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不同質(zhì)量濃度MS-222對(duì)紅尾副鰍麻醉效果的影響

2023-11-02 16:01肖貴榜張浩然黃勝趙譜遠(yuǎn)楊玉能鮑娟周林陸武軍廖麗姜秋霞
關(guān)鍵詞:麻醉劑魚類麻醉

肖貴榜 張浩然 黃勝 趙譜遠(yuǎn) 楊玉能 鮑娟 周林 陸武軍 廖麗 姜秋霞

DOI:10.3969/j.issn.2095-1191.2023.06.030

摘要:【目的】探究不同質(zhì)量濃度間氨基苯甲酸乙酯甲磺酸鹽(MS-222)對(duì)紅尾副鰍(Paracobitis variegatus)的麻醉效果及其生理行為特征,為魚類野外活體樣本采集、馴養(yǎng)和繁育等科研生產(chǎn)活動(dòng)提供麻醉技術(shù)并豐富魚類麻醉理論?!痉椒ā坎捎渺o水生物測(cè)試法,設(shè)置35.0、45.0、60.0、70.0、85.0、110.0、140.0、150.0、180.0和210.0 mg/L共10組MS-222質(zhì)量濃度進(jìn)行紅尾副鰍麻醉試驗(yàn),檢測(cè)不同質(zhì)量濃度MS-222藥浴紅尾副鰍后的麻醉和復(fù)蘇階段經(jīng)過時(shí)間及呼吸頻率,篩選適宜紅尾副鰍馴養(yǎng)、繁育和疾病防治的MS-222麻醉劑質(zhì)量濃度?!窘Y(jié)果】依據(jù)MS-222麻醉紅尾副鰍后其不同呼吸頻率和行為特征,可將紅尾副鰍麻醉程度分為應(yīng)激期、輕度鎮(zhèn)靜期、深度鎮(zhèn)靜期、輕度麻醉期、麻醉期和深度麻醉期(A1~A6期)6個(gè)麻醉階段,將復(fù)蘇過程分為復(fù)蘇期1~復(fù)蘇期4(R1~R4期)4個(gè)復(fù)蘇等級(jí);10個(gè)質(zhì)量濃度MS-222麻醉均能使紅尾副鰍達(dá)到A6階段,且均能復(fù)蘇至R4等級(jí)。相關(guān)分析結(jié)果表明,MS-222質(zhì)量濃度與麻醉時(shí)間呈顯著負(fù)相關(guān)(R2=-0.6003)(P<0.05,下同),與復(fù)蘇時(shí)間呈顯著正相關(guān)(R2=0.7440);麻醉劑量均顯著影響紅尾副鰍的麻醉與復(fù)蘇。各質(zhì)量濃度MS-222處理紅尾副鰍的呼吸頻率均呈波浪式變化,麻醉和復(fù)蘇階段的呼吸頻率均存在差異。在充氧條件下,35.0~210.0 mg/L MS-222處理紅尾副鰍的復(fù)蘇率均達(dá)100.0%?!窘Y(jié)論】不同質(zhì)量濃度MS-222處理紅尾副鰍在麻醉和復(fù)蘇階段的呼吸頻率均存在差異,理想的麻醉濃度區(qū)間為45.0~180.0 mg/L,110.0~180.0 mg/L的MS-222可用于紅尾副鰍短時(shí)麻醉,45.0~85.0 mg/L的MS-222可用于紅尾副鰍較長(zhǎng)時(shí)間麻醉。

關(guān)鍵詞:紅尾副鰍;間氨基苯甲酸乙酯甲磺酸鹽(MS-222);麻醉效果;復(fù)蘇率;呼吸頻率

中圖分類號(hào):S965.199&nbsp; ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼:A 文章編號(hào):2095-1191(2023)06-1884-09

Anesthetic effect of MS-222 at different mass concentrations on Paracobitis variegatus

XIAO Gui-bang1, 2, ZHANG Hao-ran3, HUANG Sheng3, ZHAO Pu-yuan3,

YANG Yu-neng1, BAO Juan1, ZHOU Lin1, LU Wu-jun1, LIAO Li1, JIANG Qiu-xia4

(1Department of Modern Agriculture, Zunyi Vocational and Technical College, Zunyi, Guizhou? 563000, China; 2Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine , Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan? 610041, China; 3Guizhou Ecological Fishery Co., Ltd., Guiyang, Guizhou? 550022, China; 4School of Biological Sciences, Guizhou Education University, Guiyang, Guizhou? 550018,China)

Abstract:【Objective】This paper investigated the physiological behavior characteristics of Paracobitis variegatus and the anesthetic effects of various concentrations of 3-aminobenzoic acid ethyl ester methanesulfonate(MS-222) in order to provide anesthesia technical support for the collection of live fish samples in the wild, fish domestication and breeding, and to advance the theory of fish anesthesia. 【Method】Ten groups of MS-222 were set up with the mass concentrations of 35.0, 45.0, 60.0, 70.0, 85.0, 110.0, 140.0, 150.0, 180.0 and 210.0 mg/L to carry out the anaesthesia test of P. variegatus, using static water bioassay. Duration of anesthesia and resuscitation, and the respiratory frequency of P. variegatus under MS-222 immersion baths of different mass concentrations was measured so as to screen mass concentrations of MS-222 anesthetics suitable for domestication, breeding and disease control of P. variegatus. 【Result】Based on different respiratory frequencies and behavioral characteristics after treatment of MS-222 of P. variegatus, the anesthesia degrees could be divided into 6(A1-A6) anesthesia stages: irritability, slight sedation, deep sedation, slight anesthesia, anesthesia and deep anesthesia, and resuscitation duration was divided into 4 resuscitation levels, namely resuscitation stage 1-resuscitation stage 4(R1-R4). All the 10 mass concentrations of MS-222 could make P. variegatus reach the A6(deep anesthesia), and resuscitate to the R4 level.? According to correlation analysis, significant negative correlations were found between the mass concentration of MS-222 and? anesthesia time(R2=0.6003)(P<0.05, the same below), and the mass concentration of MS-222 significantly positively correlated with resuscitation time(R2=0.7440); the anesthetic dose significantly affected the anesthesia and resuscitation of P. variegatus. Different mass concentrations of MS-222 had a wavy variation in the respiratory frequency of treated P. variegatus. There were differences in respiratory frequency between anesthesia stage and resuscitation stage with different mass concentrations of MS-222. Under oxygenation, the resuscitation rate of P. variegatus treated with MS-222 at the concentration of 35.0-210.0 mg/L reached 100.0%. 【Conclusion】The respiratory frequency of P. variegatus treated with different mass concentrations of MS-222 is discrepant during the anesthesia and the resuscitation stages. The ideal anesthetic concentration of MS-222 for P. variegatus is 45.0-180.0 mg/L. MS-222 at the concentration of 110.0-180.0 mg/L can be used for short-term anesthesia of P. variegatus, while MS-222 at the concentration of 45.0-85.0 mg/L can be used for long-term anesthesia of P. variegatus.

Key words: Paracobitis variegatus; 3-aminobenzoic acid ethyl ester methanesulfonate(MS-222); anesthesia effect; resuscitation rate; respiratory frequency

Foundation items: Guizhou Science and Technology Plan Project(QKHZC〔2020〕1Y103)

0 引言

【研究意義】水生動(dòng)物麻醉劑有乙醚、美托味酯、間氨基苯甲酸乙酯甲磺酸鹽(MS-222)、丁香酚、2-苯氧乙醇和苯唑卡因等(杜浩等,2007;劉長(zhǎng)琳等,2008;He et al.,2020)。MS-222作為一種肌肉松弛劑,能阻斷神經(jīng)膜上的鈉電流和少量鉀電流(Jennifer and Robert,2021),且在清水中活魚肌肉內(nèi)代謝時(shí)間較短(任潔等,1997)因此被美國食品和藥物管理局(FDA)批準(zhǔn)為用于食用魚的唯一麻醉劑,并廣泛應(yīng)用于魚類活體運(yùn)輸、免疫和激素注射、親魚采卵采精、標(biāo)志放流及外科手術(shù)等領(lǐng)域(韓光明等,2015)。紅尾副鰍(Paracobitis variegatus)隸屬于鯉形目鰍科副鰍屬,是分布于我國漢江支流源流、堵河、長(zhǎng)江支流沿渡河及金沙江、南盤江和渭河水系等水域的特有小型經(jīng)濟(jì)食用魚類(楊君興等,1994;周中艷等,2007),因其體色艷麗,還可兼作觀賞魚類。近年來,因受生存環(huán)境惡化和過度捕撈的影響,紅尾副鰍資源已急劇減少(杜宗君等,2013),亟待開展紅尾副鰍馴化、繁育和人工養(yǎng)殖研究以保護(hù)和持續(xù)利用該物種資源(肖貴榜等,2021),而開展紅尾副鰍生物學(xué)、生態(tài)學(xué)、人工馴養(yǎng)、繁殖及種質(zhì)資源保護(hù)研究等工作需適度使用水產(chǎn)麻醉劑(丁亞濤等,2019),但目前使用MS-222麻醉紅尾副鰍的劑量尚不清楚。因此,探究不同濃度MS-222麻醉后紅尾副鰍的行為特征,對(duì)紅尾副鰍及其他魚類野生活體的樣本采集、馴養(yǎng)、繁育及豐富魚類麻醉理論具有重要意義?!厩叭搜芯窟M(jìn)展】國內(nèi)學(xué)者已開展MS-222麻醉斑馬魚(Danio rerio)(Huang et al.,2010)、尖吻鱸(Lates calcarifer)(Xue et al.,2017)、暗紋東方鲀(Takifugu obscurus)、草魚(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)和鯽(Carassius auratus)(陳永平等,2019)、鳊(Parabramis pekinensis)(丁亞濤等,2019)、硬頭鱒(Oncorhynchusmykis)(李樂等,2019)、黃顙魚(Pelteobagrus fulvidraco)(林麗珍等,2019;劉陽等,2021;Liu et al.,2022)、大鱗鲃(Luciobarbus capito)(張龍崗等,2019)、花鱸(Lateolabrax maculatus)(Wang et al.,2020)、銀鯧(Pampus argenteus)(Yu et al.,2020)、亞東鮭(Salmon trutta)(王金林等,2021)、黃條鰤(Seriola aureovittata)(王維鑫等,2021)、凡納濱對(duì)蝦(Litopenaeus vannamei)(徐德峰等,2021)、大黃魚(Larimichthys crocea)(楊樂等,2021;章霞等,2022)、史氏鱘(Acipenser schrencki)(周文等,2021)、大菱鲆(Scophthalmus maximus)(Cao et al.,2021)、細(xì)鱗鮭(Brachymystax lenok)和美洲紅點(diǎn)鮭(Salvelinus fontinalis)(彭思博等,2022)等的研究,主要分析MS-222處理試驗(yàn)魚的呼吸頻率、麻醉后空氣暴露復(fù)蘇、保活運(yùn)輸中的抗氧化應(yīng)激、MS-222在魚體組織中富集、消除及對(duì)魚體內(nèi)酶活性的影響等。國外學(xué)者主要開展MS-222對(duì)模式動(dòng)物斑馬魚(Felix et al.,2020,2021;Zanin et al.,2020;Leyden et al.,2022)及海產(chǎn)魚類大西洋鮭(Salmo salar)(Chance et al.,2018)、金頭鯛(Sparus aurata)(Jerez-Cepa et al.,2019)、克林雷氏鯰(Rhamdia quelen)(Teixeira et al.,2021)和三刺魚(Gasterosteus aculeatus)(Barnes et al.,2023)等的聯(lián)合用藥、胚胎發(fā)育、生殖激素調(diào)控及生殖細(xì)胞影響方面的研究。目前,國外學(xué)者采用MS-222麻醉鰍科魚類的研究較少,而國內(nèi)研究人員采用MS-222對(duì)鰍科魚類進(jìn)行麻醉僅主要涉及長(zhǎng)薄鰍(Leptobotia elongata)(張建明等,2014)、泥鰍(Misgurnus anguillicaudatus)(韓光明等,2015)、西昌華吸鰍(Sinogastromyzon sichangensis)、峨眉后平鰍(Metahomaloptera omeiensis)(胡佐燦等,2019)和四川華吸鰍(S. szechuanensis)(陳小江等,2020)?!颈狙芯壳腥朦c(diǎn)】迄今,針對(duì)MS-222麻醉紅尾副鰍效果及其生理行為特征的研究未見報(bào)道。【擬解決的關(guān)鍵問題】采用靜水生物測(cè)試法進(jìn)行紅尾副鰍MS-222麻醉試驗(yàn),探究不同濃度MS-222麻醉的紅尾副鰍行為特征、復(fù)蘇特點(diǎn)及不同麻醉和復(fù)蘇階段的呼吸頻率等生理表征,確定MS-222麻醉紅尾副鰍的質(zhì)量濃度范圍,為開展紅尾副鰍的馴養(yǎng)、繁育和增殖放流等科研生產(chǎn)活動(dòng)提供參考依據(jù)。

1 材料與方法

1. 1 試驗(yàn)材料

試驗(yàn)于2022年10月在貴州3種土著經(jīng)濟(jì)魚類馴養(yǎng)與繁育關(guān)鍵技術(shù)應(yīng)用研究課題示范基地(貴州省遵義市)進(jìn)行。紅尾副鰍樣本以蚯蚓活餌引誘且采用無損法收集于烏江流域大婁山境內(nèi),共采集到各鰭完整、無傷病及游動(dòng)靈活的紅尾副鰍樣本55尾,平均體長(zhǎng)99.577±18.053 mm,平均體重6.234±2.664 g。試驗(yàn)藥品MS-222購自北京格林恒興生物科技有限公司,純度≥99%。試驗(yàn)前用分析天平按所需質(zhì)量準(zhǔn)確稱量藥品,用容量瓶配制母液,于內(nèi)盛2 L純凈水的玻璃缸內(nèi)稀釋至所需濃度。試驗(yàn)用水和藥品配制用水均為純凈水,pH 6.0,溶解氧8.0 mg/L,試驗(yàn)環(huán)境溫度15.80~24.10 ℃,平均19.12±2.13 ℃。紅尾副鰍為冷水性魚類,養(yǎng)殖時(shí)用冰袋和溫?zé)崴蚩厮疁匾詽M足紅尾副鰍對(duì)低溫的需求。試驗(yàn)容器為10 L水簇箱(鄞州華豐電子儀器廠),箱體內(nèi)白色,以便于觀察試驗(yàn)魚的生理行為。

主要儀器設(shè)備:小型便攜式多參數(shù)水質(zhì)分析儀[W-Ⅱ型,奧克丹(無錫)科技有限公司]、數(shù)顯游標(biāo)卡尺(DL3944型,測(cè)量精度≤±0.03 mm,寧波得力工具有限公司)、電子分析天平(FA1004型,感量0.0001 g,力辰科技寧波市鄞州華豐電子儀器廠)、微量移液器[Thermo Fisher Scientific F1單道移液槍,賽默飛世爾科技(中國)有限公司]、視頻設(shè)備HUAWEI Mate 40 Pro(NOH-AN01型,華為技術(shù)有限公司)。

1. 2 試驗(yàn)方法

1. 2. 1 魚體麻醉生理行為觀察 參考丁亞濤等(2019)、林麗珍等(2019)的方法,根據(jù)魚體對(duì)麻醉劑的不同反應(yīng),從平衡性、刺激反應(yīng)、游動(dòng)行為和呼吸頻率等方面定義試驗(yàn)魚的生理行為。(1)呼吸頻率:呼吸頻率為1.0 min內(nèi)紅尾副鰍鰓蓋張合的次數(shù)(曹杰和謝晶,2021),通過錄像觀察并根據(jù)視頻人工完整計(jì)數(shù)紅尾副鰍鰓蓋的開合頻率,記錄不同麻醉和復(fù)蘇階段魚的呼吸次數(shù),其平均值即為呼吸頻率。(2)魚體平衡性:觀察魚身是否能維持正常體位,如出現(xiàn)側(cè)傾或翻轉(zhuǎn)則視為無法保持平衡。(3)刺激反應(yīng)(麻醉分期和復(fù)蘇分期):參考Cooke等(2004)、劉長(zhǎng)琳等(2008)、彭思博等(2022)的分期標(biāo)準(zhǔn),將紅尾副鰍麻醉程度分為應(yīng)激期、輕度鎮(zhèn)靜期、深度鎮(zhèn)靜期、輕度麻醉期、麻醉期和深度麻醉期(分別設(shè)為A1~A6期)6個(gè)階段(表1),復(fù)蘇過程分為復(fù)蘇期1~復(fù)蘇期4(分別設(shè)為R1~R4期)4個(gè)階段(表2)。用經(jīng)消毒的木棍觸碰魚體,查看試驗(yàn)魚對(duì)外界刺激的觸覺反應(yīng)以確定麻醉分期和復(fù)蘇分期;以試驗(yàn)魚在180.0 s內(nèi)進(jìn)入麻醉狀態(tài)(A5期)、300.0 s內(nèi)完全復(fù)蘇(R4期)且成活率為100.0%作為衡量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(Félix et al.,1985)。

1. 2. 2 MS-222麻醉紅尾副鰍試驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì) 正式試驗(yàn)前進(jìn)行MS-222麻醉質(zhì)量濃度范圍預(yù)試驗(yàn),以確定正式試驗(yàn)的麻醉質(zhì)量濃度范圍。根據(jù)預(yù)試驗(yàn)結(jié)果,將MS-222質(zhì)量濃度設(shè)為35.0、45.0、60.0、70.0、85.0、110.0、140.0、150.0、180.0和210.0 mg/L共10個(gè)梯度,麻醉時(shí)間為30.0 min(短時(shí)麻醉)。每個(gè)質(zhì)量濃度設(shè)5個(gè)重復(fù)。觀察試驗(yàn)紅尾副鰍行為的變化情況,記錄其進(jìn)入不同麻醉階段的行為特征、麻醉和復(fù)蘇階段的呼吸頻率及經(jīng)過時(shí)間等。

1. 3 統(tǒng)計(jì)分析

試驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)采用SPSS 26.0進(jìn)行整理,統(tǒng)計(jì)分析前對(duì)所有數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行極端值和錯(cuò)誤值分析。在單因素方差(One-way ANOVA)基礎(chǔ)上采用LSD和塔姆黑尼法進(jìn)行多重比較,以Excel 2019繪制圖表。

2 結(jié)果與分析

2. 1 紅尾副鰍的麻醉、復(fù)蘇分期及行為特征

觀察發(fā)現(xiàn),經(jīng)10組質(zhì)量濃度MS-222麻醉,紅尾副鰍均達(dá)A6期,經(jīng)充氧復(fù)蘇,均可復(fù)蘇至R4期(復(fù)蘇率100.0%)。

2. 2 紅尾副鰍的入麻時(shí)間和復(fù)蘇時(shí)間及其與MS-222質(zhì)量濃度的相關(guān)性

從圖1可看出,在短時(shí)(30.0 min)麻醉?xiàng)l件下,隨著MS-222質(zhì)量濃度的增加,紅尾副鰍的入麻時(shí)間呈下降趨勢(shì),MS-222質(zhì)量濃度與入麻時(shí)間呈顯著負(fù)相關(guān)(R2=-0.6003)(P<0.05,下同);隨著MS-222質(zhì)量濃度的增加,紅尾副鰍的復(fù)蘇時(shí)間逐漸延長(zhǎng),MS-222質(zhì)量濃度與復(fù)蘇時(shí)間呈顯著正相關(guān)(R2=0.7440)。

2. 3 不同質(zhì)量濃度MS-222處理紅尾副鰍呼吸頻率與麻醉時(shí)間的關(guān)系

從圖2可看出,各質(zhì)量濃度MS-222處理紅尾副鰍的呼吸頻率均呈波浪式變化;在麻醉時(shí)間為20.0~40.0 s階段,低濃度(35.0和60.0 mg/L)和高濃度(110.0和140.0 mg/L)處理紅尾副鰍的呼吸頻率增加,自麻醉20.0 s開始,110.0和140.0 mg/L處理紅尾副鰍的呼吸頻率一直上升,至150.0 s后才下降,其余6個(gè)處理紅尾副鰍的呼吸頻率在處理后前40.0 s內(nèi)均逐漸降低,且45.0 mg/L處理的降幅最大;在麻醉時(shí)間為40.0~300.0 s階段,35.0、45.0、60.0和70.0 mg/L 4個(gè)處理紅尾副鰍的呼吸頻率總體上呈下降趨勢(shì),且變幅較小,其波動(dòng)范圍分別在95.88~164.06次/min、145.25~183.74次/min、91.87~156.56次/min和86.08~132.04次/min;85.0和210.0 mg/L處理紅尾副鰍的呼吸頻率自麻醉40.0 s后保持平緩增加趨勢(shì),其波動(dòng)范圍分別為110.55~198.65次/min和210.82~301.97次/min;110.0、140.0、150.0和180.0 mg/L 4個(gè)處理紅尾副鰍的呼吸頻率自麻醉40.0 s后急速增加,至麻醉90.0 s后下降,且在麻醉90.0 s時(shí)達(dá)峰值,分別為486.65、469.29、533.32和394.48次/min。可見,隨著麻醉時(shí)間的增加,不同質(zhì)量濃度MS-222處理紅尾副鰍的呼吸頻率均有所增加,其中,低濃度(35.0~85.0 mg/L)處理組的呼吸頻率變幅平穩(wěn),高濃度(110.0~210.0 mg/L)處理組的呼吸頻率變幅較大;無論是低濃度還是高濃度處理,呼吸頻率均在麻醉90.0 s達(dá)峰值,且?guī)缀踉诼樽碇?00.0 s時(shí)均高于麻醉初始階段。

2. 4 不同質(zhì)量濃度MS-222對(duì)紅尾副鰍麻醉時(shí)間和復(fù)蘇時(shí)間的影響

不同質(zhì)量濃度MS-222處理紅尾副鰍的麻醉和復(fù)蘇時(shí)間見表3,其中,以35.0 mg/L處理紅尾副鰍的麻醉時(shí)間最長(zhǎng),為521.0±33.2 s,140.0 mg/L處理的麻醉時(shí)間最短,為90.8±6.8 s;以180.0 mg/L處理紅尾副鰍的復(fù)蘇時(shí)間最長(zhǎng),為387.6±81.5 s,35.0 mg/L處理的復(fù)蘇時(shí)間最短,為90.6±14.5 s。35.0 mg/L處理的麻醉時(shí)間極顯著長(zhǎng)于其他處理(P<0.01,下同),45.0、60.0、70.0和85.0 mg/L處理的麻醉時(shí)間極顯著長(zhǎng)于110.0、140.0、150.0、180.0和210.0 mg/L處理,60.0 mg/L處理的麻醉時(shí)間顯著長(zhǎng)于85.0 mg/L處理,其余處理間差異不顯著(P>0.05,下同)。35.0 mg/L處理的復(fù)蘇時(shí)間極顯著短于180.0和210.0 mg/L處理,45.0 mg/L處理的復(fù)蘇時(shí)間極顯著短于180.0 mg/L處理,顯著短于210.0 mg/L處理,180.0 mg/L處理的復(fù)蘇時(shí)間顯著長(zhǎng)于60.0、70.0和85.0 mg/L處理。說明低濃度MS-222處理的紅尾副鰍麻醉時(shí)間長(zhǎng)于高濃度處理;低濃度MS-222處理紅尾副鰍的麻醉時(shí)間和復(fù)蘇時(shí)間與高濃度處理間存在差異,濃度相差越大,差異越明顯。

2. 5 不同質(zhì)量濃度MS-222對(duì)紅尾副鰍麻醉呼吸和復(fù)蘇呼吸頻率的影響

不同質(zhì)量濃度MS-222處理紅尾副鰍后的麻醉呼吸和復(fù)蘇呼吸頻率見表4,其中,以35.0 mg/L處理的麻醉呼吸頻率最高,為161.28±5.45次/min,以70.0 mg/L處理的麻醉呼吸頻率最低,為105.44±5.56次/min;以45.0 mg/L處理的復(fù)蘇呼吸頻率最高,為153.90±8.54次/min,以210.0 mg/L處理的復(fù)蘇呼吸頻率最低,為79.27±9.86次/min。35.0 mg/L處理的麻醉呼吸頻率極顯著高于60.0、70.0、110.0和210.0 mg/L處理,85.0 mg/L處理的麻醉呼吸頻率顯著高于110.0和210.0 mg/L處理,60.0 mg/L處理的麻醉呼吸頻率極顯著低于85.0和150.0 mg/L處理,70.0 mg/L處理的麻醉呼吸頻率極顯著低于85.0、140.0、150.0和180.0 mg/L處理,45.0 mg/L處理的麻醉呼吸頻率顯著高于70.0 mg/L處理,其余處理間無顯著差異。35.0 mg/L處理的復(fù)蘇呼吸頻率極顯著高于140.0、150.0、180.0和210.0 mg/L處理,45.0 mg/L處理的復(fù)蘇呼吸頻率極顯著高于60.0、70.0、110.0、140.0、150.0、180.0和210.0 mg/L處理,60.0、70.0和110.0 mg/L處理的復(fù)蘇呼吸頻率極顯著高于210.0 mg/L處理,85.0 mg/L處理的復(fù)蘇呼吸頻率極顯著高于180.0和210.0 mg/L處理;35.0 mg/L處理的復(fù)蘇呼吸頻率顯著高于70.0 mg/L處理,60.0 mg/L處理的復(fù)蘇呼吸頻率顯著高于180.0 mg/L處理,85.0 mg/L處理的復(fù)蘇呼吸頻率顯著高于140.0和150.0 mg/L處理,140.0 mg/L處理的復(fù)蘇呼吸頻率顯著高于210.0 mg/L處理,其余處理間無顯著差異。說明高濃度MS-222處理紅尾副鰍的麻醉呼吸頻率高于低濃度處理,低濃度MS-222處理紅尾副鰍的復(fù)蘇呼吸頻率高于高濃度處理;濃度間相差越大,麻醉呼吸頻率和復(fù)蘇呼吸頻率差異越明顯。

3 討論

根據(jù)麻醉劑對(duì)魚體的抑制原理,麻醉劑作用于魚體可分為以下幾個(gè)階段,首先抑制腦的皮質(zhì)部位,劃分為觸覺喪失階段,進(jìn)一步作用于起基底神經(jīng)節(jié)與小腦,劃分為興奮階段,最后作用于脊髓,劃分為麻醉階段,麻醉劑逐漸從魚體排出后,魚體即可復(fù)蘇(李思發(fā),1988;謝晶和曹杰,2021)。本研究結(jié)果表明,可將MS-222對(duì)紅尾副鰍麻醉的觸覺喪失階段區(qū)分為應(yīng)激期和輕度鎮(zhèn)靜期,將復(fù)蘇階段分為4個(gè)等級(jí),其中,將興奮階段區(qū)分為深度鎮(zhèn)靜期和輕度麻醉期,將麻醉階段區(qū)分為麻醉期和深度麻醉期。

劉長(zhǎng)琳等(2008)、趙明等(2010)、曲煥韜等(2017)研究表明,MS-222麻醉半滑舌鰨(Cynoglossus semilaevis)、圓斑星鰈(Verasper variegatus)和巖原鯉(Procypris rabaudi)的濃度范圍分別為120.0~210.0 mg/L、150.0~230.0 mg/L和120.0~220.0 mg/L。本研究結(jié)果表明,35.0~210.0 mg/L的MS-222均可使紅尾副鰍進(jìn)入麻醉階段,且能完全復(fù)蘇,理想的麻醉濃度為45.0~180.0 mg/L,與上述研究結(jié)較接近。也有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),MS-222處理長(zhǎng)薄鰍(Leptobotia elongata)(張建明等,2014)和黃顙魚(林麗珍等,2019)的有效質(zhì)量濃度為40.0~80.0 mg/L,處理細(xì)鱗鮭的有效質(zhì)量濃度為80.0~100.0 mg/L,處理美洲紅點(diǎn)鮭的有效質(zhì)量濃度為100.0 mg/L(彭思博等,2022),本研究結(jié)果與其存在明顯差異,原因除試驗(yàn)環(huán)境條件不同外,還與紅尾副鰍屬底棲性魚類,其呼吸頻率和耗氧率水平低于游泳性魚類有關(guān)。

漁用麻醉劑處理魚類入麻后的呼吸頻率是反映麻醉深度的重要指標(biāo)。前人研究普遍認(rèn)為,隨著麻醉時(shí)間的持續(xù),魚類的呼吸頻率不斷降低(胡望嬌等,2023)。本研究中,麻醉時(shí)間與呼吸頻率間呈波浪式變化,與李樂等(2019)的研究結(jié)果相似。出現(xiàn)上述現(xiàn)象的原因是否與麻醉劑MS-222處理紅尾副鰍后其神經(jīng)感受與生理反應(yīng)的適應(yīng)機(jī)制有關(guān),需進(jìn)一步探究。

人們對(duì)麻醉劑作用效果的評(píng)價(jià)雖然具有一定的主觀性(韓光明等,2015),但仍普遍認(rèn)為理想的麻醉劑需同時(shí)滿足入麻快、復(fù)蘇快、安全邊界寬、對(duì)人和魚體無害及低殘留等要求(Félix et al.,1985;Gilderhus and Marking,2011),即麻醉劑處理不同魚類的適宜濃度應(yīng)充分考慮魚的種類、性別、年齡、季節(jié)、水溫及不同處理要求和處理方法。本研究認(rèn)為,在10個(gè)質(zhì)量濃度MS-222處理中,除35.0和210.0 mg/L處理外,其余質(zhì)量濃度MS-222均可作為科研生產(chǎn)上進(jìn)行紅尾副鰍麻醉的安全濃度,但需注意110.0~210.0 mg/L處理的平均麻醉經(jīng)過時(shí)間較短(90.8~137.2 s),不宜進(jìn)行長(zhǎng)時(shí)間麻醉,同時(shí),應(yīng)特別注意魚體的呼吸頻率,以免麻醉操作導(dǎo)致魚體窒息死亡,其余濃度MS-222均可對(duì)紅尾副鰍進(jìn)行較長(zhǎng)時(shí)間麻醉操作。

4 結(jié)論

不同質(zhì)量濃度MS-222處理紅尾副鰍在麻醉與復(fù)蘇階段的呼吸頻率均存在差異,適宜的麻醉濃度可在紅尾副鰍馴養(yǎng)、繁育及增殖放流等的科研與生產(chǎn)中應(yīng)用,理想的麻醉濃度區(qū)間為45.0~180.0 mg/L,110.0~180.0 mg/L的MS-222可用于紅尾副鰍短時(shí)麻醉,45.0~85.0 mg/L的MS-222可用于紅尾副鰍較長(zhǎng)時(shí)間麻醉。

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(責(zé)任編輯 思利華)

收稿日期:2023-03-21

基金項(xiàng)目:貴州省科技計(jì)劃項(xiàng)目(黔科合支撐〔2020〕1Y103號(hào))

第一作者:肖貴榜(1970-),https://orcid.0000-0003-1171-7093,副教授,主要從事魚類生態(tài)營養(yǎng)及魚類生物化學(xué)與分子生物學(xué)研究工作,E-mail:1501247681@qq.com

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