、雜交優(yōu)系3等授粉導(dǎo)致單果質(zhì)量變小,偏斜率增大。
2.3 不同花粉授粉對(duì)瑞香紅蘋(píng)果果實(shí)密度、硬度的影響
不同花粉對(duì)瑞香紅果實(shí)密度以及硬度的影響如表2所示,相對(duì)于自然授粉(1.01 g·cm-3),瑞香紅用雜交優(yōu)系3和新疆野蘋(píng)果授粉果實(shí)密度大,分別為1.34 g·cm-3、1.08 g·cm-3,處理間差異顯著;用扎矮76(0.77 g·cm-3)和粉紅女士(0.75 g·cm-3)授粉,果實(shí)密度小,分別減少了23.76%、25.74%,處理間差異不顯著。
在果實(shí)硬度方面,瑞香紅用北京1號(hào)海棠授粉,果實(shí)硬度最大,為10.13 kg·cm-2,其次為用長(zhǎng)富2號(hào)授粉果(9.94 kg·cm-2),處理間差異顯著;用自由授粉后瑞香紅果實(shí)硬度最小,為8.32 kg·cm-2,用新疆野蘋(píng)果授粉果實(shí)硬度為8.45 kg·cm-2,相對(duì)自然授粉(9.16 kg·cm-2)降低了7.75%。
2.4 不同花粉授粉對(duì)瑞香紅蘋(píng)果果實(shí)性狀影響的隸屬函數(shù)分析
為了更好地評(píng)價(jià)不同指標(biāo)對(duì)瑞香紅蘋(píng)果果實(shí)性狀的貢獻(xiàn)作用,同時(shí)明確不同花粉的效果差異,運(yùn)用隸屬函數(shù)法對(duì)不同花粉的影響進(jìn)行綜合評(píng)價(jià),果實(shí)性狀各指標(biāo)的隸屬函數(shù)值如表3所示,排名靠前的花粉有舞美、自由、新疆野蘋(píng)果、遼伏、安娜等;粉紅女士、扎矮76、長(zhǎng)富2號(hào)、印度、金世紀(jì)授粉果實(shí)排名靠后,低于對(duì)照。其中舞美授粉綜合效果優(yōu)良,分值較高,粉紅女士的得分最低,表現(xiàn)較差。
2.5 不同花粉授粉對(duì)瑞香紅蘋(píng)果果實(shí)性狀的聚類(lèi)分析
不同花粉授粉后果實(shí)性狀指標(biāo)均值聚類(lèi)分析的結(jié)果如圖5所示,可將21種花粉授粉效果分為4類(lèi),使其特征性指標(biāo)可視化。通過(guò)聚類(lèi)分析發(fā)現(xiàn),扎矮76、印度和粉紅女士授粉果實(shí)可分為一類(lèi),果實(shí)偏斜率大,果形指數(shù)小,單果質(zhì)量比其他授粉組合相對(duì)較小,綜合排名靠后,其中粉紅女士排名最低;舞美、自由與自然授粉、遼砧2號(hào)、新疆野蘋(píng)果、遼伏、金冠、安娜、王林授粉可分為一類(lèi),其中瑞香紅用舞美和自由授粉后果實(shí)單果質(zhì)量大,果形指數(shù)大,硬度小,用新疆野蘋(píng)果授粉后果實(shí)硬度小、密度大,綜合排名靠前;B118、富平楸子、雜交優(yōu)系1、瑞香紅與北京1號(hào)海棠及雜交優(yōu)系2、金世紀(jì)、愛(ài)妃、長(zhǎng)富2號(hào)可分為一類(lèi)。
結(jié)合隸屬函數(shù)和聚類(lèi)分析的綜合結(jié)果可知,用舞美授粉后果個(gè)大,硬度適中。而扎矮76、粉紅女士花粉不適合給瑞香紅授粉,其果實(shí)單果質(zhì)量小、偏斜率高,綜合性狀差。
3 討 論
果實(shí)大小,果形指數(shù)和整齊度是組成果實(shí)外觀品質(zhì)的重要指標(biāo),也是影響果農(nóng)經(jīng)濟(jì)效益的重要因子。有研究結(jié)果表明,較自然授粉,人工授粉對(duì)蘋(píng)果、梨、荔枝等果實(shí)單果質(zhì)量會(huì)產(chǎn)生不同程度影響[23-26]。張曼曼等[27]用不同花粉授粉富士和紅將軍蘋(píng)果后,顯著提高了果實(shí)單果質(zhì)量和果形指數(shù);王海儒等[28]用不同花粉對(duì)紅富士進(jìn)行人工授粉后,顯著增加了果實(shí)單果質(zhì)量、提高了果形指數(shù),降低了果實(shí)偏斜率。本研究中,瑞香紅用舞美授粉后單果質(zhì)量大、偏斜率低,可能與不同花粉濃度和內(nèi)源激素差異有關(guān),這與于立洋等[29]用絢麗海棠花粉授粉后增大新疆野蘋(píng)果優(yōu)系果實(shí)單果質(zhì)量,改善果形指數(shù)研究結(jié)果一致。用粉紅女士、扎矮76以及雜交優(yōu)系3授粉后導(dǎo)致瑞香紅單果質(zhì)量顯著低于自然授粉,用金世紀(jì)授粉果實(shí)偏斜率顯著高于對(duì)照,表明授粉效應(yīng)并不一定是正向的影響。猜測(cè)原因可能與父本花粉和母本柱頭兩者的S基因型一致性比例以及不同的花粉來(lái)源導(dǎo)致的遺傳基礎(chǔ)差異有關(guān)[23,30],也可能與花朵內(nèi)不同柱頭之間的授粉水平相關(guān),從而影響了果實(shí)質(zhì)量和形狀[31]。表明了并不是所有的花粉均適合給瑞香紅授粉,對(duì)于特定的品種需要選擇不同的花粉進(jìn)行授粉。蘋(píng)果經(jīng)不同花粉授粉后,會(huì)打破原有內(nèi)源激素之間的協(xié)調(diào),從而對(duì)果實(shí)生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育產(chǎn)生不同的影響[11,32],其原因需進(jìn)行深入研究。
果實(shí)硬度直接反映果實(shí)軟化程度,是評(píng)價(jià)果品運(yùn)輸、儲(chǔ)存、加工和抗性的重要指標(biāo),同時(shí)也是影響消費(fèi)者鮮食接受度和偏好的主要食用因素[33-35]。前人研究表明,蘋(píng)果經(jīng)不同花粉授粉后顯著提高了果實(shí)硬度[36-38];王燕等[39]發(fā)現(xiàn)綠寶蘋(píng)果授嘎拉花粉后顯著降低了果實(shí)硬度;張玉剛等[40]用3種不同花粉為長(zhǎng)富2號(hào)授粉,結(jié)果表明采收后的果實(shí)硬度無(wú)明顯差異。本研究中,瑞香紅授粉后果實(shí)具有較高的硬度(9.19 kg·cm-2),不同授粉組合間差異顯著,相對(duì)于同一地區(qū)主栽品種富士蘋(píng)果的硬度(7.29 kg·cm-2),果實(shí)質(zhì)地屬于硬脆型,這與靳元?jiǎng)P[17]研究結(jié)果不一致,猜測(cè)可能是花粉來(lái)源不同所致。有研究表明,果實(shí)硬度還與細(xì)胞間結(jié)合力、細(xì)胞構(gòu)成物質(zhì)機(jī)械強(qiáng)度和細(xì)胞膨壓[41],以及元素含量[42-43]、乙烯[44]及溫度[45]有關(guān),其原因有待研究。此外,硬度是描述果實(shí)質(zhì)地的指標(biāo)之一,僅硬度難以進(jìn)行量化比較這一衡量果實(shí)組織狀態(tài)以及食用者口感的綜合性狀,后期應(yīng)借助物性分析儀以量化更多的質(zhì)地參數(shù)[46],以更全面地評(píng)價(jià)不同花粉對(duì)這一性狀的影響。
隸屬函數(shù)是一種常用的多屬性決策綜合評(píng)價(jià)方法,可消除果品綜合評(píng)價(jià)中果實(shí)性狀不同單位、量綱產(chǎn)生的影響,同時(shí)防止單一指標(biāo)評(píng)價(jià)授粉效果的片面性。但因衡量果實(shí)品質(zhì)的各性狀指標(biāo)所占權(quán)重不同會(huì)影響評(píng)價(jià)結(jié)果,本研究運(yùn)用隸屬函數(shù)結(jié)合聚類(lèi)分析可以更客觀地評(píng)價(jià)果實(shí)品質(zhì)[47-51]。隸屬函數(shù)分析和聚類(lèi)分析已普遍應(yīng)用于獼猴桃[52]、板栗[53]、火龍果[20]、葡萄[54]、柑橘[55]等不同樹(shù)種中。
筆者利用隸屬函數(shù)對(duì)21份花粉授粉效果進(jìn)行綜合評(píng)價(jià),果實(shí)單果質(zhì)量大,偏斜率和硬度低,被認(rèn)為綜合性狀優(yōu)良。不同花粉的平均隸屬函數(shù)值在0.36~0.66之間,相差0.30,說(shuō)明不同花粉之間差異較大,具有較大的選擇潛力。運(yùn)用聚類(lèi)分析將不同花粉的授粉效果分為4類(lèi),其中綜合性狀最佳的是由舞美、自由等組成的第3類(lèi),最差的是由扎矮76、印度和粉紅女士組成的第2類(lèi)。隸屬函數(shù)分析與聚類(lèi)分析綜合結(jié)果基本一致,表明該分析方法可以用于不同花粉對(duì)瑞香紅授粉效果的綜合評(píng)價(jià)。
筆者在本研究中通過(guò)單果質(zhì)量、果形和果實(shí)硬度指標(biāo)初步評(píng)價(jià)了不同花粉的授粉效應(yīng),而不同的評(píng)價(jià)因子選擇會(huì)影響評(píng)價(jià)結(jié)果[56],糖酸組分、抗氧化物質(zhì)、香氣等也是果實(shí)品質(zhì)的重要指標(biāo),因此后續(xù)會(huì)結(jié)合更多的果實(shí)內(nèi)在品質(zhì)指標(biāo)進(jìn)行分析,同時(shí)采用不同的評(píng)價(jià)方法以更加全面評(píng)價(jià)篩選到適合瑞香紅的花粉,如侯東穎等[57]和肖艷等[58]利用主成分分析和聚類(lèi)分析篩選出了優(yōu)質(zhì)的無(wú)籽西瓜及大白菜,減少了指標(biāo)變量的重疊,進(jìn)一步簡(jiǎn)化了相關(guān)農(nóng)藝性狀評(píng)價(jià)指標(biāo)。蘋(píng)果開(kāi)花主要與積溫有關(guān),而不同地區(qū)的環(huán)境因素差異可能會(huì)影響瑞香紅與所選品種花期相遇,從而影響授粉效果,所以試驗(yàn)結(jié)果主要是為白水地區(qū)的蘋(píng)果授粉提供參考,而不同花粉對(duì)不同地區(qū)瑞香紅的影響還有待研究。由于蘋(píng)果授粉受精易受氣候和傳粉媒介的影響,筆者研究團(tuán)隊(duì)更傾向于將篩選出的適宜花粉用于人工授粉。瑞香紅經(jīng)不同花粉授粉能顯著提高單果質(zhì)量,保持高樁特性,同時(shí)相較于自然授粉,能在一定程度上降低果實(shí)偏斜率和果實(shí)硬度。運(yùn)用隸屬函數(shù)和聚類(lèi)分析進(jìn)行綜合評(píng)價(jià)得出,瑞香紅經(jīng)舞美授粉顯著增加果實(shí)單果質(zhì)量,同時(shí)偏斜率低,硬度更加適宜,改善效果突出,同時(shí)保持了果形指數(shù),可作為瑞香紅的首選花粉。
4 結(jié) 論
通過(guò)不同花粉對(duì)瑞香紅的影響分析,得出用舞美和自由授粉效果優(yōu)良,可作為提升瑞香紅單果質(zhì)量的優(yōu)秀花粉,用新疆野蘋(píng)果和自由授粉可作為改善果實(shí)硬度的優(yōu)選花粉,用雜交優(yōu)系1和瑞香紅授粉可作為降低果實(shí)偏斜率的良好花粉。而用粉紅女士、扎矮76、雜交優(yōu)系3授粉降低了單果質(zhì)量,用金世紀(jì)授粉增大了果實(shí)偏斜率,用北京1號(hào)海棠、瑞香紅和長(zhǎng)富2號(hào)授粉增大了果實(shí)硬度。運(yùn)用隸屬函數(shù)結(jié)合聚類(lèi)分析對(duì)授粉效果進(jìn)行綜合得分排名,舞美花粉在增加果實(shí)單果質(zhì)量、維持果形、降低偏斜率及硬度方面是瑞香紅的首選花粉,而粉紅女士花粉不適合給瑞香紅授粉。
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