湯曉霞 鄧皖利 張勇 陳彬 柴妮 張澍 謝曼麗
摘要:目的 探討逍遙散抗腫瘤轉(zhuǎn)移作用的機(jī)制。方法 建立小鼠結(jié)腸癌CT26.WT移植瘤及肺轉(zhuǎn)移模型,通過活體成像、肺組織解剖以及HE染色評(píng)價(jià)不同劑量(200、400、800 mg)逍遙散干預(yù)下的肺轉(zhuǎn)移情況。免疫熒光及Western blot檢測腫瘤M2型巨噬細(xì)胞標(biāo)志物CD206、ARG1、PDL2表達(dá);酶聯(lián)免疫吸附試驗(yàn)檢測血清中轉(zhuǎn)化生長因子(TGF)-β和腫瘤壞死因子(TNF)-α的水平;流式細(xì)胞術(shù)檢測肺組織中血管內(nèi)皮生長因子受體1陽性(VEGFR1+)髓系細(xì)胞的募集情況;Western blot檢測原位腫瘤組織磷脂酰肌醇3激酶(STAT3)、血管內(nèi)皮生長因子(VEGF)及肺組織中轉(zhuǎn)移前微環(huán)境標(biāo)志物基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶(MMP)-9、S100A8及Fibronectin表達(dá)。結(jié)果 逍遙散干預(yù)后,肺轉(zhuǎn)移灶顯著減少,小鼠肺組織中MMP-9、S100A8及Fibronectin的表達(dá)量顯著降低,腫瘤相關(guān)巨噬細(xì)胞發(fā)生M1極化,血清中TGF-β的水平顯著降低,TNF-α的水平顯著升高,小鼠肺組織中VEGFR1+髓系細(xì)胞募集明顯減少,腫瘤組織中STAT3磷酸化被抑制,VEGF表達(dá)量顯著降低。結(jié)論 逍遙散的抗腫瘤轉(zhuǎn)移活性與其抑制轉(zhuǎn)移前微環(huán)境的能力有關(guān),并且這種抑制作用可能通過腫瘤相關(guān)巨噬細(xì)胞的表型轉(zhuǎn)化以及抑制STAT3信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)實(shí)現(xiàn)。
關(guān)鍵詞:逍遙散;腫瘤免疫微環(huán)境;轉(zhuǎn)移前微環(huán)境;腫瘤相關(guān)巨噬細(xì)胞;腫瘤轉(zhuǎn)移
中圖分類號(hào):R73-37文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼:ADOI:10.11958/20220136
XiaoYaoSan inhibits lung pre-metastatic niche formation through tumor immune microenvironment regulation
TANG Xiaoxia DENG Wanli ZHANG Yong CHEN Bin CHAI Ni ZHANG Shu XIE Manli
1 Putuo Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200062, China; 2 Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine;
3 Changzheng Town Community Health Service Center, Putuo District
△Corresponding Author E-mail: 6274718522@qq.com
Abstract: Objective To investigate the mechanism of XiaoYaoSan in anti-tumor metastasis. Methods A mouse model of CT26.WT colon cancer xenograft and lung metastasis was established. In vivo imaging of small animals, lung tissue anatomy and HE staining were performed to evaluate the lung metastasis under different doses (200, 400 and 800 mg) of XiaoYaoSan intervention. Tumor M2 macrophage markers were detected by immunofluorescence and Western blot assay. Serum levels of transforming growth factor (TGF) -β and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) -α were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The recruitment of VEGFR1+ myeloid cells in lung tissue was detected by flow cytometry. The expression levels of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (STAT3), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and pre-metastasis microenvironment markers matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) -9, S100A8 and Fibronectin were detected by Western blot assay. Results After XiaoYaoSan intervention, the lung metastasis was significantly reduced, expression levels of MMP-9, S100A8 and Fibronectin in lung tissue were significantly decreased, M1 polarization occurred in tumor-associated macrophages, the serum level of TGF-β was significantly decreased, and TNF-α level was significantly increased. The recruitment of VEGFR1+ myeloid cells was significantly decreased in lung tissue, STAT3 phosphorylation was inhibited, and VEGF expression was significantly decreased. Conclusion The antimetastatic activity of XiaoYaoSan is related to its ability to inhibit the pre-metastatic microenvironment, which may be realized by the phenotypic transformation of tumor-associated macrophages and inhibition of STAT3 signal transduction.
Key words: Xiao Yao San; tumor immune microenvironment; PMNs; TAMs; tumor metastasis
惡性腫瘤作為僅次于心血管疾病的第二大死因,其預(yù)防與治療一直是醫(yī)學(xué)界的研究熱點(diǎn)[1]。約90%的惡性腫瘤死亡患者,其死因與腫瘤轉(zhuǎn)移相關(guān)[2]。因此,研究與開發(fā)抗腫瘤轉(zhuǎn)移藥物具有重要的現(xiàn)實(shí)意義。研究表明,腫瘤的遠(yuǎn)端轉(zhuǎn)移依賴于靶器官轉(zhuǎn)移前微環(huán)境的形成[3-4],而原發(fā)病灶中的腫瘤相關(guān)巨噬細(xì)胞又在遠(yuǎn)端器官感知腫瘤細(xì)胞并形成轉(zhuǎn)移前微環(huán)境的過程中發(fā)揮重要作用[5-7]。因此,腫瘤相關(guān)巨噬細(xì)胞可能是抗腫瘤轉(zhuǎn)移藥物的一個(gè)潛在治療靶點(diǎn)。傳統(tǒng)中醫(yī)藥在腫瘤的防治中具有獨(dú)特優(yōu)勢。逍遙散作為經(jīng)典的疏肝解郁方劑,具有疏肝健脾,養(yǎng)血解郁之功效。研究表明,其可通過影響腫瘤細(xì)胞磷脂酰肌醇3激酶/蛋白激酶B(PI3K/Akt)信號(hào)通路[8],降低體內(nèi)雌激素水平、抑制腫瘤細(xì)胞增殖和侵襲[9]來抑制乳腺癌的進(jìn)展。逍遙散對(duì)于腫瘤轉(zhuǎn)移的抑制作用已得到證實(shí),但其機(jī)制尚不清楚。本研究主要探討其通過調(diào)節(jié)腫瘤免疫微環(huán)境抑制肺轉(zhuǎn)移前微環(huán)境形成的機(jī)制。
1 材料與方法
1.1 實(shí)驗(yàn)材料 逍遙散組方由甘草12 g、當(dāng)歸12 g、茯苓30 g、白芍 12 g、柴胡12 g組成,由上海中醫(yī)藥大學(xué)附屬普陀醫(yī)院中藥房提供。將藥材粉碎、水煎并過濾后濃縮成含生藥1.6 g/mL的水煎劑。熒光素酶標(biāo)記的小鼠結(jié)腸癌CT26.WT/LUC細(xì)胞購自寧波明舟生物科技有限公司。SPF級(jí)5周齡雌性BALB/C小鼠40只,體質(zhì)量(22±3)g,購自上海斯萊克實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物有限責(zé)任公司,生產(chǎn)許可證號(hào):SCXK(滬)2012-0002,飼養(yǎng)于上海中醫(yī)藥大學(xué)動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)中心SPF級(jí)屏障環(huán)境中。動(dòng)物使用許可證號(hào):SYXK(滬)2018-0040。HE染色試劑盒購自北京索萊寶科技有限公司。鼠源基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶9(MMP-9)、S100鈣結(jié)合蛋白A8(S100A8)、纖維連接蛋白(Fibronectin)、血管內(nèi)皮生長因子(VEGF)、M2巨噬細(xì)胞標(biāo)志物CD206、血管內(nèi)皮生長因子受體1(VEGFR1)、髓系細(xì)胞標(biāo)志物CD11b抗體購自英國Abcam公司。磷酸化信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)與轉(zhuǎn)錄激活因子3(p-STAT3)、信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)與轉(zhuǎn)錄激活因子3(STAT3)、精氨酸酶1(ARG1)、細(xì)胞程序性死亡蛋白1配體2(PDL2)抗體購自CST公司,F(xiàn)4/80、β-actin抗體購自Santa Cruz公司,辣根過氧化物酶(HRP)偶聯(lián)二抗購自SouthernBiotech公司,APC和FITC熒光標(biāo)記二抗購自Thermo Fisher公司。轉(zhuǎn)化生長因子(TGF)-β和腫瘤壞死因子(TNF)-α酶聯(lián)免疫吸附試驗(yàn)(ELISA)試劑盒購自ABclonal公司。石蠟切片機(jī)、倒置熒光顯微鏡購自Leica公司,化學(xué)發(fā)光成像系統(tǒng)購自Bio-Rad公司,全波長酶標(biāo)儀購自Thermo Fisher公司,流式細(xì)胞儀購自BD公司。
1.2 動(dòng)物建模及給藥 取熒光素酶標(biāo)記的小鼠結(jié)腸癌CT26.WT/LUC細(xì)胞懸液,計(jì)數(shù)后按每只小鼠2×105個(gè)細(xì)胞接種至小鼠左前肢腋下,建立小鼠結(jié)腸癌模型。然后采用隨機(jī)數(shù)字表法將其分為4組:模型組,低、中、高劑量逍遙散組,每組10只。接種次日開始,模型組每日生理鹽水0.5 mL灌胃,低、中、高劑量組每日分別給予200、400、800 mg逍遙散水煎劑濃縮液灌胃(按生藥計(jì))。連續(xù)灌胃28 d,每3 d進(jìn)行1次活體成像。在第14天每組取5只小鼠,脫頸處死后摘除眼球取血、分離原位腫瘤及肺組織,第28天取剩余小鼠,分離肺組織用于HE染色。
1.3 肺組織HE染色 將肺組織切成小塊,常規(guī)固定、石蠟包埋、切片、脫蠟、水化、蘇木精及伊紅染色后脫水進(jìn)行封片,顯微鏡下觀察病理改變。
1.4 Western blot檢測蛋白表達(dá) 將原位腫瘤組織、肺組織進(jìn)行勻漿處理后,提取總蛋白并煮沸變性,使用BCA法進(jìn)行蛋白定量,按每孔40 μg蛋白進(jìn)行上樣。使用5%濃縮膠及10%分離膠按恒壓100 V進(jìn)行SDS-PAGE,恒流400 mA濕轉(zhuǎn)1 h將目的蛋白轉(zhuǎn)至PVDF膜,5%脫脂牛奶進(jìn)行封閉1 h,TBST洗膜后加入對(duì)應(yīng)一抗MMP-9、S100A8、Fibronectin、VEGF、CD206、p-STAT3、STAT3、ARG1(均為1∶800稀釋)、PDL2、β-actin(1∶5 000稀釋),4 ℃振搖過夜,次日回收一抗,TBST洗膜后加入二抗(1∶10 000)孵育1 h,TBST洗膜后使用化學(xué)發(fā)光試劑盒,于凝膠成像系統(tǒng)上進(jìn)行曝光,使用Image J軟件進(jìn)行灰度分析。
1.5 ELISA檢測血清TGF-β、TNF-α表達(dá) 按試劑盒說明書進(jìn)行操作,檢測血清TGF-β、TNF-α表達(dá)水平,在全波長酶標(biāo)儀上讀取吸光度,并根據(jù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)曲線轉(zhuǎn)換為相應(yīng)濃度。
1.6 免疫熒光染色法檢測M1型巨噬細(xì)胞標(biāo)志物iNOS表達(dá) 將腫瘤組織切成小塊,常規(guī)固定、石蠟包埋、切片、脫蠟、水化后置于檸檬酸鹽修復(fù)液中進(jìn)行高溫抗原修復(fù),PBS清洗后加入0.2% TritonX-100進(jìn)行透化,PBS清洗,加入山羊血清封閉1 h,PBS清洗后加入F4/80和iNOS一抗(1∶5 000稀釋),4 ℃孵育過夜,次日回收一抗后PBS清洗,加入熒光二抗,暗盒中孵育1 h,PBS清洗后加入DAPI,暗盒中染色15 min,PBS清洗后封片,進(jìn)行熒光顯微鏡下觀察。
1.7 流式細(xì)胞術(shù)分析VEGFR1+髓系細(xì)胞比例 肺組織進(jìn)行勻漿處理后,將細(xì)胞用濾網(wǎng)過濾,加入流式上樣管中,加入5 μL的Fc阻斷劑,室溫避光孵育5 min;隨后加入APC-VEGFR1、FITC-CD11b抗體各5 μL,避光孵育15 min;再加入紅細(xì)胞裂解液3 mL,避光孵育6~8 min,待細(xì)胞懸液澄清后800×g離心5 min,吸去上清液,加入300 μL PBS,重復(fù)離心3次,混勻后上機(jī)檢測VEGFR1+髓系細(xì)胞比例。
1.8 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法 采用GraphPad Prism 6.0軟件進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)分析,符合正態(tài)分布的計(jì)量資料采用均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(x±s)表示,組間比較采用單因素方差分析,組間多重比較采用Turkey法,以P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 逍遙散減少小鼠結(jié)腸癌移植瘤的肺轉(zhuǎn)移 結(jié)腸癌移植瘤小鼠分組灌胃處理28 d后,小動(dòng)物活體成像及肺組織解剖觀察到模型組結(jié)腸癌移植瘤出現(xiàn)明顯的肺轉(zhuǎn)移;模型組,逍遙散低、中、高劑量組肺轉(zhuǎn)移灶數(shù)量分別為(52.67±6.64)個(gè)、(38.33±7.22)個(gè)、(23.67±4.33)個(gè)、(16.33+3.28)個(gè),與模型組相比,逍遙散中、高劑量組的轉(zhuǎn)移灶數(shù)量均下降(F=27.433,P<0.05)。HE染色顯示,模型組肺組織實(shí)質(zhì)化,腫瘤細(xì)胞大量浸潤,逍遙散各劑量組的肺泡空腔明顯。見圖1、2。
2.2 各組MMP-9、S100A8及Fibronectin表達(dá)水平比較 各組小鼠分組灌胃處理14 d后,與模型組相比,逍遙散中、高劑量組小鼠肺組織中S100A8蛋白表達(dá)下降(P<0.01),逍遙散低、中、高劑量組MMP-9和Fibronectin蛋白表達(dá)下降(P<0.01),見圖3、表1。
2.3 逍遙散促進(jìn)腫瘤相關(guān)巨噬細(xì)胞向M1表型極化 免疫熒光染色結(jié)果顯示,與模型組相比,逍遙散中、高劑量組原位腫瘤組織中M1型巨噬細(xì)胞(F4/80+/iNOS+細(xì)胞)的數(shù)量增加;Western blot結(jié)果顯示,與模型組相比,逍遙散各劑量組M2型巨噬細(xì)胞標(biāo)志物CD206、PDL2表達(dá)量均下降,中、高劑量組ARG1表達(dá)下降;ELISA結(jié)果顯示,與模型組相比,逍遙散中、高劑量組血清中TNF-α的含量升高,而TGF-β的含量降低,見圖4、5,表2。
2.4 各組肺組織VEGFR1+髓系細(xì)胞水平比較 模型組,逍遙散低、中、高劑量組VEGFR1+髓系細(xì)胞比例分別為(1.32±0.16)%、(0.84±0.10)%、(0.71±0.11)%、(0.71±0.05)%。與模型組相比,逍遙散各劑量組小鼠肺組織中VEGFR1+髓系細(xì)胞比例明顯下降(F=34.850,P<0.01),見圖6。
2.5 各組肺組織p-STAT3及VEGF蛋白表水平比較 與模型組相比,逍遙散各劑量組的肺組織中p-STAT3及VEGF蛋白表達(dá)水平下降(P<0.05),見圖7、表3。
3 討論
在惡性腫瘤的發(fā)展進(jìn)程中,遠(yuǎn)端器官轉(zhuǎn)移是不可避免的,然而正常器官組織的環(huán)境并不適合腫瘤細(xì)胞生長。近年來的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),在腫瘤細(xì)胞到達(dá)遠(yuǎn)端靶器官之前,原發(fā)腫瘤就已釋放出某種“信號(hào)”,使得遠(yuǎn)端靶器官的微環(huán)境發(fā)生改變,從而變得更適合腫瘤細(xì)胞定植[10-11],為腫瘤細(xì)胞順利轉(zhuǎn)移提供一張“溫床”,具體表現(xiàn)為MMP-9、S100A8、Fibronectin的表達(dá)量增加以及VEGFR+的髓系細(xì)胞募集[12-14],而此時(shí)轉(zhuǎn)移灶還未形成,因此被稱為轉(zhuǎn)移前微環(huán)境。既往研究發(fā)現(xiàn),逍遙散具有一定的抗腫瘤效果。秦生發(fā)等[15]發(fā)現(xiàn)逍遙散能夠下調(diào)肝郁脾虛癥模型大鼠MMP-2的表達(dá),減少罹患胃癌的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。楊璦竹[16]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),逍遙散通過抑制炎性因子,調(diào)控PI3K/Akt信號(hào)通路抑制乳腺癌MDA-MB-231細(xì)胞的增殖、侵襲和轉(zhuǎn)移。據(jù)此,本研究探討了逍遙散的這種抗腫瘤轉(zhuǎn)移作用是否與轉(zhuǎn)移前微環(huán)境的形成有關(guān)。筆者建立小鼠結(jié)腸癌CT26.WT細(xì)胞移植瘤模型,證明逍遙散干預(yù)后能夠有效抑制肺轉(zhuǎn)移前微環(huán)境的形成。
原發(fā)腫瘤組織中,除了腫瘤細(xì)胞外,還存在大量間質(zhì)細(xì)胞,其共同構(gòu)成了腫瘤免疫微環(huán)境[17]。腫瘤組織中的巨噬細(xì)胞被稱為腫瘤相關(guān)巨噬細(xì)胞。其M2表型產(chǎn)生的TGF-β能夠促進(jìn)肺組織中Fibronectin的形成[18]。本研究發(fā)現(xiàn),逍遙散干預(yù)后可促進(jìn)原位腫瘤相關(guān)巨噬細(xì)胞發(fā)生M1極化,減少TGF-β的釋放,進(jìn)而減少Fibronectin的生成。STAT3信號(hào)通路調(diào)控了其下游多種效應(yīng)物的轉(zhuǎn)錄與激活,其中包括VEGF[19-20]。腫瘤相關(guān)巨噬細(xì)胞中的STAT3通路處于激活狀態(tài),VEGF大量釋放,導(dǎo)致腫瘤血管新生[21],還能夠促進(jìn)含有VEGF受體的髓系細(xì)胞在外周募集[22]。本研究發(fā)現(xiàn),逍遙散干預(yù)后,腫瘤組織中的STAT3磷酸化得到不同程度的抑制,其下游效應(yīng)物VEGF的表達(dá)也出現(xiàn)相應(yīng)的減少,通過對(duì)肺組織中的VEGFR1+髓系細(xì)胞進(jìn)行分析,也證實(shí)逍遙散干預(yù)后,其在肺組織中募集顯著減少。綜合這些結(jié)果,筆者推測逍遙散的抗腫瘤轉(zhuǎn)移活性與其抑制轉(zhuǎn)移前微環(huán)境的能力有關(guān),并且這種抑制作用可能是通過腫瘤相關(guān)巨噬細(xì)胞的表型轉(zhuǎn)化以及抑制STAT3信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)實(shí)現(xiàn)的。本研究初步探討了逍遙散抗腫瘤轉(zhuǎn)移活性的部分機(jī)制,為其抗腫瘤作用的后續(xù)研究以及臨床應(yīng)用提供了新的理論參考。
參考文獻(xiàn)
[1] FERLAY J,COLOMBET M,SOERJOMATARAM I,et al. Estimating the global cancer incidence and mortality in 2018: GLOBOCAN sources and methods[J]. Int J Cancer,2019,144(8):1941-1953. doi:10.1002/ijc.31937.
[2] SIEGEL R L,MILLER K D,JEMAL A. Cancer statistics, 2020[J]. CA Cancer J Clin,2020,70(1):7-30. doi:10.3322/caac.21590.
[3] PEINADO H,ZHANG H,MATEI I R,et al. Pre-metastatic niches: organ-specific homes for metastases[J]. Nat Rev Cancer,2017,17(5):302-317. doi:10.1038/nrc.2017.6.
[4] SCENEAY J,SMYTH M J,M?LLER A. The pre-metastatic niche: finding common ground[J]. Cancer Metastasis Rev,2013,32(3/4):449-464. doi:10.1007/s10555-013-9420-1.
[5] JOYCE J A,POLLARD J W. Microenvironmental regulation of metastasis[J]. Nat Rev Cancer,2009,9(4):239-252. doi:10.1038/nrc2618.
[6] CHEN P,BONALDO P. Role of macrophage polarization in tumor angiogenesis and vessel normalization: implications for new anticancer therapies[J]. Int Rev Cell Mol Biol,2013,301:1-35. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-407704-1.00001-4.
[7] KITAMURA T,QIAN B Z,POLLARD J W. Immune cell promotion of metastasis[J]. Nat Rev Immunol,2015,15(2):73-86. doi:10.1038/nri3789.
[8] 何燦封,孫玲玲,林麗珠. 基于網(wǎng)絡(luò)藥理學(xué)探究逍遙散治療乳腺癌的潛在機(jī)制[J]. 中國醫(yī)院藥學(xué)雜志,2020,40(21):2220-2226. HE C F,SUN L L,LIN L Z. Potential mechanism of Xiaoyao San for breast cancer based on network pharmacology[J]. Chinese Journal of Hospital Pharmacy,2020,40(21):2220-2226. doi:10.13286/j.1001-5213.2020.21.03.
[9] 楊佳慧. 丹梔逍遙散調(diào)控腫瘤相關(guān)成纖維細(xì)胞抑制乳腺癌生長、轉(zhuǎn)移及分子機(jī)制[D]. 沈陽:遼寧中醫(yī)藥大學(xué),2020. YANG J H. Danzhi Xiaoyao powder inhibits the growth, metastasis and molecular mechanism of breast cancer by regulating tumor-associated fibroblasts[D]. Shenyang:Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine,2020.
[10] GIL-BERNAB? A M,F(xiàn)ERJANCIC S,TLALKA M,et al. Recruitment of monocytes/macrophages by tissue factor-mediated coagulation is essential for metastatic cell survival and premetastatic niche establishment in mice[J]. Blood,2012,119(13):3164-3175. doi:10.1182/blood-2011-08-376426.
[11] SHARMA S K,CHINTALA N K,VADREVU S K,et al. Pulmonary alveolar macrophages contribute to the premetastatic niche by suppressing antitumor T cell responses in the lungs[J]. J Immunol,2015,194(11):5529-5538. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1403215.
[12] PSAILA B,LYDEN D. The metastatic niche: adapting the foreign soil[J]. Nat Rev Cancer,2009,9(4):285-293. doi:10.1038/nrc2621.
[13] DENG J,LIU Y,LEE H,et al. S1PR1-STAT3 signaling is crucial for myeloid cell colonization at future metastatic sites[J]. Cancer Cell,2012,21(5):642-654. doi:10.1016/j.ccr.2012.03.039.
[14] SAFARZADEH E,ORANGI M,MOHAMMADI H,et al. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells: Important contributors to tumor progression and metastasis[J]. J Cell Physiol,2018,233(4):3024-3036. doi:10.1002/jcp.26075.
[15] 秦生發(fā),張錚,藍(lán)敏敏,等. 逍遙散對(duì)慢性束縛應(yīng)激肝郁脾虛證大鼠MMP2、TIMP2表達(dá)的影響[J]. 中國中醫(yī)基礎(chǔ)醫(yī)學(xué)雜志,2021,27(7):1084-1088. QIN S F,ZHANG Z,LAN M M,et al. Effects of Xiaoyao Powder on expression of MMP2 and TIMP2 in rats with chronic restraint stress of liver depression and spleen deficiency syndrome[J]. Chinese Journal of Basic Medicine in Traditional Chinese Medicine,2021,27(7):1084-1088.
[16] 楊璦竹. 基于PI3K/AKT通路探討丹梔逍遙散抗乳腺癌骨轉(zhuǎn)移的影響與機(jī)制研究[D]. 沈陽:遼寧中醫(yī)藥大學(xué),2021:15-17. YANG A Z. The effect and mechanism of Danzhi Xiaoyao powder on bone metastasis of breast cancer based on PI3K/AKT pathway[D]. Shenyang:Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine,2021:15-17.
[17] MCALLISTER S S,WEINBERG R A. The tumour-induced systemic environment as a critical regulator of cancer progression and metastasis[J]. Nat Cell Biol,2014,16(8):717-727. doi:10.1038/ncb3015.
[18] BANSOD S,DOIJAD N,GODUGU C. Berberine attenuates severity of chronic pancreatitis and fibrosis via AMPK-mediated inhibition of TGF-β1/Smad signaling and M2 polarization[J]. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol,2020,403:115162. doi:10.1016/j.taap.2020.115162.
[19] TO?I? I,F(xiàn)RANK D A. STAT3 as a mediator of oncogenic cellular metabolism: Pathogenic and therapeutic implications[J]. Neoplasia,2021,23(12):1167-1178. doi:10.1016/j.neo.2021.10.003.
[20] GHARIBI T,BABALOO Z,HOSSEINI A,et al. Targeting STAT3 in cancer and autoimmune diseases[J]. Eur J Pharmacol,2020,878:173107. doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173107.
[21] MA Z,WEI K,YANG F,et al. Tumor-derived exosomal miR-3157-3p promotes angiogenesis, vascular permeability and metastasis by targeting TIMP/KLF2 in non-small cell lung cancer[J]. Cell Death Dis,2021,12(9):840. doi:10.1038/s41419-021-04037-4.
[22] MENG D,MENG M,LUO A,et al. Effects of VEGFR1(+) hematopoietic progenitor cells on pre-metastatic niche formation and in vivo metastasis of breast cancer cells[J]. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol,2019,145(2):411-427. doi:10.1007/s00432-018-2802-6.
(2022-01-23收稿 2022-09-18修回)
(本文編輯 胡小寧)