王涵 徐永健 蒙利潔 龔婷
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.2095-1191.2023.06.024
摘要:【目的】探究L-谷氨酸刺激對香豬睪丸間質(zhì)細(xì)胞自噬的影響,為進(jìn)一步研究味覺受體T1R1/T1R3通過雷帕霉素靶蛋白(mTOR)調(diào)控下自噬對雄性生殖的影響提供理論依據(jù)。【方法】選取30日齡的健康從江香豬分離培養(yǎng)睪丸間質(zhì)細(xì)胞,采用不同濃度L-谷氨酸刺激睪丸間質(zhì)細(xì)胞T1R1/T1R3,探究激活T1R1/T1R3對睪丸間質(zhì)細(xì)胞自噬相關(guān)基因(TAS1R1、TAS1R3、ERK1、ERK2、mTOR、Beclin 1和MAP1LC3B)表達(dá)的影響?!窘Y(jié)果】從江香豬睪丸間質(zhì)細(xì)胞在培養(yǎng)72~96 h增殖最快,于培養(yǎng)96 h時(shí)達(dá)對數(shù)生長期。10 mmol/L是L-谷氨酸刺激睪丸間質(zhì)細(xì)胞味覺受體T1R1/T1R3的有效濃度。經(jīng)10 mmol/L的L-谷氨酸刺激后,睪丸間質(zhì)細(xì)胞的mTOR、ERK1和ERK2基因相對表達(dá)量極顯著高于對照組(P<0.01,下同),而Beclin 1基因相對表達(dá)量極顯著低于對照組,MAP1LC3B基因相對表達(dá)量顯著低于對照組(P<0.05,下同);ERK1/2和p-S6K1蛋白相對表達(dá)量顯著高于對照組,而Beclin 1蛋白相對表達(dá)量顯著低于對照組。單丹磺尸酰胺(MDC)染色結(jié)果顯示,經(jīng)10 mmol/L的L-谷氨酸刺激后,睪丸間質(zhì)細(xì)胞內(nèi)的酸性自噬泡熒光強(qiáng)度明顯低于對照組,表明胞內(nèi)自噬受抑制?!窘Y(jié)論】10 mmol/L的L-谷氨酸可激活從江香豬睪丸間質(zhì)細(xì)胞T1R1/T1R3,且自噬相關(guān)基因TAS1R1、TAS1R3、ERK1、ERK2和mTOR及相關(guān)蛋白T1R1、T1R3、ERK1/2、p-S6K1和p-mTOR表達(dá)升高,而Beclin 1和MAP1LC3B基因及Beclin 1蛋白表達(dá)降低,故推測谷氨酸可通過激活味覺受體T1R1/T1R3參與雄性生殖自噬的負(fù)調(diào)控。
關(guān)鍵詞:從江香豬;睪丸間質(zhì)細(xì)胞;味覺受體T1R1/T1R3;自噬;谷氨酸
中圖分類號(hào):S828.89? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼:A 文章編號(hào):2095-1191(2023)06-1829-08
Glutamate regulating autophagy-related gene expression in
Leydig cells of Xiang pig through T1R1/T1R3-ERK1/2 pathway
WANG Han, XU Yong-jian, MENG Li-jie, GONG Ting*
(College of Animal Science, Guizhou University/Key Laboratory of Plateau Mountain Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Education/Guizhou Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction,
Guiyang, Guizhou? 550025,China)
Abstract:【Objective】This paper explored the effect of L-glutamate stimulation on autophagy in Xiang pig Leydig cells, providing a theoretical basis for further research on the effects of taste receptor T1R1/T1R3 on male reproduction under the regulation of rapamycin target protein (mTOR) through autophagy. 【Method】Selecting Leydig cells isolated and cultured from healthy 30 days old Congjiang Xiang pigs, different concentrations of L-glutamate were used to stimulate Leydig cells T1R1/T1R3, to investigate the effect of activating T1R1/T1R3 on expression of autophagy-related genes of Leydig cell (TAS1R1, TAS1R3, ERK1, ERK2, mTOR, Beclin 1 and MAP1LC3B). 【Result】The proliferation of Leydig cells from Congjiang Xiang pig was the fastest during 72-96 h of cultivation, and reached a logarithmic growth phase at 96 h of cultivation. 10 mmol/L was the effective concentration of L-glutamate to stimulate the taste receptor T1R1/T1R3 in Leydig cells. After stimulation with 10 mmol/L L-glutamate, the relative expression levels of mTOR, ERK1, and ERK2 genes in Leydig cells were extremely significantly higher than those in the control group (P<0.01, the same below). The relative expression levels of Beclin 1 gene were extremely significantly lower than those in the control group. And the relative expression levels of MAP1LC3B gene were significantly lower than those in the control group (P<0.05, the same below). The relative expression levels of ERK1/2 and p-S6K1 proteins were significantly higher than those in the control group, while the relative expression levels of Beclin 1 protein were significantly lower than those in the control group. The stai-ning results of dansylcadaverine (MDC) showed that after stimulation with 10 mmol/L L-glutamate, the fluorescence intensity of acidic autophagic vesicles in Leydig cells was significantly lower than that of the control group, indicating that intracellular autophagy was inhibited. 【Conclusion】10 mmol/L of L-glutamate can activate the Leydig cells T1R1/T1R3 of Congjiang Xiang pig, and the expression of autophagy related genes TAS1R1, TAS1R3, ERK1, ERK2 and mTOR, as well as related proteins T1R1, T1R3, ERK1/2, p-S6K1, and p-mTOR increase. However, the expression of Beclin 1 and MAP1LC3B genes and Beclin 1 protein decrease. Therefore, it is speculated that glutamate can participate in the negative regulation of male reproductive autophagy by activating taste receptor T1R1/T1R3.
Key words: Congjiang Xiang pig; Leydig cell; taste receptor T1R1/T1R3; autophagy; glutamate
Foundation items: National Natural Science Foundation of China(31702117); Guizhou Science and Technology Project (QKHJC〔2020〕1Y135, QKHJC〔2018〕1404)
0 引言
【研究意義】在自然界中,哺乳動(dòng)物可感知酸、甜、鮮、咸、苦等味覺,其中味覺受體第一家族(Taste receptor 1 family,T1Rs)成員T1R1和T1R3形成的異二聚體可感知鮮味(Yarmolinsky et al.,2009)。已有研究表明,味覺受體T1R1/T1R3符合氨基酸跨膜傳遞要求(Nelson et al.,2002),T1R1或T1R3缺失均會(huì)引起機(jī)體對氨基酸的不敏感性(Wauson et al.,2012)。不同動(dòng)物味覺受體T1R1/T1R3可感知不同種類的氨基酸,如小鼠可感知18種L-谷氨酸,豬可感知包括L-谷氨酸在內(nèi)的6種氨基酸(Toda et al.,2013)。當(dāng)味覺受體T1R1/T1R3被不同氨基酸激活后,對機(jī)體產(chǎn)生的影響也存在明顯差異,L-苯丙氨酸和L-亮氨酸可激活小鼠腸道味覺受體T1R1/T1R3而引起膽囊收縮素分泌,L-半胱氨酸可引起腸蠕動(dòng)和促進(jìn)降鈣素相關(guān)基因肽釋放(Kendig et al.,2014),L-谷氨酸或精氨酸可引起鈣離子釋放和胰島素分泌(Gen?o[g][?]lu et al.,2019)。此外,T1R1/T1R3可感知氨基酸激活雷帕霉素靶蛋白(Mammalian target of rapamycin,mTOR)對下游自噬起負(fù)調(diào)控作用,而自噬在雄性生殖過程中參與精子的生成及睪酮的合成(魏冬芹等,2021;劉文嬌等,2022)。因此,探究氨基酸通過T1R1/T1R3激活mTOR調(diào)節(jié)下游自噬,可為進(jìn)一步了解自噬在雄性生殖中的作用機(jī)理提供理論依據(jù)?!厩叭搜芯窟M(jìn)展】自噬是一種通過形成雙層膜結(jié)構(gòu)對細(xì)胞內(nèi)的蛋白或細(xì)胞器進(jìn)行降解,從而維持細(xì)胞穩(wěn)態(tài)的代謝過程,在真核生物體內(nèi)高度保守(Galluzzi and Green,2019),目前研究較多的有mTOR信號(hào)通路、腺苷酸活化蛋白激酶(Adenosine 5'-monophosphate-activated protein kinase,AMPK)信號(hào)通路和磷脂酰肌醇-3-磷酸激酶(Phosphoinositide-3-kinase,PI3K)信號(hào)通路(Li and Zhang,2019;Wang and Zhang,2019)。mTOR作為一種絲氨酸/蘇氨酸蛋白激酶,包括mTOR復(fù)合體1(mTORC1)和mTOR復(fù)合體2(mTORC2)。其中,mTORC1參與細(xì)胞能量代謝、凋亡和自噬等多種生理功能(Hara et al.,1998)。氨基酸作為重要的刺激物質(zhì)可被T1R1/T1R3感知并調(diào)節(jié)mTORC1,而不被轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)至細(xì)胞內(nèi)。當(dāng)mTORC1被激活,一方面可磷酸化p70核糖體S6激酶1(p70 ribosomal S6 kinase 1,S6K1)和真核起始因子4E結(jié)合蛋白1(4E-binding protein 1,4E-BP1),調(diào)節(jié)蛋白翻譯以促進(jìn)細(xì)胞生長;另一方面,mTORC1可磷酸化unc51樣蛋白激酶(unc-51-like kinase 1,ULK1)復(fù)合物,抑制自噬的起始(Petherick et al.,2015;Zhou et al.,2016)。Hara等(1998)對釀酒酵母的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),培養(yǎng)基中氨基酸的消耗極大抑制了S6K1活化和4E-BP1磷酸化;Kim等(2002)在人類(Homo sapiens)胚腎細(xì)胞中也發(fā)現(xiàn)亮氨酸的缺失會(huì)抑mTORC1活化,從而快速抑制S6K1和4E-BP1的磷酸化。睪丸間質(zhì)細(xì)胞作為分泌睪酮的重要生殖細(xì)胞,其自噬相對活躍,且自噬程度與睪酮合成密切相關(guān),可能是通過自噬來調(diào)控膽固醇攝入,進(jìn)而影響睪酮的合成(Gao et al.,2018;Gong et al.,2021)?!颈狙芯壳腥朦c(diǎn)】已有研究表明,味覺受體在睪丸間質(zhì)細(xì)胞中高表達(dá)(Gong et al.,2021),且T1Rs被證實(shí)在雄性生殖過程(精子發(fā)生或生精細(xì)胞成熟)中具有調(diào)節(jié)作用(Meyer et al.,2012),但目前有關(guān)氨基酸通過T1R1/T1R3激活mTOR調(diào)節(jié)下游自噬的研究在雄性生殖上鮮見報(bào)道?!緮M解決的關(guān)鍵問題】以從江香豬為研究對象,培養(yǎng)其原代睪丸間質(zhì)細(xì)胞并通過L-谷氨酸刺激,利用實(shí)時(shí)熒光定量PCR和Western blotting檢測L-谷氨酸刺激對自噬通路和自噬相關(guān)基因的影響,以期為進(jìn)一步研究T1R1/T1R3通過mTOR調(diào)控下自噬對雄性生殖的影響提供理論依據(jù)。
1 材料與方法
1. 1 試驗(yàn)材料
選擇3頭30日齡的健康從江香公豬,由貴州省綠生源畜牧技術(shù)開發(fā)有限公司提供。通過手術(shù)法采集公豬兩側(cè)睪丸,置于含3%雙抗的PBS中帶回實(shí)驗(yàn)室,4 h內(nèi)分離培養(yǎng)睪丸間質(zhì)細(xì)胞。動(dòng)物試驗(yàn)由貴州大學(xué)動(dòng)物倫理委員會(huì)批準(zhǔn),批準(zhǔn)號(hào)EAE-GZU-2020-P001。Gibco北美胎牛血清、DMEM/F12細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)基、I型膠原酶、TRIzol、RIPA蛋白裂解液及PMSF溶液購自西寶生物科技(上海)股份有限公司;DAPI染液、逆轉(zhuǎn)錄試劑盒、EBSS細(xì)胞緩沖液、0.25%胰酶、細(xì)胞自噬MDC染色試劑盒(G0170)及SYBR Green qPCR Master Mix購自貴州卓一生物生物科技有限公司。抗體p-mTOR(1∶1000稀釋)、T1R3(1∶1000稀釋)、T1R1(1∶1000稀釋)和β-actin(1∶5000稀釋)購自Affinity Bioscience公司;山羊抗兔IgG(1∶16000稀釋)購自Immunoway公司;3β-HSD(1∶100稀釋)購自Santa Cruz公司。3β-HSD染色液配制:A液為1.0 mg氯化硝基四氮唑藍(lán)(NBT)和0.5 mg脫氫表雄酮(DHEA)溶于0.5 mL二甲基亞砜;B液為10.0 mg輔酶I(NAD)溶于9.5 mL的PBS;A液和B液混合后為工作液,4 ℃保存?zhèn)溆?。主要儀器設(shè)備有PCR擴(kuò)增儀(C1000 TouchTM)、熒光定量PCR儀(CFX96 Real-time System)及熒光顯微鏡(Nikon ECLIPSE-Ni+DS-Ri2)。
1. 2 試驗(yàn)方法
1. 2. 1 睪丸間質(zhì)細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)與鑒定 睪丸間質(zhì)細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)與鑒定參照王維勇(2020)、劉文嬌等(2022)的方法,用75%酒精清洗睪丸1次,再以含雙抗的PBS清洗2~3次,在培養(yǎng)皿中用鑷子小心剝離睪丸外層的白膜,然后置于4 ℃預(yù)冷的75%酒精中消毒2~3 min,PBS清洗2~3次后用剪刀剪成肉泥狀,經(jīng)0.1% I型膠原酶稀釋后裝入50 mL無菌離心管中,加入2~3倍體積的0.1% I型膠原酶,37 ℃水浴1 h,期間每隔8~10 min晃動(dòng)1次離心管;然后以含10%胎牛血清的培養(yǎng)基終止膠原酶消化,以200目和400目細(xì)胞篩過濾,收集濾液,1000 r/min離心10 min,棄上清液;用不含胎牛血清的DMEM/F12培養(yǎng)液吹散細(xì)胞沉淀,800 r/min離心8 min,棄上清液;再用含10%胎牛血清的DMEM/F12完全培養(yǎng)液重懸細(xì)胞沉淀,600 r/min離心5 min,棄上清液;離心結(jié)束后以含10%胎牛血清的DMEM/F12完全培養(yǎng)液重懸細(xì)胞沉淀,制備細(xì)胞懸液并接種于細(xì)胞瓶進(jìn)行擴(kuò)大培養(yǎng),4 h后更換培養(yǎng)基。
采用間接免疫熒光法鑒定分離培養(yǎng)的睪丸間質(zhì)細(xì)胞純度,當(dāng)6孔細(xì)胞板中的細(xì)胞匯合度達(dá)70%~80%時(shí),棄培養(yǎng)液,PBS清洗3次,每次3~5 min;4%多聚甲醛室溫固定15~20 min,PBS清洗3次;0.35% TritonX-100通透細(xì)胞15 min,PBS清洗3次;37 ℃下5%山羊血清溶液封閉40 min,PBS清洗3次;3β-HSD-mTOR(一抗,1∶100稀釋)4 ℃搖床過夜孵育,PBS清洗3次;熒光標(biāo)記山羊抗兔IgG(二抗,1∶400稀釋)37 ℃避光孵育1 h,PBS清洗3次;再用1 μg/mL DAPI溶液染核10 min,PBS清洗3次,置于熒光顯微鏡下觀察拍照。
1. 2. 2 CCK8細(xì)胞增殖檢測 將細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)瓶中匯合度為80%~100%的間質(zhì)細(xì)胞以0.25%胰酶消化后調(diào)整細(xì)胞濃度。將100.0 mL細(xì)胞懸浮液接種至96孔細(xì)胞板中,分別在接種后0、24、48、72、96和120 h時(shí)加入CCK8檢測試劑(每個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)設(shè)4個(gè)重復(fù)),37 ℃孵育2 h后置于酶標(biāo)儀中,在450 nm波長處讀取OD,并繪制細(xì)胞生長曲線。
1. 2. 3 實(shí)時(shí)熒光定量PCR檢測 根據(jù)NCBI已公布的ERK1、ERK2、mTOR、Beclin 1和MAP1LC3B基因mRNA序列,利用Primer 5.0設(shè)計(jì)擴(kuò)增引物(表1)。TAS1R3和TAS1R1基因的擴(kuò)增引物設(shè)計(jì)參照王維勇(2020)的方法。當(dāng)6孔細(xì)胞板中的細(xì)胞匯合度達(dá)80%~90%時(shí),用EBSS緩沖液處理細(xì)胞3 h,排除氨基酸干擾后分別用0(對照)、2.5、5.0和10.0 mmol/L的L-谷氨酸刺激細(xì)胞8 h。采用TRIzol法提取細(xì)胞總RNA,反轉(zhuǎn)錄合成cDNA后利用實(shí)時(shí)熒光定量PCR檢測各組內(nèi)的TAS1R3、TAS1R1和β-actin基因表達(dá)情況。篩選出最佳刺激濃度,再以實(shí)時(shí)熒光定量PCR檢測目的基因在氨基酸處理組和對照組中的表達(dá)水平。反應(yīng)體系10.0 μL:2×SYBR Premix Ex TaqTMⅡ 5.0 μL,cDNA模板1.0 μL,上、下游引物各0.4 μL,ddH2O 3.2 μL。擴(kuò)增程序:50 ℃酶失活2 min;95 ℃預(yù)變性2 min;95 ℃ 15 s,60 ℃ 15 s,72 ℃ 1 min,進(jìn)行40個(gè)循環(huán)。每個(gè)樣品進(jìn)行4次平行試驗(yàn),通過2-△△Ct法計(jì)算目的基因相對表達(dá)量。
1. 2. 4 Western blotting檢測分析 使用蛋白裂解液對處理的細(xì)胞進(jìn)行裂解,提取總蛋白,以BCA試劑盒測定蛋白濃度,調(diào)整蛋白濃度并加入5×SDS上樣緩沖液,100 ℃變性10 min后進(jìn)行SDS-PAGE電泳,濃縮膠中80 V電泳30 min,分離膠中110 V電泳70 min。電泳結(jié)束后采用濕轉(zhuǎn)法110 V轉(zhuǎn)膜70 min,轉(zhuǎn)印后的PVDF膜在5%脫脂奶粉中37 ℃孵育2 h。用TBST將PVDF膜清洗干凈,加入一抗(T1R1、T1R3、mTOR、p-mTOR、ERK1/2、p-S6K1、Beclin 1、β-actin)4 ℃搖床孵育過夜。孵育好的雜交膜以TBST清洗3次,每次5 min,加入山羊抗兔IgG(二抗),室溫孵育1.5 h后以TBST清洗3次,每次5 min,采用ECL超敏發(fā)光液顯示蛋白條帶,并以ImageJ 1.8.0對蛋白條帶進(jìn)行灰度分析。
1. 2. 5 單丹磺尸酰胺(MDC)染色 當(dāng)6孔細(xì)胞板中的細(xì)胞匯合度達(dá)70%~80%時(shí),棄培養(yǎng)基,用PBS清洗3次,按1×Wash Buffer∶MDC染液為9∶1的比例稀釋染色工作液,將配好的染液加入6孔細(xì)胞板,每孔100.0~200.0 μL,室溫下避光孵育20~45 min,棄染液,PBS清洗3次,再加入100.0 μL的Collection Buffer覆蓋細(xì)胞,在200倍顯微鏡下選取3~5個(gè)視野觀察拍照。
1. 3 統(tǒng)計(jì)分析
試驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)采用GraphPad Prism 9.0進(jìn)行單因素方差分析(One-way ANOVA),并以Multiple Comparisons進(jìn)行多重比較。
2 結(jié)果與分析
2. 1 從江香豬睪丸間質(zhì)細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)與鑒定結(jié)果
分離獲得的從江香豬睪丸間質(zhì)細(xì)胞于培養(yǎng)4 h后開始貼壁(圖1-A),培養(yǎng)16 h的細(xì)胞增殖分化明顯(圖1-B)。經(jīng)3β-HSD染色(圖1-C)及3β-HSD間接免疫熒光鑒定(圖1-D~圖1-F)結(jié)果均顯示,原代從江香豬睪丸間質(zhì)細(xì)胞純度超過90%。mTOR間接免疫熒光檢測結(jié)果顯示,90%以上的從江香豬睪丸間質(zhì)細(xì)胞能表達(dá)mTOR(圖1-G~圖1-I)。
2. 2 CCK8檢測從江香豬睪丸間質(zhì)細(xì)胞增殖情況
如圖2所示,從江香豬睪丸間質(zhì)細(xì)胞在培養(yǎng)0~72 h階段生長緩慢,在培養(yǎng)72~96 h階段的細(xì)胞增殖最快,并于培養(yǎng)96 h時(shí)達(dá)對數(shù)生長期,其增殖速度顯著高于其他時(shí)間點(diǎn)(P<0.05,下同),表明從江香豬睪丸間質(zhì)細(xì)胞增殖效率較高,可用于后續(xù)試驗(yàn)。
2. 3 L-谷氨酸對睪丸間質(zhì)細(xì)胞味覺受體TAR1/TAR3 的影響
相對于對照組,以2.5、5.0和10.0 mmol/L的L-谷氨酸刺激睪丸間質(zhì)細(xì)胞后,其TAS1R3基因相對表達(dá)量極顯著升高(P<0.01,下同)(圖3-A);經(jīng)10 mmol/L的L-谷氨酸刺激后,睪丸間質(zhì)細(xì)胞TAS1R1基因相對表達(dá)量也極顯著高于對照組,但以2.5和5.0 mmol/L的L-谷氨酸刺激睪丸間質(zhì)細(xì)胞,TAS1R1基因相對表達(dá)量與對照組差異不顯著(P>0.05,下同)(圖3-B)。此外,以10 mmol/L的L-谷氨酸刺激睪丸間質(zhì)細(xì)胞后,T1R3和T1R1蛋白表達(dá)量均極顯著高于對照組(圖3-C和圖3-D)。因此,確定10 mmol/L是L-谷氨酸刺激從江香豬睪丸間質(zhì)細(xì)胞味覺受體T1R1/T1R3的有效濃度。
2. 4 L-谷氨酸刺激對自噬相關(guān)基因表達(dá)的影響
提取經(jīng)L-谷氨酸刺激的從江香豬睪丸間質(zhì)細(xì)胞總RNA和總蛋白,分別進(jìn)行實(shí)時(shí)熒光定量PCR及Western blotting檢測分析。實(shí)時(shí)熒光定量PCR檢測結(jié)果顯示,經(jīng)10 mmol/L的L-谷氨酸刺激后,從江香豬睪丸間質(zhì)細(xì)胞的mTOR、ERK1和ERK2基因相對表達(dá)量極顯著高于對照組,而Beclin 1基因相對表達(dá)量極顯著低于對照組,MAP1LC3B基因相對表達(dá)量顯著低于對照組(圖4-A)。Western blotting檢測分析結(jié)果如圖4-B所示,經(jīng)10 mmol/L的L-谷氨酸刺激后,從江香豬睪丸間質(zhì)細(xì)胞的mTOR蛋白相對表達(dá)量低于對照組,p-mTOR蛋白相對表達(dá)量高于對照組,ERK1/2和p-S6K1蛋白相對表達(dá)量顯著高于對照組,而Beclin 1蛋白相對表達(dá)量顯著低于對照組(圖4-B和圖4-C)。MDC染色結(jié)果顯示,經(jīng)10 mmol/L的L-谷氨酸刺激后,從江香豬睪丸間質(zhì)細(xì)胞內(nèi)的酸性自噬泡熒光強(qiáng)度明顯低于對照組(圖4-D),表明胞內(nèi)自噬受抑制。
3 討論
味覺受體T1R1/T1R3在除口腔外的脂肪(Simon et al.,2014)、睪丸(龔婷,2016;Gong et al.,2021)、胰腺(Murovets et al.,2019)、胃腸道(Xie et al.,2020)和腦(Wu et al.,2021)等非味覺組織及器官中均有表達(dá),且參與調(diào)控相關(guān)生理活動(dòng)(Wauson et al.,2012;Lee and Owyang,2017)。在雄性生殖中,T1R1/T1R3通過調(diào)控小鼠體內(nèi)的cAMP濃度而控制精子頂體反應(yīng),且TAS1R1基因敲除試驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn)精子頂體反應(yīng)頻率及細(xì)胞壞死/凋亡增加(Luddi et al.,2019)。與此相似,TAS1R3基因敲除試驗(yàn)也發(fā)現(xiàn)小鼠生精小管部分生精上皮脫落,精子畸形率增加(Mosinger et al.,2013)。性成熟雄性哺乳動(dòng)物95%的睪酮由睪丸間質(zhì)細(xì)胞分泌,向小鼠睪丸注射糖精鈉后T1R3和下游味導(dǎo)素Gα表達(dá)增加,且血清睪酮、雌二醇及cAMP含量上升(龔婷,2016)。大多數(shù)細(xì)胞需通過氨基酸感測來協(xié)調(diào)細(xì)胞營養(yǎng)需求,而T1R1/T1R3作為鮮味受體可被丙氨酸、谷氨酸及蛋氨酸等多種氨基酸激活(Nelson et al.,2002),將氨基酸可用性信號(hào)傳遞至mTORC1,進(jìn)而調(diào)節(jié)mTOR活性。本研究結(jié)果表明,10 mmol/L的L-谷氨酸可通過T1R1/T1R3受體激活mTOR而抑制從江香豬睪丸間質(zhì)細(xì)胞自噬,與Zhou等(2016)在小鼠成肌細(xì)胞中觀察到蛋氨酸可通過T1R1/T1R3激活mTOR,當(dāng)TAS1R1基因表達(dá)受干擾時(shí)mTOR受抑制的結(jié)論一致。
自噬在維持生精細(xì)胞穩(wěn)態(tài)、清除多余生精細(xì)胞及調(diào)控精子發(fā)生的過程中發(fā)揮重要作用。睪丸間質(zhì)細(xì)胞作為分泌睪酮的生殖細(xì)胞,不僅高表達(dá)味覺受體,其自噬程度也相對較活躍。自噬參與小鼠睪酮合成,以尼古丁和氟處理小鼠均發(fā)現(xiàn)其血清睪酮水平降低,睪丸間質(zhì)細(xì)胞自噬能力增加(朱宇辰,2016;趙祥龍,2018)。自噬因子LC3包括LC3-I和LC3-II,其中,LC3-I通過與磷脂酰乙醇胺偶聯(lián)生成脂質(zhì)化的LC3-II,而LC3-II附著在自噬體膜上,參與自噬體膜的延伸與形成(Sheng and Qin,2019);Beclin 1則主要參與自噬體的起始與成熟(Xu and Qin,2019)。本研究發(fā)現(xiàn),T1R1/T1R3被L-谷氨酸激活后自噬相關(guān)基因TAS1R1、TAS1R3、ERK1、ERK2和mTOR及相關(guān)蛋白T1R1、T1R3、ERK1/2、p-S6K1和p-mTOR的表達(dá)量均呈上升趨勢,而Beclin 1和MAP1LC3B基因的相對表達(dá)量顯著下降,Beclin 1蛋白表達(dá)也顯著下降,與Wauson等(2012)的研究結(jié)果一致。味覺受體T1R1/T1R3可通過促進(jìn)細(xì)胞內(nèi)鈣離子濃度及激活細(xì)胞外信號(hào)調(diào)節(jié)蛋白1和2(ERK1/2)而正向調(diào)節(jié)mTORC1(Wauson et al.,2013)。此外,ERK1/2可直接磷酸化mTORC1的亞基Raptor以促進(jìn)mTORC1激活(Carriere et al.,2011)。MDC作為酸性染料可對自噬泡進(jìn)行染色(Sun et al.,2021)。本研究的MDC染色結(jié)果顯示,經(jīng)10 mmol/L的L-谷氨酸刺激后,從江香豬睪丸間質(zhì)細(xì)胞內(nèi)的酸性自噬泡熒光強(qiáng)度明顯低于對照組,表明L-谷氨酸刺激可抑制胞內(nèi)自噬。除谷氨酸外,其他氨基酸也參與自噬調(diào)控。Sato等(2013)研究發(fā)現(xiàn),缺乏賴氨酸時(shí)會(huì)引起骨骼肌蛋白分解加快且合成速率減慢,推測是賴氨酸不足引起骨骼肌細(xì)胞發(fā)生自噬而導(dǎo)致蛋白被降解;此外,以10 mmol/L的L-賴氨酸處理小鼠成肌細(xì)胞時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)mTORC1下游S6K1和4EBP1磷酸化水平上升,而LC3表達(dá)下降(Sato et al.,2014)。
目前,有關(guān)自噬在雄性生殖上的研究多集中在藥物刺激引起的自噬(Chen et al.,2019;Sadeghi et al.,2020),鮮見將自噬與味覺受體聯(lián)合研究。味覺受體可感知哺乳動(dòng)物攝取的外界物質(zhì),并參與多種組織器官調(diào)控。鑒于睪丸間質(zhì)細(xì)胞既表達(dá)味覺受體且自噬活躍,本研究以香豬睪丸間質(zhì)細(xì)胞為對象,將味覺受體T1R1/T1R3與自噬相關(guān)聯(lián),并推測T1R1/T1R3是通過mTOR調(diào)控自噬過程,為進(jìn)一步研究味覺受體T1R1/T1R3在雄性生殖過程中的作用機(jī)理提供了借鑒。
4 結(jié)論
10 mmol/L的L-谷氨酸可激活從江香豬睪丸間質(zhì)細(xì)胞T1R1/T1R3,且自噬相關(guān)基因TAS1R1、TAS1R3、ERK1、ERK2和mTOR及相關(guān)蛋白T1R1、T1R3、ERK1/2、p-S6K1和p-mTOR表達(dá)升高,而Beclin 1和MAP1LC3B基因及Beclin 1蛋白表達(dá)降低,故推測谷氨酸可通過激活味覺受體T1R1/T1R3參與雄性生殖自噬的負(fù)調(diào)控。
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(責(zé)任編輯 蘭宗寶)
收稿日期:2022-09-05
基金項(xiàng)目:國家自然科學(xué)基金項(xiàng)目(31702117);貴州省科學(xué)技術(shù)項(xiàng)目(黔科合基礎(chǔ)〔2020〕1Y135號(hào),黔科合基礎(chǔ)〔2018〕1404號(hào))
通訊作者:龔婷(1990-),https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3624-7972,博士,副教授,主要從事動(dòng)物遺傳育種與繁殖研究工作,E-mail:tgong@gzu.edu.cn
第一作者:王涵(1998-),https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6848-8124,研究方向?yàn)閯?dòng)物遺傳育種與繁殖,E-mail:3021585823@qq.com