趙綺 方政
摘 要:超纖合成革在日常使用過程中極易被污漬沾污,且難以清洗。通過在超纖合成革表面構(gòu)筑具有微-納結(jié)構(gòu)的復(fù)合水凝膠涂層,可實(shí)現(xiàn)超纖合成革全效去除水性和油性污漬的效果。超纖合成革經(jīng)等離子體活化處理后,將含有親水性處理后的石墨相氮化碳(g-C3N4)的溫敏聚合物單體和交聯(lián)劑的混合溶液均勻涂覆于合成革表面。利用交聯(lián)作用和g-C3N4納米顆粒的可控聚集行為,在超纖合成革表面構(gòu)筑具有微-納尺寸突起結(jié)構(gòu)的復(fù)合水凝膠涂層。利用K/S值表征微-納結(jié)構(gòu)與光催化作用對(duì)超纖合成革表面油性和水性污漬協(xié)同清潔效果。結(jié)果表明:借助微-納結(jié)構(gòu)的高比表面積和水凝膠良好的親水性,協(xié)同g-C3N4的光催化特性可以極大地提升油性和水性污漬的去除率,實(shí)現(xiàn)改性后超纖合成革的高效清潔性能。
關(guān)鍵詞:超纖合成革;復(fù)合水凝膠;微-納結(jié)構(gòu);光催化;高效清潔
中圖分類號(hào):TS195.6 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼:A 文章編號(hào):1009-265X(2023)06-0036-07
隨著人們環(huán)保意識(shí)的日益增強(qiáng),合成革被用于代替真皮,應(yīng)用于服裝、箱包、鞋帽、車輛和其他日常用品中。在眾多的合成革中,超纖合成革制備容易、成本低,同時(shí)具有和天然皮革近似的外觀、手感和功能,越來越受到人們的關(guān)注,應(yīng)用非常廣泛。但是在日常使用中,超纖合成革面料極易受到污漬的污染,較難清洗。如何簡單有效地去除超纖合成革表面的污漬,同時(shí)減少清潔過程中能源和清潔劑的消耗,成為亟待解決的問題。通過超纖合成革表面的改性,實(shí)現(xiàn)其高效清潔功能,在功能紡織品領(lǐng)域具有重要的實(shí)用價(jià)值與應(yīng)用前景。
水凝膠是一種具有三維網(wǎng)狀結(jié)構(gòu)的功能性聚合物,被廣泛應(yīng)用于生物醫(yī)學(xué)領(lǐng)域[1-3]、日?;瘜W(xué)[4-6]和工業(yè)領(lǐng)域[7-9]。在以前的研究中,通過引入含有溫敏聚合物單體的水凝膠涂層,通過不同溫度下表面親/疏水性的轉(zhuǎn)變,可以實(shí)現(xiàn)材料表面的易清潔性能。主要原理是當(dāng)外界溫度低于低臨界共溶溫度(Lower critical solution temperature, LCST)時(shí),材料表面具備親水性時(shí),水滴在表面鋪展開來,將灰塵和基板隔絕開來,因此灰塵附著力變差,水很容易沖刷掉附著在表面的污染物[10-11]。當(dāng)溫度大于LCST時(shí),材料表面具備超疏水性時(shí),接觸角增大至150°及以上,水分子在表面團(tuán)聚成水滴,水滴在重力的作用下運(yùn)動(dòng),將灰塵粘附帶走。但是這類方法只能有效去除油性污漬,如果污漬是親水性的,則會(huì)牢牢附著在超纖合成革表面,簡單的水沖洗也不能將其除去?;谏鲜鋈秉c(diǎn),有必要進(jìn)一步改進(jìn)超纖合成革的水凝膠來解決上述問題。
近年來,光催化以其自潔、防腐、防污等特點(diǎn)引起了極大關(guān)注。其中石墨氮化碳(g-C3N4)作為一種非金屬光催化劑已經(jīng)在光催化領(lǐng)域進(jìn)行了廣泛的研究[12-13],出色的光催化特性、適度的帶隙和較低的生產(chǎn)成本,已經(jīng)在中國市場(chǎng)上具有很高的知名度[14-15]。由于光催化過程中生成的自由基可有效分解有機(jī)化合物,通過在水凝膠涂層中引入g-C3N4,可利用其有效去除水性污漬,從而實(shí)現(xiàn)同步提升水性/油性污漬去除的效果。
基于以上論述,在本文中,擬通過等離子體處理,賦予超纖合成革表面活性基團(tuán),采用丙烯酸酯類單體結(jié)合丙烯酰胺和阿拉伯膠在超纖合成革表面制備水凝膠,并進(jìn)一步引入光催化劑g-C3N4納米顆粒,將制備的水凝膠涂在等離子體處理過的超纖合成革上。借助水凝膠的親水性實(shí)現(xiàn)對(duì)油性污漬的高效去除,利用g-C3N4在光照下可產(chǎn)生自由基的特性實(shí)現(xiàn)對(duì)水性污漬的快速去除,最終獲得具有高效清潔效果的復(fù)合水凝膠涂層改性超纖合成革。
1 實(shí) 驗(yàn)
1.1 材料和儀器
材料:超纖合成革從浙江禾欣科技有限公司獲得;阿拉伯膠(GA,醫(yī)藥級(jí))、丙烯酰胺(AAm,AR)、N,N,N′,N′-四甲基乙二胺(TEMED,AR)、聚乙二醇甲醚甲基丙烯酸酯(OEGMA300,純度95%)和過硫酸銨(APS,純度99.99%),購自Aladdin;羅丹明B(RhB,AR)、N,N′-亞甲基雙(丙烯酰胺)(MBA,純度99%)和尼羅紅(NR,純度95%),從Macklin獲得。
儀器:掃描電子顯微鏡(Gemini SEM500型,美國Zeiss UK公司),紅外光譜儀(Vertex70型,德國布魯克公司),原子力顯微鏡(Bruker Dimension ICON,德國布魯克公司),氙燈(HDL-II,博貝照明電器廠),K/S儀器(DC600, Datacolor公司)。
1.2 復(fù)合水凝膠涂層改性超纖合成革的制備
將0.5 g阿拉伯樹膠(GA)、1.0 g丙烯酰胺(AAm)、714 μL 2-甲基-2丙烯酸-2-[2-(2-甲氧基乙氧基)乙氧基]乙酯(OEGMA300)、0.01 g N,N′-亞甲基雙丙烯酰胺(MBA)溶解在20 mL去離子水中,并在室溫下持續(xù)攪拌20 min;然后將25 mg經(jīng)親水性處理的g-C3N4(1.0 g g-C3N4分散到45 mL濃度為0.1 mol/L的NaOH溶液中,在80 ℃下加熱10 h,離心收集沉淀物即得親水性g-C3N4,g-C3N4的合成方法參考文獻(xiàn)[16])添加到水凝膠單體溶液中并用超聲波處理30 min;分別將10 mg過硫酸銨(APS)和10 μL N,N,N′,N′-四甲基乙二胺(TMEDA)作為氧化還原引發(fā)劑加入燒杯攪拌5 min。待溶液變得黏稠后,將其均勻涂抹在經(jīng)氧等離子體活化處理后的超纖合成革表面(功率30 W、時(shí)間3 min、工作壓強(qiáng)為3 kPa);最后,將其放置在45 ℃烘箱中聚合5 min,確保超纖合成革與復(fù)合水凝膠完全交聯(lián),制備形成超纖合成革樣品1(親水性g-C3N4質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)為0.5%)。為了進(jìn)行對(duì)比實(shí)驗(yàn),提升g-C3N4含量,制備形成超纖合成革樣品2(親水性g-C3N4質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)為1.0%)、超纖合成革樣品3(親水性g-C3N4質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)為2.0%),同時(shí)為了研究未經(jīng)親水性處理g-C3N4對(duì)去除油性污漬的影響,超纖合成革樣品4(g-C3N4質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)為2.0%,未經(jīng)親水處理)。
1.3 測(cè)試與表征
1.3.1 復(fù)合水凝膠涂層改性超纖合成革形態(tài)測(cè)試
復(fù)合水凝膠涂層改性超纖合成革形態(tài)測(cè)試采用SEM和AFM測(cè)試完成。SEM測(cè)試采用Gemini SEM500型掃描電子顯微鏡測(cè)試復(fù)合水凝膠涂層改性超纖合成革的表面形態(tài)。AFM測(cè)試采用Bruker Dimension ICON原子力顯微鏡來觀察復(fù)合水凝膠涂層的超纖合成革表面形貌。
1.3.2 復(fù)合水凝膠涂層改性超纖合成革的ATR-FTIR測(cè)試
采用Vertex70型紅外光譜儀測(cè)試復(fù)合水凝膠涂層改性超纖合成革的表面化學(xué)組成和結(jié)構(gòu)特征,掃描波數(shù)范圍設(shè)置為500~4000 cm-1,分辨率和掃描時(shí)間分別設(shè)置為4 cm-1和32 s。
1.3.3 復(fù)合水凝膠涂層改性超纖合成革的清潔性能表征
通過去除有色污漬(羅丹明B和含尼羅紅的食用油污漬),評(píng)估了復(fù)合水凝膠涂層改性超纖合成革的清潔性能。為了研究超纖合成革的水性污漬(羅丹明B)去除性能,將復(fù)合水凝膠涂層的超纖合成革放置在氙燈(HDL-II,博貝照明電器廠)下,控制氙燈與涂層合成革的距離為10 cm以模仿太陽光強(qiáng)度。在涂層合成革表面涂上100 mL 0.2g/L羅丹明B(RhB)溶液,并使用K/S儀器(DC600, Datacolor公司)測(cè)定表面顏色變化。為了研究超纖合成革的油性污漬去除性能,在使用食用油和尼羅紅的混合物(體積比為1∶1)對(duì)其表面進(jìn)行染色后,使用去離子水在25 ℃下沖洗30 s,隨后使用K/S儀器測(cè)定沖洗前后的表面顏色變化。
2 結(jié)果與討論
2.1 表面成像分析
SEM表面成像分析:樣品1—3的電鏡掃描形態(tài)如圖1所示,可以看到隨著g-C3N4含量提升(質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)分別為0.5%、1.0%、2.0%),表面明顯可以看到更多的g-C3N4聚集顆粒。
AFM表面成像分析:如圖2所示,可以看到改性后的超纖合成革表面由于含有g(shù)-C3N4納米顆粒,表面粗糙不平,有很多小的突起。從樣品1—3的AFM表面成像分析可以看出,在g-C3N4含量提升的情況下(質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)分別為0.5%、1.0%、2.0%),粗糙度也升高(分別為106、126、154 nm)。通過SEM圖,可以清晰地觀察到隨著添加的g-C3N4含量的增加,復(fù)合水凝膠涂層表面的聚集效應(yīng)更趨明顯,同時(shí)結(jié)合AFM圖,可以明確地觀察到隨著g-C3N4含量的增加,表面的粗糙度亦提升,說明g-C3N4含量的增加有利于復(fù)合水凝膠表面微-納結(jié)構(gòu)的構(gòu)建。
2.2 ATR-FTIR測(cè)試結(jié)果分析
測(cè)試結(jié)果如圖3所示,可以看到樣本1—3的ATR-FTIR測(cè)試結(jié)果顯示基本一致,只有在810 cm-1處峰強(qiáng)度不同,主要是由于親水性g-C3N4含量的提升造成810 cm-1處峰強(qiáng)度變強(qiáng)。這也進(jìn)一步證明了增加復(fù)合水凝膠涂層制備過程中的親水性g-C3N4含量,可以提升涂層表面的g-C3N4含量,利于構(gòu)建微-納結(jié)構(gòu)。
2.3 水性污漬去除效果分析
將樣品1—3所制備的改性超纖合成革平鋪于玻璃皿底部,在其表面均勻的涂抹羅丹明B溶液,然后置于氙燈下光照,結(jié)果如圖4(a)所示。同時(shí)測(cè)試不同表面粗糙度的復(fù)合水凝膠涂層改性超纖合成革去除水性污漬RhB的K/S值隨時(shí)間的變化,結(jié)果如圖4(b)所示。相同時(shí)間內(nèi),復(fù)合水凝膠涂層的粗糙度隨著g-C3N4含量的增加而變大。同時(shí)K/S值亦隨著粗糙度的增加而呈現(xiàn)更快的下降趨勢(shì),在表面粗糙度為154 nm時(shí),超纖合成革表面的RhB在180 min內(nèi)的降解率達(dá)83.42%,表明涂層表面的水性污漬被更多地去除了,實(shí)現(xiàn)了對(duì)水性污漬的高效去除。主要原理是g-C3N4具有優(yōu)異的光催化性能,在光照下可生成烴基自由基、超氧自由基,能夠降解各種有機(jī)物,在此基礎(chǔ)上再借助微納結(jié)構(gòu)突起的高比表面積,顯著提升了附著表面的水性污漬與光催化劑的接觸面積,從而進(jìn)一步提高了分解水性污漬的效率。
2.4 油性污漬去除效果對(duì)比測(cè)試結(jié)果分析
將樣品1—4所制備的改性超纖合成革平鋪于玻璃皿底部,在其表面均勻涂抹含食用油的尼羅紅溶液,然后用去離子水進(jìn)行沖洗,結(jié)果如圖5(a)所示。同時(shí)測(cè)試不同含量親水性處理的及未親水處理的g-C3N4水凝膠涂層改性超纖合成革去除油性污漬的K/S值變化,結(jié)果如圖5(b)所示。第一列(黑色)為用含有尼羅紅的食用油染色后的K/S值與初始狀態(tài)的K/S值的差值,第二列(白色)為用蒸餾水在25 ℃下沖洗30 s后的K/S值與初始狀態(tài)的K/S值的差值。
隨著g-C3N4含量的增加,復(fù)合水凝膠涂層改性超纖合成革在涂抹含食用油的尼羅紅溶液后,其K/S值與初始值的差從0.83降到0.49,由于親水g-C3N4的添加,增強(qiáng)了復(fù)合水凝膠涂層的親水性,而親水性的提高使油性污漬更不易附著,因此K/S值與初始值的差值表現(xiàn)出了減小的趨勢(shì)。用蒸餾水
在25 ℃下沖洗30 s后,g-C3N4質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)分別為0.5%和1.0%的復(fù)合水凝膠涂層改性超纖合成革的K/S值變化分別為0.28和0.21,這意味著仍然有大量的食用油殘留在表面,而g-C3N4質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)為2.0%的復(fù)合水凝膠涂層改性超纖合成革沖洗后的K/S值與初始值的差只有0.08,這表明幾乎所有的油漬都從表面去除了。對(duì)于樣品4所制備的g-C3N4質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)為2.0%未經(jīng)親水性處理的復(fù)合水凝膠涂層改性超纖合成革,同樣進(jìn)行與樣品1—3相同的操作,測(cè)試結(jié)果如圖5所示,染色后與初始值的差為1.05,較g-C3N4質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)為2.0%經(jīng)親水性處理的復(fù)合水凝膠改性超纖合成革的值要高,說明未處理的g-C3N4增加涂層表面疏水性,所以導(dǎo)致更油漬更容易沾染上去,同時(shí),其沖洗前后K/S值的變化為0.41,可知其去除油性污漬性能相比前面3個(gè)樣品變差了。
上述現(xiàn)象主要是由于水凝膠中固有的羥基和羧基自由基與經(jīng)等離子體處理過的超纖合成革的羥基和羧基自由基之間的強(qiáng)氫鍵交聯(lián)起來,獲得的復(fù)合水凝膠涂層表面由于分散有親水性g-C3N4聚集體,形成了具有優(yōu)異親水性的微-納結(jié)構(gòu),由于水凝膠自身具有的高表面能,加上親水性g-C3N4賦予其增大的粗糙度,其表面會(huì)更加親水,從而顯著降低油性污漬和復(fù)合水凝膠涂層間的結(jié)合力,由此實(shí)現(xiàn)對(duì)油性污漬的有效去除。
3 結(jié) 論
通過將共混有親水處理的g-C3N4納米催化劑和交聯(lián)劑的溫敏聚合物單體溶液均勻涂覆于經(jīng)等離子體活化處理后的超纖合成革表面,借助交聯(lián)反應(yīng)和納米催化劑的自發(fā)聚集效應(yīng),成功地在超纖合成革表面構(gòu)筑了具有微-納結(jié)構(gòu)的復(fù)合水凝膠涂層。親水g-C3N4可有效增強(qiáng)油性污漬的去除能力,與未親水處理的g-C3N4相比,清潔效果提升80%;同時(shí)由于g-C3N4納米顆粒在復(fù)合水凝膠表面的微-納突起結(jié)構(gòu),其比表面積顯著增加,有效增強(qiáng)了g-C3N4光催化降解效果,當(dāng)復(fù)合水凝膠涂層的表面粗糙度為154 nm時(shí),180 min內(nèi)對(duì)合成革表面的RhB的降解效果可達(dá)83.42%,較粗糙度為106 nm的復(fù)合水凝膠涂層的降解效率提升34%。最終獲得的復(fù)合水凝膠改性超纖合成革能夠高效去除各種油性/水性污漬,可應(yīng)用于汽車內(nèi)飾件、家具等多個(gè)領(lǐng)域,具有廣闊的市場(chǎng)前景。
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Construction of efficient cleaning properties of microfiber synthetic leather surfaces based on micro-nano structures and photocatalysis
ZHAO Qi1, FANG Zheng 2
Abstract: Because of its natural leather-like structure, microfibre synthetic leather has excellent resistance to wear, ageing, as well as cold and breathability, and is widely used in furniture and leather goods. However, microfibre synthetic leather is prone to contamination by various types of stains in use, and due to the special characteristics of furniture, etc., stain removal cannot be achieved by simple washing, so new strategies are needed to achieve easy cleaning of microfibre synthetic leather. In previous studies, temperature-sensitive hydrogel coatings were cross-linked to the surface of microfibre synthetic leather to enhance the removal of oleophilic stains by exploiting the transformation of hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties at different temperature zones, but this method was limited in its effectiveness in removing hydrophilic stains. In this study, g-C3N4 with photocatalytic properties was introduced into the hydrogel coating to effectively decompose organic compounds by using the free radicals generated during the photocatalytic process, and to enhance the roughness of the surface of microfibre synthetic leather by constructing a micro-nano structure on the surface of microfibre synthetic leather with the help of g-C3N4, so as to improve the removal efficiency of hydrophilic stains from two aspects. The experiments were carried out by using ammonium persulphate (APS) and N,N,N′,N′-tetramethylethylenediamine (TMEDA) as redox initiators to completely cross-link the composite hydrogel coating containing g-C3N4 with microfibre synthetic leather. The effect of the hydrophilic treatment on the removal rate of both oleophilic and hydrophilic stains was compared. The experimental results show that the surface hydrophilic treatment of g-C3N4 can effectively enhance the removal ability of oleophilic stains, while due to the spontaneous aggregation behaviour of g-C3N4 nanoparticles, protrusions with micro-nano structures are constructed on the surface of the composite hydrogel coating, which enhances the specific surface area and enhances the g-C3N4 photocatalytic degradation effect, optimizing the removal ability of aqueous stains.
The microfibre synthetic fabrics developed are easy to clean in everyday use: oleophilic stains (e.g. cooking oil) can be removed simply by scrubbing with water. If hydrophilic stains (e.g. red wine) are present, they can be effectively degraded by photocatalytic action. As a functional fabric, it can be widely used in the design of automobiles, furniture and bags to enhance the customer experience and increase product sales, which has promising market potential. The research can provide reference for further improvement of the easy cleaning performance of microfibre synthetic leather fabrics.
Keywords: microfiber synthetic leather; hybrid hydrogels; micro-nano structures; photocatalyst; efficient cleaning
收稿日期:20230322 網(wǎng)絡(luò)出版日期:20230510
基金項(xiàng)目:高校國內(nèi)訪問工程師課題(FG2021286)
作者簡介:趙綺(1983—),女,浙江嘉興人,講師,碩士,主要從事紡織服裝材料方面的研究。